Mathematics in the Modern World
(MATHMW1)
Sets and Operations
Renevick Bayog
Sets and Operations
A set is a collection or a group of distinct things,
events, people, or combination of these.
The objects in a set are called the elements.
Capital letters are mostly used for sets and
lowercase letters for elements of sets.
Naming of Sets
1. Listing/Roster Method – the elements are listed or
named
Example:
B={2,4,6,8,10….}
2. Rule Method – a description or rule that describes the
elements of the set is used to name the set. “ ” is read as
“such that” Example:
B={x|x is a whole number.}
Classification of Sets
Finite Set:
• A set is said to be a finite if it is either a void
set or the process of counting of elements
comes to an end.
Example:
B={2,4,6,8,10}
Classification of Sets
Infinite Set:
A set is said to be an infinite set if it has an
unlimited (i.e. uncountable) number of elements.
Three dots, “…”, usually signify that a set is
infinite. Example:
I = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, …}
C = {y|y is an integer.}
Classification of Sets
Equal Sets:
Sets having the same cardinality (or number) of
elements and whose elements are exactly the
same.
Example:
Given that A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and C = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}.
Then, sets A and C are equal sets. Sets A and B and sets B and C are
unequal sets.
Classification of Sets
Equivalent Sets:
Sets having the same cardinality (or number) (n) of
elements but not necessarily exactly the same
elements.
Example:
Given that A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, B = {1, 2, 3, 5, 8} and C = {v, w, x, y, z}.
Then, sets A and C are equivalent sets. Since, n(A) = 5 = n(C).
Classification of Sets
Universal Sets (U):
A set which contains all objects or all elements of the
other sets, even itself, and all other sets are subsets of
itself.
Classification of Sets
Empty or Null Set (∅ or {}):
The set that does not contain any element or
anything. It is sometimes called a null set.
Example:
S = { x|x is a circle with corners}
Classification of Sets
Singleton Sets:
Also known as a unit set, a set containing only one
element.
Example:
P = { x|x is the present president of
the Philippines}
Classification of Sets
1. Finite Set B={2,4,6,8,10}
2. Infinite Set I={1,2,3,4,5,...}
3. Equal Sets C={4,5,6}, R={4,5,6}
4. Equivalent Sets A={1,2,3,4}, C={e,r,n,s}
5. Universal Sets
6. Empty/Null Sets N={x/x is a circle with corners}
7. Singleton Sets M={x/x is the Dean of STELA}
VENN DIAGRAM
VENN DIAGRAM
A graph that employs closed curves and
especially circles to represent logical
relations between and operations on sets
and the terms of propositions by the
inclusion, exclusion, or intersection of the
curves (Merriam Webster Dictionary).
TYPES of VENN DIAGRAM
Joint Sets:
Sets having at
least one
element in
common.
TYPES of VENN DIAGRAM
Disjoint Sets:
Sets having no
element in
common.
Operation on Sets
Union of Sets ∪
If two sets A and B are given, then the
union of A and B is equal to the set that
contains all the elements present in set A
and set B. This operation can be
represented as;
A∪B
Example: If set A = {1,2,3,4} and B {6,7}
Then, Union of sets, A ∪ B = {1,2,3,4,6,7}
Operation on Sets
Intersection of Sets ∩
If two sets A and B are given, then the
intersection of A and B is the subset of
universal set U, which consist of
elements common to both A and B.
A∩B
Example: Let A = {1,2,3} and B = {3,4,5}
Then, A∩B = {3}; because 3 is common to
both the sets.
Operation on Sets
Difference of Sets
If there are two sets A and B, then the
difference of two sets A and B is equal to
the set which consists of elements
present in A but not in B.
A-B
Example: If A = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7} and B =
{6,7} are two sets.
Then, the difference of set A and set B is
given by;
A – B = {1,2,3,4,5}
Operation on Sets
Complement of Set
If U is a universal set and X is any subset
of U then the complement of X is the set
of all elements of the set U apart from
the elements of X.
X′
Example: U = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8}
A = {1,2,5,6}
Then, complement of A will be;
A’ = {3,4,7,8}
Summary
•Union (⋃): The union of sets A and B, denoted as A∪B,
contains all elements that are in A, in B, or in both.
•Intersection (⋂): The intersection of sets A and B,
denoted as A∩B, contains all elements that are in both A
and B.
•Complement ('): The complement of a set A, denoted
as A′,contains all elements in the universal set that are
not in A.
Activity U={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}
•Let A={1,2,3,4} and B={2,3,4,5,6}
•Calculate A∪B =
A∩B =
A′ =
A–B=
Activity U={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}
•Let A={1,2,3,4} and B={2,3,4,5,6}
•Calculate A∪B = {1,2,3,4,5,6}
A∩B = {2,3,4}
A′ = {5,6,7,8,9,10}
A–B=1
Activity U = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}
•Given Sets:
•𝐴={1,2,3,4} •Calculate
•A∪B∪C =
•𝐵={3,4,5,6} •A∩B∩C=
•𝐶={4,5,6,7} • (𝐴∪𝐵)∩𝐶
•B’
•C’
Activity
•Given Sets: •Calculate
•A∪B∪C = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7}
•𝐴={1,2,3,4} •A∩B∩C= {4}
•𝐵={3,4,5,6} •(𝐴∪𝐵)∩𝐶
First, find A∪BA \cup BA∪B:
•𝐶={4,5,6,7} A∪B={1,2,3,4,5,6}
Then, find
(𝐴∪𝐵)∩𝐶(A∪B)∩C:
(𝐴∪𝐵)∩𝐶={4,5,6}
Application In Venn Diagram
• Twenty students in a group of 40 at X High elect for a course in
statistics (S). Eleven students take up linear algebra (L). Five
students enrolled for both courses. Represent the data in a Venn
diagram. How many students have not opted for either of the two
courses?
a. How many students opted only for statistics?
b. Find the number of students who have opted to study
at least one of the two courses?
c. How many students have not opted for either of the two
courses?
Assignment: 25 points
Kindly answer word problems 29,30 on page 35. Solve
them using the Venn diagram. Show your solutions.
Then, answer the questions asked for each problem.
(handwritten, use a clean paper)
150 college freshmen were interviewed
85 were registered for a Math class
70 were registered for an English class
50 were registered for both Math and English
a. How many signed up only for a Math Class?
b. How many signed up only for an English Class?
c. How many signed up for Math or English?
d. How many signed up neither for Math nor English?
An advertising agency finds that, of its 170 clients, 115 use
Television, 110 use Radio and 130 use Magazines. Also 85
use Television and Magazines, 75 use Television and Radio,
95 use Radio and Magazines, 70 use all the three. Draw Venn
diagram to represent these data. Find,
a. how many uses only Radio?
b. how many uses only Television?
c. how many use radio and television but not magazine?
d. how many use Television and Magazine but not radio?
