CE 315
DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES-I
Fundamentals of Flexure Design
By
Dr. Md. Naimul Haque
Department of Civil Engineering
East West University
• Reinforced Concrete Beams are heterogeneous (nonhomogeneous)
because they are made of two entirely different materials, concrete and
steel.
• The methods used in the analysis of reinforced concrete beams are
therefore different from those used in the design or investigation of
beams composed entirely of steel, wood or any other structural material.
This formula doesn’t work for RCC
• Bending moment produces bending strains on a beam, and consequently
compressive and tensile stresses.
• Stress Strain Distribution in a Homogenous Beam.
Flexure
formula
doesn’t work
here
• Concrete compressive strength is denoted by f’c, concrete
stress, smaller than strength is noted by fc.
• Steel tensile strength is denoted by fy concrete stress, smaller
than strength is noted by fs.
b
• Beam dimensions,
h d
• RC beam can be designed assuming various stages of failure.
• The stages until the beam fails are-
Stresses Elastic and Section Uncracked
Stresses Elastic and Section Cracked
Stresses Inelastic and Section Cracked
Stress Elastic and Section Uncracked
Section Elastic and Cracked
Stress Inelastic and Cracked
• To analyze the beam in this stage, the non-homogenous RC beam
need to be transferred in to homogenous beam.
Transferring RC beam as Concrete Beam
stress
For Analysis,
For Design,
Solution (a) :
Solution (b) :
• When the load carrying capacity of the beam is reached, failure can be
caused by one of the following two ways-
Failure occurred by yielding of steel
Failure occurred by crushing of concrete
Failure Occurred By Yielding of Steel
• When relatively moderate amounts of steel are employed, at some value of
the load the steel will reach its yield point and stretches a large amount.
• The tension cracks in the concrete widen visibly and propagate upward with
simultaneous significant deflection of the beam.
• When this happens, the strains in the remaining compression zone of the
concrete increase to such a degree that crushing of the concrete results at a
load slightly larger than that which caused the steel to yield.
Failure Occurred by Crushing of Concrete
• If large amounts of reinforcement are employed, the compressive
strength of the concrete may be exhausted before the steel starts
yielding.
• Concrete fails by crushing when strains become so large that they disrupt
the integrity of the concrete.
• Rectangular beams fail in compression when concrete strains reach values
of about 0.003 to 0.004.
Failure Occurred by Crushing of Concrete
• This type of failure is sudden, of an almost explosive nature and occurs
without warning.
• Therefore, it is good practice to design beams in such a manner that their
failure would be initiated by yielding of steel.
1. Design of Concrete Structures 14th Editionby Arthur
Nilson (Author), David Darwin (Author), Charles Dolan
(Author), McGraw-Hill Education; 14 edition (July 10,
2009).
2. Lecture Notes prepared under HEQEP Project, CUET.
