Training methodologies

1) Matveiev Model (Classical Periodization)

Considered the father of modern planning, he created the possibility of dividing

sports training into periods/phases of training in smaller structures in order to
achieve optimal sports form in athletes or maximum sports condition on a given
date for an athlete.

This form of periodization consists of division into periods, which make up the
general structure or training macrocycle.

Document 9 FIFA: Planning.

Preparatory Period

In this period, the elements that constitute the basis for the acquisition phase of the
sports form must be developed and ensure its consolidation. The preparatory
period is subdivided into a general and specific preparatory period.

The general preparatory period aims to create the foundations for the acquisition of
sports fitness, which raises the general level of work capacity through the
development of functional and motor capabilities and habits, that is, increasing
strength, speed, endurance, mobility and agility in general, as well as the basic
habits and skills of the sport.
The specific preparatory period Its fundamental objective is to guarantee the
consolidation of the sporting form, which acquires a more specialized direction in
all components of the preparation. The work should be intensified in such a way
that the broad development of special functional abilities and sport-specific motor
habits is achieved. The duration of this stage depends on the total time of the
preparatory and competitive period, the level of preparation of the athletes, the
competitive structure adopted and the fundamental and preparatory competitions.

Competitive Period.

The fundamental purpose of this period is to maintain the sporting form achieved
throughout the preparatory period and apply it to achieve sporting achievements.

Regarding the behavior of loads in the preparation components, the volume

tends to decrease and the intensity increases significantly, so adequate
compensation must be considered.

Training activities must be oriented towards specific movements and the training
of technical-tactical skills will be aimed at polishing and ensuring variability in the
execution of the chosen motor actions, developing tactical thinking at the highest
level. Athletes in this part are stabilizing performance and the results of preparatory
competitions should be used as another criterion for evaluating their progress prior
to the fundamental competition.

During this period, work is carried out on the consolidation of all those skills,
habits and abilities that guarantee an optimal disposition of the athlete for
competition.

Transitional Period

It is the period responsible for the temporary loss of sporting form, it is oriented
towards active rest activities, it is not a pause in training, but rather a continuity of
the process, where its form and content changes, to avoid conversion of the
cumulative effect of loads on overtraining. Conditions must be created to maintain
a certain level of training and guarantee the beginning and continuity of another
cycle of development of sports form.

2) Vergochansky model
In 1988, the Russian scientist, Yury Vergochansky, created a planning model
based on structuring training in three blocks:

- Programming: understood as a first determination of the strategy, content and

way of constructing the training process.

- Organization: practical implementation of the program, based on the specific

conditions and real possibilities of the athlete.

- Control: monitoring of the training process based on previously established

criteria

The design and subsequent development of the programming and organization

phases of the training process are based on the need for a deep knowledge of the
bases of its structure and content, the laws that determine them and the
modifications generated by the fact of achieving high sporting achievements.

In the first block, conditional special preparation is developed, in the second, the
load is intensified using competitive means, with accelerated recovery of the
specific provision capacity. The last block represents the competition load as the
end of the macrocycle.

The distributions of the microcycles will be made according to the competitive

calendar and the type of stimulus that is intended to be carried out, in that order of
ideas, it does not differ much from traditional periodization, really the strong
differentiation will occur in the distribution of the loads, These will be dosed
accordingly with the functional direction that is intended to be prioritized, at the time
of training and the interconnection that is to be carried out afterwards. Therefore,
Dr. Yury Verkhoshamsky (2007) suggests that low volumes with low intensities,
medium volumes with medium intensities, high volumes with high intensities be
distributed in rare cases in the year as part of the modeling, however it is more
advisable make combinations of medium volume with high intensity and vice versa,
high volume, low intensity and vice versa (Siff & Verkhoshansky, 2000), all of this
as said previously, taking into account the characterization of the competitive
discipline, the functional direction, the moment of the training, the type of block and
the closest fundamental competition.

3) Bordarchuk model

In 1984, Anatoly Bondarchuk, former Soviet hammer thrower, who was responsible
for the most important school of throwers in his country, which at the time occupied
the main positions in the world ranking, unveiled this planning model, designed as
it is. logical, for pitchers.

For this author, according to experimental research, the development process of

sports form has a triphasic character. These sequential phases, namely
development, maintenance and rest, replace the classic phases of acquisition,
maintenance and loss, and depend on the type of planning model and the
characteristics of the athlete. The approach that supports this model is the set of
individual adaptation characteristics of each athlete, estimating that said adaptation
is achieved in a period of time that ranges between two and seven-eight months,
depending on the age of the athlete, their years of training, their degree of training
and the characteristics of said training.

The innovative aspect of this model is the way in which the periods of
development and maintenance are interspersed with those of rest. Knowledge of
the athlete's adaptive response allows us to precisely establish the different
competitive stages that can be overcome during a season and thus achieve higher
levels of performance. The set of variants that can be implemented when planning
a training season is quite large, and depends on the adaptive capacity of each
athlete. Depending on the time required to reach sporting form, whether it is two,
three, four, five, six-seven or eight months, after the rest period, various options
are proposed regarding the duration and number of development periods and
maintenance of sports form. The adaptation of an athlete is achieved through the
parallel application of loads of different orientation throughout the entire
macrocycle, always taking into account that only special loads can provoke an
adequate organic response.
 In this model, the organization of the training units is different from the traditional
proposal of the time, since each and every one of them includes technical work
(throws) and conditional work (strength stimuli). The duration of the fitness
maintenance phase should be around four weeks.

At the end of each of these periods, its content must be modified by 50%, which
translates into the use of different media while basically preserving the same
structure and effect as before. Failure to implement this modification results in a
reduction in fitness that lasts approximately another four weeks. These stages of
fitness reduction must coincide with moments of rest, and may also consist of
active rest or activities that do not include specific actions typical of this sport
(throwing and bodybuilding). The basic structure can be summarized as follows:

- Warm-up: 50% general exercises (jogging, stretching, etc.), 50% tasks

related to the competition exercise (spins, hammer walks, etc.)
- Launches: Three types are proposed: (1) with heavier devices; (2) at
submaximal intensity (70-80%); (3) at maximum intensity.
- Strengthening: work with weights, consisting of 3-4 sets of 7-10 repetitions
at 70%.

4) ATR model

Currently, one of the most widely used planning designs is the ATR (accumulation,
transformation, realization) concentrated load model. The characteristics of this
model can be seen:

- Concentration of training loads, the number of qualities that are trained is

reduced.
- Successive development of certain capabilities and objectives in specialized
training blocks.
- Increase in specific work on training content. The specific work starts much
earlier than in the previous model.

Mesocycles range from 14 to 18 days, just long enough to produce a successful

adaptation.

- Its effects are almost immediate.

Types of Mesocycles:
1. Accumulation : Where we focus on volume work, and we could compare it with
the general preparatory period of the traditional planning model. In this period we
will include general loads, maximum strength and a lot of aerobic work . It is also
advisable to include basic technique exercises .

2. Transformation : We will begin to work focusing on all the variables of our

sports modality, with more specific technical and tactical components , we will
work on strength from a point of view of improving power, in resistance, special
emphasis will be placed on anaerobic-aerobic transition . In this period, what it is
about is transforming the gains in general physical condition from the previous
block into specific benefits for our sports modality, which is why we must perform
comprehensive exercises that resemble the competition for which we are
preparing and We can adapt our body for the next period.

3. Realization: We will refine the motor and technical potential through

integrated technical-tactical exercises, simulating the conditions of the
competition . The loads, both speed and strength, are adjusted to those that we
will find in the competition.