CHAPTER 1

LESSON 1:

Example 1

(a) Magnitude FR = 5 + 7 = 12 N
Direction = Same as direction of 5 N or 7 N or to the right
(b) Magnitude FR = 6 - 3 = 3 N
Direction = Same as direction of 6 N or to the left
(c) Magnitude FR = (7 + 5) – ( 5 + 5) = 2 N
Direction = Same as direction of 7N to the upwards
(b) Magnitude FR = (5 + 7) – (9) = 3 N
Direction = Same as direction of 5 N or7N to the left

Example 2

(a) Using calculation:

Magnitude FR =

Direction FR = 67.38o from 5N of force / from positive x-axis / from east

// 22.62o from 12 N of force/from positive y-axis/ from North

Using scaled drawing:

Scale : 1 cm : 2 N

Magnitude FR = 6.5 x 2 = 13 N
θ = 67o
o
Direction FR = 67 from 5N of force / from positive x-axis / from east
// 22.6o from 12 N of force/from positive y-axis/ from North
(b) Using calculation

Magnitude FR =

1
 Direction FR = 22.62o from 12 N of force/from positive y- axis/ from North
// 67.38o from 5N of force /
from positive x-axis /
from east

Using scaled drawing:

Magnitude FR = 6.5 x 2 = 13 N
θ = 67o
o
Direction FR = 23 from 12 N of force/from positive y- axis/ from North
// 67o from 5N of force / from positive x-axis / from east

Example 3

(a) Using calculation:

Magnitude FR :

FR =
= 91.02 kN

2
 θ = 30.30o
Direction FR = 30. 30o from 40 kN of force

Using scaled diagram:

Scale : 1 cm :10 kN

Magnitude FR : 9.1 x10 = 91 kN

Direction FR = 30o from 40 kN of force

(b) Using calculation:

Magnitude FR :

F R=
= 91.02 kN

3
 θ = 30.30o
Direction FR = 30. 30o from 40 kN of force

Using scaled diagram:

Scale : 1 cm :10 kN

Magnitude FR : 9.1 x10 = 91 kN

Direction FR = 30o from 40 kN of force

Example 4

(a) F = ma
(20 – 4) = 8a
a = 2 m s-2
(b) To the right

Example 5

(a) Uniform velocity , a= 0 and F=0

( Engine thrust) – (Air resistance + Frictional force ) = 0
Engine thrust – ( 2000 + 8000) = 0
Engine thrust = 10000 N
(b) F = ma
( Engine thrust) – (Air resistance + Frictional force ) = (900)(2)
Engine thrust – ( 2000 + 8000) = 1800
Engine thrust = 11800 N

Example 6

(a) W = mg = (2 x 106)(10) = 2 x107 N

(b) FR = (3.1 x 107) – (2 x107) = 1.1 x 107 N
(c) 1.1 x107 = (2 x106) (a)
a = 5.5 m s-2

Example 7

(a) Weight of the balloon and passengers

(b) FR = ma
(7000 – 6000 – R) = (600)(0.5)
R = 1000 – 300
= 700 N

4
Example 8

(a) R = W = mg = (50)(10) = 500 N

(b) R = W = mg = (50)(10) = 500 N
(c) R = W + ma = (50)(10) + (50)(4) = 700 N
(d) R = W - ma = (50)(10) - (50)(2) = 400 N
(e) R = W = mg = (50)(10) = 500 N
(f) R = W - mg = (50)(10) – (50)(5) = 250 N
(g) R = W + ma = (50)(10) + (50)(3) = 650 N
(h) R=0

Example 9

(a) FR=ma
T – 40 = (4)(0)
T = 40 N
P – T =(0)(0)
P = T = 40 N
(b) FR=ma
T – 40 = (4)(3)
T = 52 N
P – T =(0)(3)
P = T = 52 N
Example 10

(a) 60 – T = 6a...................(1)
T – 20 = 2a
-20 + T = 2a..................(2)
equation (1) +(2)
60 + (-20) = 6a + 2a
40 = 8a
a = 5 m s-2

5
 (b) Substituting a= 5 in equation (1)
T – 20 = 2(5)
T = 30 N

Otherwise :
FR = ma
(60 – 20) = (6 + 2) a
a = 5 m s-2
60 – T = (6)(5)
T = 30 N

Example 11

FR = ma
T – 0 = 2a
T = 2a ..................(1)
FR = ma
30 – T = 3a ........(2)
Substituting equation (1) into (2)
30 – 2a = 3a
30 = 5a
a = 6 m s-2
Substituting a= 6 into equation (1)
T = (2)(6) = 12 N
Acceleration = 6 m s-2 and Tension = 12 N

Otherwise :

FR = ma
30 = (2 + 3)a
a = 6 m s-2
T = (2)(6) = 12 N
Acceleration = 6 m s-2 and Tension = 12 N

TUTORIAL 1

1 C 2 A 3 C 4 B 5 C 6 D 7 A 8 C 9 A 1 D
0

1 D 1 C 1 D 1 D 1 D 1 A 1 D 1 C 1 B 2 B
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0

6
 2 D 2 B 2 A 2 C 2 A 2 A 2 D 2 A 2 C 3 A
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0

3 D 3 D 3 C 3 A 3 B 3 B 3 B 3 B 3 A 4 D
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0

41 (a) Anything that can be change the state of motion

(b) (i) 600 N
(ii) Because the refrigerator moves with uniform velocity
(iii)

(c) (i) FR = 900 – 600 N =330 N

(ii) 300 = 120 (a)
a =2.5 m s-2

42 (a) Force of gravity // W = mg (Explains the meaning of symbol)

(b) P + 300 = 650
P = 350 N
(c) Because the bicycle moves with constant velocity
(d) The bicycle will accelerate
(e) (i) Carbon fibre
Strong and lighter
(ii) Handle II
Better grip //The rider easy to bent his body

43 (a) Elastic potential energy

(b) (i)
Scale ; 1 cm : 50 N

Magnitude FR = 5.6 x 50 = 280 N

Direction FR = 64o from positive x-axis / horizontal/east

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 (ii)

Magnitude FR :

FR = 280.57 N

Direction FR = 64o from positive x-axis / horizontal/east

44 (a) Tension
(b)

Magnitude FR :

FR = 1838.51 N

Direction FR = To downward direction

(c) (i) The pole sways // unstable
(ii) Resultant force decrease

45 (a) Weight
(b)

8
 (c) (i) Unchanged
(ii) R = W // Resultant force is zero
(d) R = W + ma
= 550 + (55)(6)
= 880 N

46 (a)

(b) (i)

(ii) FR = ma
(50-10 ) = ( 5 +2 + 1)
a = 5 m s-2
(c) (i) 50 – TP = (5)(5)
TP = 75 N
(ii) TQ – 10 = (1)(5)
TQ = 15 N

47 (a) The force that always oppose the direction of motion .

(b)

Characteristic Reason
Small angle Produced larger resultant force
9
 Inelastic cable Produced constant force
Maximum tension is high Strong //not easy to break
Cylinder Reduce more friction

Method R is choose
Because small angle, inelastic cable, maximum tension is high and cylinder

(c) (i) F R=
= 1.51 x 106 N
(ii) FR = ma
1.51 x 106 N= 1.1 x 107 ( a)
a = 0.18 m s-2

48 (a) The magnitude of the resultant between two forces depends on the angle between
the forces.
(b) The larger the angle between the forces., the smaller The magnitude of the resultant
between two forces
(c) (i) To investigate the relationship magnitude of the resultant force of two
forces by using and the angle between the two forces
(ii) Manipulated variable: Magnitude of the resultant force
Responding variable: Angle between forces
Constant variable: Magnitude of each force
(iii) Three spring balances labelled R, S, and T, three threads each about 30 cm
long, iron bracelet, retort stand , protractor, white paper and pencil

(iv)

Diagram(a)

Diagram(b)

(v) Draw a parallelogram WXYZ on white paper with WX = ZY = 5 cm, WZ =

XY = 7cm and angle XWZ = θ = 50o as shown in Diagram (a).
Measure diagonal length WX = d cm
Tie each spring balance with a thread and the other end of the thread tied to
the iron bracelet as shown in Diagram (b).
Pull the spring balance, S and R spring so that the reading of the spring
balance and S and R are 5 N and 7 N respectively.
Adjust the readings and position of the spring balance T so that the steel ring
can maintain its position as shown in Figure (b).
Record the readings of spring balance T = F N

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 The experiment is repeated 4 times by using the angle θ = 60o, 70o, 80o and
90o
(vi)
θ (o) 50 60 70 80 90
The reading of spring balance F(N)

(vii) Plot the graph F against θ

LESSON 2:

Example 1

(a)

Magnitude Fx = 120 cos 30o = 103.92 N

Direction Fx = To the right or to the positive x –axis

Magnitude Fy = 120 sin 30o = 60 N

Direction Fy = To upward or to the positive y –axis
(b)

Magnitude Fx = 440 cos (90 - 20o) = 150.49 N

Direction Fx = To the left or to the negative x –axis
Magnitude Fy = 120 sin (90 - 20o) = 112.76 N
Direction Fy = To downward or to the negative y –axis
Example 2

(a) W = mg = (0.05)(10) = 0.5 N

(b) (i) Wparallel = W sin θ = (0.5)(sin 40o) = 0.32 N
(ii) Wperpendicular = W cos θ = (0.5)(cos 40o) = 0.38 N
Example 3

(a)
Force (N) Fx(N) Fy(N)
180 -108.33 -143.75
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 250 216.51 125.00
320 -226.27 226.27
Σ Fx =-118.09 Σ Fy =207.52

(b) (i)

Magnitude FR =

Direction FR = 60.36o from negative

x- axis/ from West // 29.64o from positive y-axis / from north
(ii) Wperpendicular = W cos θ = (0.5)(cos 40o) = 0.38 N

Example 4

Fx = 30 cos 60= 15 N
FR = ma
(15 – 5 ) = 4a
a = 2.5 m s-2

Example 5

(a) As the ship moves parallel to the -X axis,

Σ Fy = 0
(6 x 104 ) ( sin 20o) + ( - 3.6 x104 )( sinθ ) = 0
θ = 34.75o
(b) Fx=(6 x 104 )( cos 20o) +(3.6 x104) (cos34.75o = 8.97 x 104 N
Fy = 0
F resultant = 8.97 x 104 N

Example 6

(a) Fparallel = W sin θ

= (8500) (sin 20o) = 2907.17 N
(b) FR = ma
(2907.17 – 340) = (850)(a)
a = 3.02 m s-2
Example 7
(a) (i) FR = ma
40 sin 20o – 30 = ( 4 + 3 ) a
a = - 2.33 m s-2
Magnitude of acceleration = 2.33 m s-2
(ii) Wooden block moves upward parallel to the inclined plane and the load moves
downward.
(b) 30 – T = 3(2.33)

T = 23.01 N

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 TUTORIAL 2

1 B 2 C 3 A 4 C 5 B 6 A 7 D 8 B 9 C 10 C

11 C 12 A 13 B 14 B 15 C 16 D 17 B 18 B 19 B 20 A

21 (a) (i)

(ii) Fx = 30 cos 25o = 27.19 N

(b) FR = ma
(27.19 – 4) = (15 + 3.5)a
a = 1.25 m s-2
(c) The acceleration increase
Fx increase // FR increases

22 (a) Tension
(b) FR = ma
( T cos 32o – 120) = (2500)(2)
T = 6037.39 N
(c) Increase the length of the rope so that the angle become smaller than 32 o
Fx increase // FR increases
23 (a)
Tension Tension Tension
(N) parallel to x- parallel to y-
axis ,Tx(N) axis ,Ty
600 424.26 424.26
700 700 0
800 400 -692.82
Σ Tx = 1524.26 Σ Ty =-268.56

(b)

Magnitude FR =

Direction FR = 9.99o from positive x- axis/ from east

(c) FR = ma
(1547.74- 450) = 520a
a= 2.11 m s-2

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24 (a) Quantity of matter
(b) 300 N
(c) (i) Fparallel = F sin θ = 300 sin 30o = 150 N
(ii) FV = 300-300 = 0 N
(d) Remains stationary
Resultant force is zero

25 (a) (i) FR = (300)(sin 70o) – 5 = 231.91 N

(ii) FR = ma
231.91 = (40 + 30)(a)
a = 3.31 m s-2
(b) 50 = 300 sin θ
θ = 9.59o

26 (a) (i) Gravitational potential energy

(ii) Same weight
The sloping B > A
Acceleration B > A
The force parallel to surface of board B > A
The force parallel to surface of board is directly proportional to the acceleration
//The larger the force parallel to surface of board , the larger the acceleration
(b) When length of the rope increase , the angle between the rope decrease
The Fx increase
Because Fx = F cos θ // θ decrease , cos θ increase
Resultant force/ Fx increase
(c)
Suggestion Reason
Push the lawnmower Increase Fx/ Forward force
Small θ Increase Fx/ Forward force
Large blade Cut more grass in a short time
High power High energy // High engine thrust//High forward force
Long handle Easy to handle the movement of the lawnmower

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LESSON 3:

Example 1

(a)

(b)

(c)

Example 2

(a) F1 and F2 are tension ; F3 is weight

15
 (b) F1 and F2 are tension ; F3 is weight

(c) F1 and F2 are tension ; F3 is weight

(d) F1 normal reaction, F2 frictional force ; F3 is weight

(e) F1 and F2 are tension ; F3 is drag // water resistance

(f) F1 lifting force, F2 drag // air resistance ; F3 weight

Example 3

(a)
16
 ΣFx = TN cos 55o + ( - TM cos 45o) = 0

TN = 1.2327 TM.............(1)
ΣFY = TN sin 55o +TM cos 45o - 40 = 0
0.8192 TN + 0.7071 TM – 40 = 0 ........(2)
Substituting (1) into (2)
(0.8192)(1.2327)TM +0.7071 TM – 40 = 0
1.7169 TM = 40
TM = 23.30 N
Substituting TM = 23.30 N into (1)
TN =(1.2327) (23.30)= 28.72 N

(b) Scaled diagram :

Scale 1 cm : 5 N

TM = 4.6 x 5 = 23. 0 N
TN = 5.8 x 5 = 29. 0 N

Calculation:

; TM =23.30 N

; TN =28.72 N

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Example 4
(a)

, P = 41.95 N

, R = 65.27 N

(b)

ΣFx = 50 cos 50o + ( -P cos 40o) = 0

ΣFy =R +(-50sin 50o +( -41.95sin 40o) =0

P = 65.27 N

Example 5

(a)

(b)

(c) Method in Diagram (b) , because tension in the cable is smaller.

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TUTORIAL 3

1 C 2 D 3 B 4 B 5 B 6 B 7 A 8 C 9 C 1 B
0

1 C 1 B 1 B 1 A 1 A 1 C 1 C 1 C 1 A 2 B
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0

2 C
1

22 (a) (i) Tension

(ii) Weight skier parallel to the surface of hill
(b) (i) 0N
(ii) 0N
(c) When resultant force is zero the objects remains stationary or moves with uniform velocity
// vice versa
Forces in equilibrium
(d) (i) Acceleration
(ii) Net force not zero // Forces in equilibrium

23 (a) Tension
(b) (i)

Σ Fx = Q cos 20o + (-P cos 75o) = 0

..............(1)
Σ Fy = -Q sin 20o + (P sin 75o) -2800= 0....(2)
Substituting (1) into (2)

-0.0942P + 0.9659 P =2800

P = 3212.03 N
Substituting P = 3212.11 N into (1)

= 884.69 N

(ii)

19
 P = 3212.03 N

Q = 884.69 N

24 (a) (i) 2x106 N

(ii) Engine thrust > drag
(b) (i) Σ Fx = 4 x105 + (0) +(-D)+(-2x105)(cos 65o) = 0
D = 3.15 x 105 N
(ii) Σ Fy = L + 0 +(-2x105)(sin65o)+ = 0
L = 1.81x105 N

25 (a) (i) The object remains stationary or moves with uniform velocity when the resultant
force is zero
(ii) Diagram 25.1
Angle between the lamp and the metal wire in Diagram 25.1 > 25.2
Tension of the metal wires in 25.1 < 25.2
The metal wire in 25.1 not easy to break
(b)

Characteristics Reason
Smooth surface Reduce friction
Small angle Reduce weight parallel to the inclined plane surface
Large mass Increase pulling force// Increase tension
Inelastic rope Produced constant force
Y is choose
Because smooth surface, small angle, large mass and inelastic rope
(c)

20
 (a) Σfy = -400 sin 70o + (-220 sin 55o)
= -556.09 N
Magnitude = 556.09 N

(b) Σfx = 400 cos 70o + (-220 cos 55o)

= -556.09 N
= 10.62 N
Additional force = 10.62 N to the west

LESSON 4:

Example 1
(a) 20 g → 2 cm
40 g → 4 cm
(b) 20 g → 2 cm
60 g → 6 cm
l = 5 + 6 = 11 cm
(c) 2 cm → 20 g
15 cm→150 g
Example 2

M = 10 kg
Example 3
(a) Spring P : Spring Q :
10 g → 2 cm 10 g → 4 cm
20 g → 4 cm 20 g → 8 cm

Total extension = 4 + 8 = 12 cm
(b) Spring P

21
 10 g → 2 cm
25 g → 5 cm
Total extension = 5 cm
(c) Spring P : Spring Q :
10 g → 2 cm 10 g → 4 cm
40 g → 8 cm 20 g → 8 cm

Total extension = 8 + 8 = 16 cm
Example 4
Spring X:

200 g → 2 cm
400 g → 4 cm

Spring Y:

100 g → 3 cm
400 g → 12 cm
L = ( 5 + 4 + 5 + 12 ) = 26 cm

Example 5

x = 15 -12 cm = 3 cm = 0.03 m
F = mg = (0.02)(10) = 0.2 N

Example 6

Or ,

TUTORIAL 4

1 B 2 D 3 C 4 C 5 D 6 B 7 A 8 B 9 B 1 C
0

1 A 1 C 1 B 1 B 1 C 1 C 1 A 1 B 1 A 2 B
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0

2 C 2 C 2 B 2 D 2 D 2 D 2 B 2 D 2 A 3 C
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0

31 (a) Hooke’s law

(b) (i) N>M
(ii) N>M
(c) (i) 6N
(ii) N
(iii) Elastic limit N > The maximum weight of the load
32 (a) Directly proportional // increase , increase
(b) Hooke’s law
22
 (c)
(d) X
Because the largest spring constant
(e) Material of the spring // Diameter the spring coil // Diameter of the spring wire
(f)

33 (a) Extension = Length with load – Length without load

(b) K>J
(c) (i)

Spring K :

Spring H :
(ii) Directly proportional // increase , increase

34 (a) (i) Elasticity is the property of a substance which enables it to return to original size /
length/ shape after an applied external force(compressive force or stretching force)
is removed.
(ii) The two forces are force of repulsion and force of attraction between molecules.
When a compressive force is applied to the sponge, force of repulsion between the
molecules pushes the molecules back to their equilibrium positions.
When a stretching force is applied to the sponge force of attraction between the
molecules pulls the molecules back to their equilibrium positions.
In the absence of an applied external force on the sponge, the force of attraction is
balanced by the force of repulsion or the resultant force is zero.

(b)
Characteristics Reason
Helical Reduced vibration//Damping process in a short time //
more stiffer
1 N cm-1 ( small) Smallest scale division is larger// more sensitive //
accurate
Obey Hooke’s law To get uniform scale
Polystyrene Lighter // It mass does not affect the weight of the
object being measured
Design J is choose
Because helical, 1 N cm-1 ( small), obey Hooke’s law and polystyrene
(c) (i)
Spring S : 400 = 20x
x = 20 cm
Spring T ; 600 = 20 x
x = 30 cm
X = 20 + 20 + 30+20 = 90 cm
23
 (ii) 500 = 10 x
x = 50 cm

35 (a) The extension/compression of the diving board depends on the force acted on it.
(b) As the force increases , the extension increases
(c) (i) To investigate the relationship between the force and the extension
(ii) Manipulated variable: The force
Responding variable: The extension
Constant variable : Spring constant , diameter of the spring
(iii) Spring , metre ruler , slotted mass , retort stand.
(iv)

(v) The original length of the spring is recorded , Lo

The mass of the slotted mass is recorded , m = 0.5 kg
The new length of the spring is recorded after the slotted mass is hung , L
The extension of the spring is calculated , x = Lo – L
The experiment is repeated 4 times by increasing the number of the slotted
mass , m = 1.0 kg , 1.5 kg . 2.0 kg and 2.5 kg

(vi) Tabulate the data:

m (kg) x = L - Lo(cm)
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5

(vii) Plot the graph x against m

24