Steam nozzles
1. Steam enters a convergent-divergent nozzle at a pressure of 2 MPa and
a temperature of 250℃, and leaves the nozzles at a pressure of 450 kPa
with an isentropic dryness factor of 0,94. The steam at the throat is dry-
saturated with a temperature of 184,1℃. The steam flows through the
nozzle at a rate of 330,72 kg/min. Assume the reheat factor is 10% of
the overall heat drop due to friction. Use only the steam tables to answer
the questions.
Determine:
1.1 The pressure in kPa, the specific enthalpy in kJ/kg, the velocity in
m/s, the area in mm2 and the diameter in mm at the throat.
[1 100 kPa; 2 780 kJ/kg; 497,906 m/s; 1963,527 mm2; 50 mm]
1.2 The specific isentropic enthalpy in kJ/kg and the specific actual
enthalpy in kJ/kg at the exit.
[2616,8 kJ/kg; 2645,52 kJ/kg]
1.3 The velocity in m/s, the actual dryness factor, the specific volume
in cubic metres per kg and the area in mm2 at the exit.
[719 m/s; 0,954; 0,3946 m3/kg; 3024,914 mm2]
2. Steam enters a converging-diverging nozzle at a pressure of 2,5 MPa
and leaves at 350 kPa.
The steam flow rate is 15 kg/s.
The pressure at the throat is 0,54 times the inlet pressure, the
temperature is 226,6℃, the specific heat capacity of the superheated
steam is 2,5 kJ/kg.K and the velocity is 529,15 m/s. The flow is
frictionless up to the throat, but there is an 8% loss in the diverging part.
The isentropic dryness fraction of the steam at exit is 0,95.
The index (n) for superheated steam is 1,3.
Ignore the velocity at the entrance of the nozzle.
Calculate the following using steam tables only.
2.1 The pressure of the superheated steam in kPa and the specific
enthalpy in kJ/kg at the throat.
[1350 kPa; 2870 kJ/kg]
1
2.2 The specific enthalpy of the steam in kJ/kg at the entrance.
[3010 kJ/kg]
2.3 The specific volume in cubic metres per kg, the area in mm 2 and
the diameter in mm at the throat.
[0,159 m3/kg; 4 501,656 mm2; 75,708 mm]
2.4 The isentropic enthalpy in kJ/kg, the actual enthalpy in kJ/kg and
the velocity in m/s at the exit of the nozzle.
[2 623,65 kJ/kg; 2 643,358 kJ/kg; 856,32 m/s]
3. Steam enters a group of convergent-divergent nozzles at a pressure of
2 MPa and a temperature of 250℃.
The velocity of the dry-saturated steam at the throat of the nozzles is 498
m/s and the diameter of the throat is 66,5 mm.
Expansion through the nozzle takes place to an exit pressure of 380 kPa.
The flow is frictionless and adiabatic up to the throat.
The efficiency from the throat to the exit is 90%.
At the exit, the isentropic dryness factor of the steam is 0,93.
Ignore the velocity of the steam at the inlet. Use only the steam tables to
answer the questions.
Calculate the following:
3.1 The specific enthalpy of the steam at the throat and then use steam
tables to determine the pressure, temperature and the volume at
the throat.
[2780 kJ/kg; 1 100 kPa; 184,1℃; 0,1774 m3/kg]
3.2 The area of the throat and the flow rate of the steam in kg/s.
[3473,227 mm2; 9,75 kg/s]
3.3 The isentropic enthalpy and the actual enthalpy at the exit in kJ/kg.
[2586,27 kJ/kg; 2605,643 kJ/kg]
3.4 The velocity in m/s, the actual dryness of the steam, the volume in
cubic metres per kilogram and the area at the exit.
[772,473 m/s; 0,94]
2
4. Steam expands through a convergent-divergent nozzle at a rate of 5 kg/s
to the exit, where the isentropic dryness factor is 0,94 and the diameter
is 72,2 mm.
At the entrance, the superheated steam has a pressure of 1500 kPa and
a temperature of 250℃; velocity is negligible.
At the throat, the superheated steam has a pressure of 820 kPa and a
velocity of 500 m/s.
The specific heat capacity is 2,56 kJ/kg.K with an index (n) of 1,31. The
specific volume of dry-saturated steam at the exit pressure is 0,668 4
m3/kg.
The isentropic dryness factor is 98,95% of the actual dryness factor.
Use only only the steam tables to answer the questions.
Calculate the following:
4.1 The specific enthalpy of the superheated steam in kJ/kg and the
temperature in ℃ at the throat.
[2800 kJ/kg; 183,9℃]
4.2 The specific volume in m3/kg, the area in mm2 and the diameter in
mm at the throat.
[0,248 m3/kg; 2480 mm2; 56,193 mm]
4.3 The actual dryness factor, the specific volume in m3/kg, the area in
mm2, the velocity in m/s and the specific actual enthalpy in kJ/kg at
exit.
[0,95; 4094,155 mm2; 0,63498 m3/kg; 2611,3 kJ/kg; 792,09 m/s]
5. A convergent-divergent nozzle receives superheated steam at a
pressure of 800 kPa and a temperature of 200℃, and discharges it at a
pressure of 200 kPa.
The change of specific enthalpy of the steam is 190 kJ and the exit area
of the nozzle is 6 450 mm2.
At the throat, the steam is dry-saturated, with a velocity of 424,264 m/s.
Ignore the velocity of the steam at inlet. Use only the steam tables to
answer the questions.
Calculate the following:
3
5.1 The dryness fraction, the velocity in m/s and the mass of the steam
in kg/s at the outlet of the nozzle.
[0,942; 616,441 m/s; 4,629 kg/s]
5.2 The specific enthalpy, the pressure in kPa, the temperature in ℃,
the area in mm2 and the diameter in mm at the throat of the nozzle.
[2750 kJ/kg; 0,3611 m3/kg; 520 kPa; 3939,839 mm2]
5.3 The specific heat capacity of the steam at the nozzle inlet.
[2,43 kJ / kg.C ]
6. Superheated steam at a pressure of 1 MPa and a temperature of 230℃
enters a convergent-divergent nozzle and it leaves at a pressure of 200
kPa.
The overall enthalpy drop from the inlet to the mouth is 90% of the
isentropic enthalpy drop due to friction.
At the throat the area is 2 851,2 mm2, the velocity of the steam is 500
m/s, the pressure is 540 kPa, the steam temperature is 164,4℃ and the
specific heat capacity of superheated steam is 2,5 kJ/kg.K.
The isentropic enthalpy drop through the nozzle is 303 kJ/kg steam.
The index (n) for superheated steam is 1,3.
The velocity of the steam at the inlet is negligible.
Calculate the following using steam tables only:
6.1 The specific enthalpy of the steam at the throat and at the inlet.
6.2 The specific volume of the steam at the throat and the mass of
steam flowing in kg/s.
6.3 The actual specific enthalpy drop through the nozzle, the actual
specific enthalpy, the velocity in m/s, the actual dryness factor, the
specific volume and the area in mm2 at the mouth of the nozzle.
6.4 The mach number.
7. Superheated steam at a pressure of 2 MPa and a temperature of 250℃
enters a convergent-divergent nozzle at a rate of 180 kg/min with a
negligible velocity.
At the exit of the nozzle, the area is 2833,333 mm 2 and the specific
volume of the steam is 0,85 m3/kg.
4
The index (n) for superheated steam is 1,3.
At the throat of the nozzle the steam is dry saturated with a pressure of
1 100 kPa.
Assume the reheat factor due to friction to be 10% of the overall enthalpy
drop.
Calculate the following by using steam tables only:
7.1 The velocity of the steam at the nozzle exit in m/s, the actual
enthalpy drop in kJ/kg and the isentropic enthalpy drop in kJ/kg.
7.2 The actual enthalpy at the exit in kJ/kg, the isentropic enthalpy at
the exit in kJ/kg and the efficiency of the divergent part of the
nozzle.
7.3 The velocity in m/s, the area in mm2 and the diameter in mm at
the throat of the nozzle.
7.4 The specific volume of the steam at the nozzle entrance.
8. Superheated steam enters a convergent-divergent nozzle at a
pressure of 2,8 MPa, a temperature of 281,8℃ and a specific heat
capacity of 2,766 kJ/kg.K.
The diameter at the nozzle exit is 98 mm, the pressure is 440 kPa and
the isentropic dryness factor of the steam is 96,6%.
At the throat of the nozzle, the velocity of the superheated steam is 500
m/s, the pressure is 1,4 MPa and it has a temperature of 207,8℃.
The mach number for the nozzle is 1,4.
The velocity at inlet is negligible.
Calculate by using steam tables only:
8.1 The specific enthalpy of the steam at the nozzle inlet.
8.2 The specific enthalpy and the specific heat capacity of the steam
at the throat of the nozzle.
8.3 The velocity of the steam in m/s, the actual specific enthalpy, the
actual dryness factor, the specific volume, the area in mm 2 at the
nozzle exit and the mass flow rate of the steam in kg/s.
8.4 The isentropic specific enthalpy of the steam at the nozzle exit.
