2011

SKU 3023: Chemistry II

Edited by: Faridah Yusoff Ramli Hitam Norlinda Daud

SKU 3023: Chemistry II

SAFETY AND RULES IN THE CHEMISTRY LABORATORY

1. Do not enter the laboratory without the presence of the laboratory instructor. 2. No experiment to be performed without the permission of the laboratory instructor. 3. Safety glasses must be worn at all the times in the laboratory. 4. Laboratory coat must be worn at all the times in the laboratory. 5. Long hair and scarf must be properly manageable. 6. Do not wear slippers, sandals, heels or sides open shoes. 7. Do not wear contact lenses. 8. No smoking, drinking and eating at all the times in the laboratory. 9. Do not throw waste organic liquids into the sink. 10. Know the location of all safety equipment. 11. Read the label on the container of a chemical twice. 12. Use a fume hood for poisonous or irritating fumes. 13. Throw all unused or contaminated chemical properly. 14. Do not return use reagent to the stock bottle. 15. Do not send your product with your report. 16. Evacuate the laboratory when a fire alarm sounds. 17. Turn off the flame and switch off the hot plate before leaving the laboratory. 18. Always practice goods housekeeping. 19. Always add acids to water. 20. Do not aim the opening of any glassware at yourself or anyone else. 21. Do not use cracked or chipped glassware.

Faridah Yusoff

SKU 3023: Chemistry II 22. Never use mouth suction when using a pipette. 23. Report any accident in the laboratory. 24. Do not make fun and joke in the laboratory. 25. Do not leave any heating, vigorous or rapid reaction unattended.

Faridah Yusoff

SKU 3023: Chemistry II EXPERIMENT 1: 1.1: OBJECTIVES 1. To determine the enthalpy of neutralization of strong acid and weak acid. 2. To determine the quantity and direction of the heat transfer in the dilution of a salt. 1.2: INTRODUCTION ENTHALPY

Thermochemistry deals with the heat involved in the chemical and physical change and especially with the concepts of enthalpy. Enthalpy is a thermodynamic variable for reactions at constant pressure. The enthalpy of a system is defined as the internal energy plus the product of the pressure and volume. The change in the enthalpy ( only on the difference between of reaction, , always refers to ) equals the heat gained or lost at constant pressure. It depends and. The enthalpy change of reaction also called the heat . An exothermic process releases heat and results

in a decrease in the enthalpy of the system. An endothermic process absorbs heat and results in an increase in the enthalpy of the system. Heat capacity is the quantity of heat required to change its temperature by 1 J substance by 1 . Specific heat = with the unit

. Specific heat capacity, s, is the quantity of heat required to change the temperature of 1g of a

A calorimeter is a device used to measure the heat released or absorbed by the physical or chemical process. The coffee-cup calorimeter has been used in this experiment to measure the heat at constant pressure. The enthalpy of neutralization involves acid base reaction and for strong acid and base, the reaction is exothermic. Hn is determined by Hn = specific heat H2O x total mass acid-base x T Salt dispersion enthalpy, HS is determined experimentally with the combination of heat loss from the salt and water whenever both of them are mixed. Hs = (heat loss H2O ) + (heat loss salt) Faridah Yusoff 4

SKU 3023: Chemistry II 1.3 METHODS

Faridah Yusoff

SKU 3023: Chemistry II 1.4: A: RESULTS AND DATA Table of Data to Plot Graph Enthalpy (heat) of solution for the salt Trial 2 T (C) 30 30 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 t (sec) 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 T (C) 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 29 29 29 29 29 t (sec) 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 Trial 1 T (C) 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 t (sec) 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 Trial 2 T (C) 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23

Enthalpy (heat) of neutralization for acid-base reaction HCl NaOH Trial 1 t (sec) 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 T (C) 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 30 30 30 30 30 30 t (sec) 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 Trial 2 T (C) 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 28 28 28 28 28 t (sec) 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 HNO3 NaOH Trial 1

Faridah Yusoff

SKU 3023: Chemistry II B: Heat of Neutralization Item 1. Acid volume (mL) 2. Acid temperature (C) 3. NaOH volume (mL) 4. NaOH temperature (C) 5. NaOH concentration (molL-1) 6. Maximum temperature from graph (C) 30 HCl + NaOH Trial 1 50.0 23.0 50.0 23.0 1.00 29 30 Trial 2 50.0 23.0 50.0 23.0 HNO3 + NaOH Trial 1 50.0 24.0 50.0 24.0 1.00 30 Trial 2 50.0 24.0 50.0 24.0

Section C:

Calculation of the Heat of Neutralization HCl + NaOH Trial 1 23.0 6.6 100 100 4.18 Jg-1oC -2758.8 0.85 0.90 -55.176 -2382.6 0.85 0.90 -47.652 Trial 2 23.0 5.7 100 100 HNO3 + NaOH Trial 1 24.0 5.1 100 100 4.18 Jg-1oC -2131.8 0.85 0.90 -42.636 -2382.6 0.85 0.90 -47.652 Trial 2 24.0 5.7 100 100

Item 1. Average initial temperature of acid and base (C) 2. Temperature change, T (C) 3. Volume of final mixture (mL) 4. Mass of final mixture (g) 5. Specific heat of the mixture 6. Yielded heat (J) 7. Amount of OH- reacted (g) 8. Amount of H2O produced (g) 9. Yielded heat per mole H2O, Hn (kJmol-1 H2O) 10. Average Hn (kJmol-1 H2O)

-51.414

-45.144

Faridah Yusoff

SKU 3023: Chemistry II Section D: Salt: NaCl Item 1. Mass of salt (g) 2. Mole of salt (mole) 3. mass of cup and water (g) 4. Mass of Styrofoam cup (g) 5. Mass of water (g) 6. Initial temperature of water (C) 7. Initial temperature of water (C) from graph Section E: Calculation for Heat of Salt Solution Item 1. Temperature change, T (C) 2. Water heat released (J) 3. Salt heat released (J) 4. Total enthalpy change 5. Amount of OH- reacted (g) 6. Amount of H2O produced (g) 7. HS (kJ/mol salt) 8. Average HS (kJ/mol salt) Trial 1 2.0 160.945 8.680 -169.625 1.4603 1.5462 -0.251 -0.251 Trial 2 2.0 158.288 8.654 -166.942 1.4569 1.5426 -0.251 Trial 1 5.023 0.0859 21.378 2.126 19.252 25.0 23.0 Trial 2 5.008 0.0857 21.116 2.182 18.934 25.0 23.0 Heat of Salt Solution (e.g: NaCl, Na2SO4, KOH, Na2S2O3)

Faridah Yusoff

SKU 3023: Chemistry II 1.5: 1. QUESTIONS Show your calculation for Trial 1 (in sec. C)

HCl + NaOH i) Average initial temperature of acid and base for HCl + NaOH: Average initial = = 23 Average final temperature of acid and base for HCl + NaOH: Average final = 29.6 ii) Temperature change, = 6.6 iii) Volume of final mixture = 100.0 mL iv) Mass of final mixture =100.0 g v) Specific heat of mixture = 4.18 J vi) Yielded heat (J) x total mass acid base x T = - 4.18 = vii) Amount of + 1 mol x mol 1 mol 0.05 mol reacted x 100g x 6.6 = 29.6 - 23.0

x = 0.05 mol mass of = 0.05 mol = 0.85 g x 17.0 g/mol

Faridah Yusoff

SKU 3023: Chemistry II viii) Amount of + 1 mol 0.05 mol mass of 1 mol 0.05 mol = 0.05 mol = 0.9 g ix) Yielded heat per mole , x 18.0 g/mol produced

=
= -55176 J = -55.176 kJ x) Average Trial 1 + trial 2 = -55.176 = -51.414 + NaOH i) Average initial temperature of acid and base for HCl + NaOH: Average initial = = 24 Average final temperature of acid and base for HCl + NaOH: Average final = 29.1 ii) Temperature change, = 5.1 iii) Volume of final mixture = 100.0 mL iv) Mass of final mixture =100.0 g v) Specific heat of mixture = 4.18 J vi) Yielded heat (J) x total mass acid base x T = - 4.18 = x 100g x 5.1 = 29.1 - 24.0 + -47.652 2

Faridah Yusoff

10

SKU 3023: Chemistry II vii) Amount of + 1 mol x mol mass of 1 mol 0.05 mol = 0.05 mol = 0.85 g viii) Amount of + 1 mol 0.05 mol mass of 1 mol 0.05 mol = 0.05 mol = 0.9 g ix) Yielded heat per mole , x 18.0 g/mol produced x 17.0 g/mol reacted

x = 0.05 mol

=
= -42636 J = -42.636 kJ x) Average = -42.636 = -45.144 + -47.652 2

Faridah Yusoff

11

SKU 3023: Chemistry II 2. Compare both Hn values and give your opinion. while the .

The average Hn of the reaction between HCl and NaOH was -51.414 reaction of A strong stronger acid compared to acid like . The acidity constant ( hydrochloric acid,

and NaOH was -45.144. HCl yielded higher heat per mole water because it was ) of HCl is higher. It ionizes more (HCl) is completely ionized.

A strong acid will have an extremely large value for Ka, whereas a weak acid will have a small value. A concentrated acid has a high initial value for [HA] and a dilute acid has a low initial [HA]. pH depends on [H+] which depends on concentration and acid strength. 3. Write down the balance equation for the neutralization.

4. Show your calculation for Trial 1 ( in sec. E) i) Temperature change, = final initial = 23 =-2 =2 ii) Water heat released x total mass = -4.18 J = -160.945 J iii) Salt heat released x total mass = -0.864 J = -8.680 J x 5.023 g x 2 x T x 19.252 g x 2 x T - 25

Faridah Yusoff

12

SKU 3023: Chemistry II iv) Total enthalpy change Enthalpy salt + enthalpy water = -8.68 J + -160.945 J = -169.625 J v) Amount of reacted

1 mol NaCL 1 mol NaOH 0.0859 mol NaCL Mass = mol = 1.4603 g vi) Amount of Mass = 0.0859 mol x 18 g/mol = 1.5462 g vii)
(

0.0859 mol NaOH x molar mass

= 0.0859 mol x 17 g/mol

produced

Salt dispersion enthalpy,

) ( )

= -150.474 J + -101.05 = -251.523 J = -0.251 kJ viii) average = = =

Faridah Yusoff

13

SKU 3023: Chemistry II 5. Instead of using specific heat, what other formula can you use to calculate the heat of reaction? Explain in what condition that formula can be applied. can use the molar heat capacity. It is the energy required to raise one mole of any substance by one degree Celsius. molar heat capacity = _ J_ _ mole oC A useful relationship is J X g = J g oC mole mol oC It can be used when the value of specific heat capacity was not given and there was no value of temperature differences, T. 6. What is the appropriate name should be given to the Styrofoam cup as an apparatus to measure heat of reaction? Coffee-cup calorimeter

Faridah Yusoff

14

SKU 3023: Chemistry II 1.6: DISCUSSION

Experiment A This experiment is carried out to determine the enthalpy of neutralization of strong acid, hydrochloric acid HCl and weak acid, . Both of the acids reacted with the strong base sodium hydroxide, NaOH. Both resulted with different enthalpy of neutralization. Through this experiment, the strong acid, HCl produced higher enthalpy. This happened due to its ionization property. It ionized completely, thus higher energy required and more heat was produced. Both reactions were exothermic reactions which release heat and resulted in the negative values of heat enthalpies. of the HCl-NaOH reaction was -51.414 kJ/mol which is near to the theoretical value of -NaOH reaction came out with lower value of -45.144kJ/mol. The values -57.0kJ/mol. Whereas the

were obtained by the calculation using the formula of specific heat capacity. All the acids and base were assumed to have the same specific heat capacities as same as water, 4.18kJ/mol. All the equations of the reactions must be balanced first to get the correct ratio to each other compound. Most of the trials have decrements on the temperature during the reaction (plotted on graph). This happened due to the surrounding temperature which is much lower than in the system experimented. Thus, it lowers the temperatures of the solutions through the period of time. Although the styrofoam cup has been used, the heat transfer between the system and the surrounding still happened due to the errors on the apparatus. The lid might not been covered completely. Experiment B Sodium chloride salt has been used in this experiment to react with water to produce acid and base. Both trials shows decrement of 2 of the temperature which means both reactions undergo exothermic process. There was no much difference in the result for both trials which ended up with salt dispersion enthalpies of -0.251kJ/mol salt. Balanced equation must be written first to avoid mistake in determining mol and mass of any compound.

Faridah Yusoff

15

SKU 3023: Chemistry II 1.7: CONCLUSION(S) All the reactions experimented undergo exothermic process. Thus, all of the reactions give negative values of enthalpy. Strong acid has higher enthalpy of neutralization compared to weak acid. All the acids and base were assumed to have same specific heat capacity as water, 4.18kJ/mol. Coffee cup is the apparatus used to measure the enthalpy of reaction.

1.8:

REFERENCE(S)

Silberberg M. S. (2009). Chemistry: the molecular nature of matter and change. New York: The McGraw Hill Companies, Inc. Brown, LeMay (2009). Chemistry: the central science. New Jersey, Pearson Education, Inc. Eng S. C. (2009). Chemistry for Matriculation 1. Kuala Lumpur: Oriental Academic Publication.

Faridah Yusoff

16