Fluid
Kinematics
Continued
Dr. Zeeshan Asghar
[email protected] One, Two and Three-Dimensional Flow
Continuity Equation
It is based on the principle of conservation of mass.
For a fluid flowing through a pipe, the quantity of fluid per second is constant across all cross-
sections.
Consider two cross-sections of a pipe:
• V1 = Average velocity at section 1-1.
• ρ1 = Density at section 1-1.
• A1 = Area of pipe at section 1-1.
• V2,ρ2,A2 are corresponding values at section 2-2.
• Rate of mass flow Qm1 at section 1-1 = 𝜌𝜌1𝐴𝐴1𝑉𝑉1
• Rate of mass flow Qm2 at section 2-2 = 𝜌𝜌2𝐴𝐴2𝑉𝑉2
• According to law of conservation of mass
• Qm1 = Qm2 𝜌𝜌1𝐴𝐴1𝑉𝑉1 = 𝜌𝜌2𝐴𝐴2𝑉𝑉2
• Then for incompressible fluids 𝐴𝐴1𝑉𝑉1 = 𝐴𝐴2𝑉𝑉2
Q1 = Q2
Continuity Equation in
Three Dimensions
Not
velocity
constant
or density
Assuming
Continuity Equation in
Three Dimensions
mass”
“gain of
of writing
Another way
Velocity and Acceleration
Let V is the resultant velocity at any point in a Let ax, ay and az are the total acceleration in x, y, and
fluid flow. Let u, v, and w are its components z directions, respectively. Then by the chain rule of
differentiation, we have.
in x, y, and z directions. The velocity
components are functions of space
coordinates and time. Mathematically, the
velocity components are given as
And Resultant Velocity:
Velocity and Acceleration
Local and Convective Acceleration
Types of Fluid motion
A fluid particle while moving may undergo any one or a combination of the following
four types of displacements:
• Linear Translation or Pure Translation
• Linear Deformation
• Angular Deformation
• Rotation
Types of Fluid Motion
Types of Fluid Motion
𝑙𝑙 = 𝑟𝑟 ∗ 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
Types of Fluid Motion
Types of Fluid Motion
Key Difference Between Angular Deformation and Rotation:
•Angular Deformation (Averaging):
• Angular deformation measures how the shape of the element changes due to differing
velocities. This is why we average the velocity gradients in the two directions—it tells us
how both contribute to the deformation.
•Rotation (Subtraction):
• Rotation measures whether the fluid element is spinning, as a whole. This is why we
subtract the velocity gradients—it's about whether the velocities in different directions
are out of balance, causing a spinning effect.
Types of
Fluid
Motion
Types of
Fluid
Motion
