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e
4. a A 440 V, 50 Hz, 6 pole, Y-connected induction motor has following Ap CO3
parameters per phase referred to the stator:
R, = R = 0.30 and X, = X =1,0 9, Normal full load slip = 0.05.
Calculate:
(i) Motor current and torque at normal full load slip, (3]
(i) Maximum torque. 3)
b A 440V, 50Hz, 6-pole, 950 rpm, Y-connected induction motor has the An CO3
following parameters referred to the stator: R,=0.5 Q, R=0.4 2, X,=X(=1.2
Q and Xm=50 2. Motor is driving a fan load, the torque of which is given
by Ti-0.0123 @m?. Now one phase of the motor fails. +
(1)Calculate motor speed and current. [4]
(ii) Willit be safe to allow to run for a long period? [21
(OR)
4. A 400V, star-connected, 3-phase, 6-pole, 501iz induction motor has Ap CO3
following parameters referred to stator: R,= R = 10, X, = X, = 22. The
motor is operating in regenerative braking mode. Determine:
(i) Rotor current I, [2]
(ü) Maximum torque, Tmax (2]
(ii) Speed at which Tmax OCcurs [1]
(iv) Range of speed for stable operation of induction motor. [1]
d. A 2200V,2600 kW,735 rpm,50 Hz,8-pole,3-0 squirrel cage induction motor An CO3
has the following parameters referred to the stator: R= 0.075 2, R,=0.1 2,
X,=0.45 2, X-0.55 Q. Stator winding is delta connected and consists of
two sections connected in parallel.
(i) Calculate starting torque and maximum torque as a ratio of rated (4]
torque, if the motor is started by star-delta switching.
(ii) What is the maximum value of line current during starting? [2
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4. a For variable frequency control of induction motor explain the following [6] CO3
points:
(i)For speeds below base speed (V/) ratio is maintained constant, why?
(ii)For speeds above base speed, the terminal voltage maintained constant,
why?
b. A 2.0 kW, 400 V, 50 Hz, 4pole, 1400 rpm, delta connected squirrel-cage [6] AP CO3
induction motor has following parameters referred to the stator:
R,- 32, R-50, x,=x=50, xm= 50 Q
Motor speed is controlled by stator voltage control. When driving a fan load it
runs at rated speed at rated voltage. Calculate motor terminal voltage, current
and torque at 1200 rpm.
(OR)
How the speed and power factor of a wound rotor induction motor are [6] U CO3
controlled by injecting a voltage in the rotor circuit? What should be the
relation between the frequency of the injected voltage and the frequency of the
rotor induced voltage?
d. A 400 V, 50Hz, 900 rpm, 6-pole, Y-connected, 3-phase wound rotor induction 6 AP CO3
motor has following parameters referred to the stator:
R, =0.152, R, = 0.04 2, X,= 0.3 2, X-0.2 Q
The stator to rotor turns ratio is 2.
Motor speed is controlled by static scherbius drive. Drive is designed for a
speed range of 20% below the synchronous speed. Maximum value of firing
angle is 165". Calculate
(i) Transformer turns ratio.
(i)Torque for a speed of 780 rpm and a = 140. Firing angle for half the rated
motor torque and speed of 800 rpm. DC link inductor has a resistance of
0.01 Q.
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4. a. A 2.8 KW,400V,3-0,50Hz,4 pole 1370 rpm, delta connected induction 6] Ap CO3

motor has following parameters referred to the stator.
R,=2.0 Q, R=5.0 Q, X,=X=50, Xm =80Q.
The motor speed is controlled by stator voltage control. When driving a
fan load at rated voltage it runs at rated speed.
Determine
(i) motor terminal voltage,
(iü) current and
(iii) torque
at motor speed of 1200 rpm.
b. How would you compare the slip power controlled static sherbius drive (6] An CO3
and static kramer drive for induction motor? +
(OR)
C. A Y-connected squirrel-cage induction motor has following ratings and (6] Ap CO3
parameters: 400 V, 50 I Iz, 4-pole, 1370 rpm, Rs-2 2, R,- 30, X,-X,=3.5),
Xm =552, It is controlled by a current source inverter at a constant flux.
Calculate
) motor torque

Page 2 of3

18BT565/2
(ü) speed and
(iii) stator current
when operating at 30 Hz and rated slip speed.
d. How would you compare the operation of Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) (6] An CO3
and Current Source Inverter (CSI) fed induction motor drive?
 4) P3 NO 144 > 4b poblem
|P6D
4
B) 156 > 4d Cenanple 6.2)íss)
3)
I84 > 4a (3d gcien bhot)

5)
234 ’ 4b (55)
6,
 Induction Motor Drives 147

inpm the souree whenever single phasing occurs, unless the single phasing is always
by a light load.
accompanied
EXAMPLE 6.1
440 V. S0 Hz, 6pole, 950rpm, Y-connected induction motor has
othe stator: R, = 0.5 2, R =0.4 2, X, = X= 1.2Q, X = 50
following parameters referred
. Motor is driving a fan load,
the torque of which is given by 7Ë = 0.0123 o. Now one phase of the
mtor speed and current. Will it be safe to allow the motor to run motor fails. Calculate
for a long period?
Solution

Synchronous speed = 120f_ 1206 x50 1000 rpm = 104.72 rad/sec

Full load slip = 10001000950 = 0.05

Full load rotor current I = 440//3

2
0.4
0.05 + (1.2 + 1.2)2

I= 28.76 Z-15.77° A
I,=;+Ia
= 28.762- 15.77° + 440
290°
V3x 50
= 30.5 Z-25°
For single phasing operation the equivalent circuit of Fig. 6.16(a) is applicable. Thus,
circuit here is as shown in Fig. E.6.1. equivalent
From equivalent circuit of Fig. E.6.1, one can obtain
speed-torque curve for the motor. This
curve and the load speed-torque curve are plotted on agraph. Intersection provides the values of
Steady state speed and torque. As a sample let us compute motor current and
0.05. torque fora slipof

I R= 0.5 X, =1.2 X(= 1.2

Xm=50 R04
440 Z S S

x=50 R L
2-s 2-s
0.4

R,= 0.5 X, = 1.2 X= 1.2

Fig. E.6.1.
148 Fundamentals of Electrical Drives

Z; =R, +jX, + R(
S
+j(X{ + Xm)
jSO/-0.4
0.05
= 0.5 +jl.2 + 0.4 +j(51.2)
0.05

= 7.94 +j3.536 2
R +JX; j5o
0.4
1.95 +j12)
jXm2- S =0.5 +j1.2 + 0.4 +j(51.2)
Z, = R, +jX, +
R +j(Xm -+ X/)
2-s

= 0.7 +j2.37 2
+j2.37 = 8.64 +j5.91
Z=Z;+ Z, = 7.94 +j3.536 + 0.7
440//3 = 24.25 A
|7|=}Zi 3(24.25)' x (50)2 x0.4/0.05
1 312xR(Is 2
Now T, = Wms R
2 0.4 + (51.2)2
+ (Xf+ Xm)? 104.72
0.05

= 125.45 N-m

31²X R{/(2 - s) -3(24.25 x 50)2 x0.4/1.95

TN =
-1 2
0.4 + (51.2)2
O ms R 104.72
+ (Xf +X,) 1.95
le-3)
=-3.29 N-m

Net torque T= 125.45 - 3.29 = 122.2 N-m

Also for S= 0.05, Om = Wms(1 - s) = 99.5

Hence T= 0.0123(99.5)'= 121.8 N-m
Since T= TL, s = 0.05 is an approximate solution
Now motor current = 24.25 A and motor speed= 950 rpm
As motor current is less than full load, the motor will run safely.

6.3 OPERATION WITH UNBALANCED ROTOR IMPEDANCES

Earlier unbalanced rotor impedances were emnployed for starting and speed control. They are not
156 Fundamentals of Electrical Drives

Since most of the rotor copper loss occurs in external resistors, rotor temperature rise during
starting is substantially lower compared to starting methods described earlier. Important feature
of this starting method is that the starting torque and toruqe-to-current ratio are high. It js
therefore, suitable for applications requiring fast acceleration, frequent starts and stops, starting
with heavy load, and starting with high inertia load.
While maximum torque is independent of rotor resistance value (Eq. (6.13)), speed at which
maximum torque is produced can be controlled by changing the value of external resistors (Eo
(6.12)). External resistors can therefore be varied to accelerate the machine at maximum torgue
(Fig. 6.41). Section 6.15 gives more information about the rotor resistance control.0
ExAMPLE6.2
A2200 V, 2600 kW, 735 rpm, 50 Hz, 8pole, 3-phase squirrel-cage induction motor has following
parameters referred to the stator:
R, = 0.075 2, R = 0.12, X, = 0.45 Q, X = 0.55 2. Stator winding is delta connected and
consists of two sections connected in parallel.
(i) Calculate starting torque and maximum torque as a raio of rated torque, if the motor is
started by star-dalta switching. What is the maximum value of line current during starting?
(ii) Calculate transformation ratio of an auto-transformer so as to limit
the maximum starting
current to twice the rated value. What is the value of starting torque?
(iii) What will be the value of maximum line current and torque
during starting. if the part
winding method of starting is employed?eboant enot
(iv) If motor is started by connecting series reactors in line, what should be
reactors so as to limit line current to twice the rated the value of
value?s ol2ie
Solution

At rated operation S= 750 735 = 0.02

750
Full load phase current

2200
I, = = 425.3 A
0.1
o.075 + (0.45 +0.55)
0.02

Full load line current = V3 I, = V3 x 425.3 = 736.7 A

750 x 2n
= 78.54 rad/sec
60

Full load torque TË = 31, R{/, 3x (425.3)² x 0.1

0ms 0.02 x 78.54 =34545.5 N-m

(i) Maximum line current during starting

R, +R()² +(x, + X;)?
 InductionMotor Drives 157

2200//3
V.075 + 0.1) +(0.45 +0.55)?
= 1251 A

3x (125l)² x 0.1
Starting torque T, = 78.54
= 5979.3 N-m

5979.3 = 0.173
T 34545.5
h l3
From Eq. (6.13) Tmaz 2 Wms
(2200//3)²
Tmax = x318.54 = 28588N-mS
0.075 +0.0752 +1
Imax 28588.0 = 0.83
T 34545.5

(ii) Starting current direct on-line =

2200 /3 3753.5 A
J0.075 +0.1)2 + 1
If ar is the ratio of transformation, the starting line current with auto-transformer will be
ai x 3753.5 A. Thus
a x 3753.5 = 2 x 736.7
or
ar = 0 . 6 2 7 e n Oantb

Starting motor line current = 2x 736.1 2350 A

0.627
2350 = 1356.7A
Starting motor phase current Ip W3
31; R 3 x (1356.7)² x 0.1 = 7031 N-m
Starting torque = 78.54
in parallel) is
(ii) With part winding starting, only one section of stator winding (out of two
connected, therefore
= 0.9
R, = 0.075 x 2 = 0.15, X, = 0.45 x 2
V3x 2200 = 2590 A
Starting line current =
J0.15 + 0.1)² + (0.9+ 0.55)2
Phase current I, = 1495 A
3x (1495)² x 0.1 =8537 N-m
Starting torque = 78.54
 Induction Motor Drives 223

tor mechanically coupled to induction motor:. Torque supplied to load is sum of torque
byinduction and de motors. Speed control is obtained by controlling field current of
Fgure 6.,57 (b) shows variations of Va1 and Va2 with speed for two values of dc motor
deurrent. The steady state operation is obtained when Va = V2 i.e. at A and B for field
ents Za and Z. Speed control is possible from synchronous speed to around half of synchronous
ed. When larger speed range is required, diode bridge is replaced by a thyristor bridge. Now.
relationship between V¡Ë and speed can be altered by controlling firing angle of thyristor rectifier
(see Fig. 6.57(c). Speed can now be controlled up to standstill.
ExAMPLE 6.18
A 440 V, 50 Hz, 970 rpm, 6-pole, Y-connected, 3-phase wound rotor induction motor has
following parameters referred to the stator:
R, = 0.1 S2, R = 0.08 S2, X, = 0.3 2, X, = 0.4 2
The stator to rotor turns ratio is 2.
Motor speed is controlled by Static Scherbius Drive. Drive is designed for a speed range of
25% below the synchronous speed. Maximum value of firing angle is 165°. Calculate
(i) Transformer turns ratio.
(i) Torque for a speed of 780 rpm and a= 140°.
(ii) Firing angle for half the rated motor torque and speed of 800 rpm.
de link inductor has a resistance of 0.01 S2.

Solution
) From Eq. (6.95), maximum slip
Sm =- a cos Cm

For 25% speed range Sm = 0.25. Thus

0.25 = - acos 165° or a= 0.259

=a or 2=0.259 or m=7.722
(ii) Fora speed of 780 rpm
1000-780
1000
0.22
From Eqs. (6.93) and (6.94)
Vai =
3/6 sV__3/6 X
0.22 x 440//3 = 65.363 V
n 2

3/6, 440/\3
Vaz = 346 V
m
cos =
7.722
X cos 140° = - 58.95 V

From Eq. (6.96)

Va + Vaz
la = 2(sR( + R,) + Ra
224 Fundamentals of Electrical Drives

R = 0.1 x (0.5)2 = 0.025 S2

R = 0.08 x (0.5) = 0.02 2
Substituting values of parameters in Eq. (6.96)
65.363 - 58.95 = 105.13 A
a(se+ni)+ed Ia =20.22 x 0.025 + 0.02) + 0.01

58.95 x105.13
From Eq. (6.98) T= V2d 0.22 × 104.72
= 269 N-m
SO ms

(iii) Rated slip = 1000-970

1000
- 0.03
3 (400//3)? x 0.08/0.03
Rated torque = 104.72 0.08
= 605.32 N-m
0.1 +
0.03
+ (0.7)2

Half rated torque = 302.66 N-m

For 800 rpm s = 1000 800

1000
= 0.2

Vai =
3/6 0.2 x 440//3 = 59.42 V
2

Va = 36, 440//3 cOs a = 76.95 cos a

7.722

l¡ = 2(0.259.42 + 76.95 cos

x 0.025 + 0.02) + 0.01 = 990.33 + 1282.5 cos a

76.95 cos ax (990.33 + 1282.5 cos a)

S0 ms 0.2 x 104.72

=3.673 cos a>x (990.33 + 1282.5 cos )

Let cos a=- X, then
T= 3.673X (990.33 - 1282.5X)
This should be equal to half rated torque 302.66 N-m. Therefore
3.673 X (990.33 - 1282.5X) = 302.66
X-0.772X + 0.06425 = 0
which gives X= 0.677 and 0.0949

a= 132.6° and 95.45°

Later value of o corresponds to operation in
Hence = 132.6° is the unstable part of characteristic.
answer.
 234 Fundamentals of Electrical Drives
across the dc
and capacitor run motors, either main winding alone can be connected source
6.65 (b)) or main and auxiliary winding connected in series or parallel (Figs. 6. .65(c) (F(d).ig.
and
When in braking connection, dc current through the stator winding (or windings) produces a
stationary field through which squirrel cage rotor moves. Currents induced in rotor bars
with dc field to produce braking torque, as in three-phase induction motor. Motor deceler interact
and stops. As induced rotor currents are zero at zero speed, the braking torque is also zero p
windine
braking. the supply is obtained by a diode rectifier connected to ac mains. Motor
be connected directly across diode rectifier to obtain fast braking. After the motor stops, winding
isdisconnected from dc supply.
Plugging and Reversal
Except in case of shaded pole motor. plugging and speed reversal is obtained by changing phase
sequence by reversing polarity of one of the windings.
6.26 SPEED CONTROL OF SINGLE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS
Speed of asingle-phase induction motor is generaly controlled by controlling its stator voltage
which can be controlled by connecting a variable resistance in series with the stator. Because of
poor efficiency the resistance control is now rarely used. Stator voltage can also be controlled by
the use of ac votage controllers (see Sec. 6.11) (Fig. 6.32(a)). The speed of the motor can also
be controlled by variable frequency control. However, it is rarely used because for most of the
variable speed applications of single-phase motors, the stotor voltage control is good enough.
ExAMPLE 6.20
A l-phase, 220 V, 50 Hz, 1425 rpm induction motor has following parameters:
R,= 22, R= 52, X, = X = 6 2 and Xm = 602
It drives a fan load at rated speed when fullvoltage is applied Motor speed is controlled by
the stator voltage control. Calculate the motor terminal voltage for a speed of 1200 rpm.
Solution
At the rated operatien
1500 - 1425= 0.05
1500
From the equivalent circuit of Fig. 6.61
j30 x (2.5/0.05 + j3)
Z=
(2.5/0.05) +j(30 + 3)
3090° x
50.09Z3.43-= 25.08 60.01° 2
59.91 33.420
Z= R+jX,= 12.536 +j21.722 2
Z, =
j30 x (2.5/1.95 + j3)
(2.5/1.95) + j33
30 90° x 3.26 266.86
33.02 Z87.78° -296/69.08 S2
 Induction Motor Drives 235

Z = R + jXp = 1.057
+j2.765 S2
Z= Z, + Zft Z
= 2+ i6 + 12.536 + j21.722 + 1.057 + j2.765
= 15.593 +j30.487 = 34.24 Z 62.91° Q
220
1, =7=34.24 Z62.91 = 6.425Z-62.91
T= IF_(R. - R) = (6.425) (12.536 1.057) =3N-m
157.08
T = KN?
3
3= Kx (1425)2 or K=
(1425)?
For a speed of 1200 rpm
2
1200
K(1200) ?=3 x 1425 =2.13 N-m
T= T

S=
15001500
- 1200- 0.2

j30 x (2.5/0.2 +j3) 30° Z90° x 12.85 Z 13.5°

Z; = 32.5 Z 67.4°
(2.5/0.2) +j30
= 11.86 Z36.1° 2
Z=9.58 +j6.99
3090° x 3.3 Z65.14°
j30 x (2.5/1.8 +j3) 33.03 87.6°
Z, = (2.5/1.8) +j33
S2
=3 Z67.54° = 1.146 +j2.77

T=1 R-Ro=
Wms
T,
0 2.13 x 157.08
1= 958 - 1.146
I, = 6.3A
j6.99 + 1.146 +j 2.77"
Z=2+ j6 + 9.58 +
S2
j15.76 = 20.26/51°
= 12.726 +
127.6 V
V=I,Z= 6.3 x 20.26 =
 OJ BleCirical Drives'

611.1 Control by ac Voltage Controllers and Soft Start

Domestic fan motors, which are always single-phase, are controlled by a single-phase triac
voltage controller (Fig. 6.32(a). Speed control is obtained by varying firng angle of the triac
These controllers, commonly known as solid state fan regulators, are now preferred over
conventional variable resistance regulators because of higher efficiency. Industrial fans and
pumps are usually driven by three-phase motors. Fig. 7.32(b) shows acommonly used thyristor
voltage controller for speed controlof 3-phase motors. Motor may be connected in star or delta
In delta connection, third harmonic voltage produced by motor back emf causes circulatino
current through the windings which increases losses and thermal loading of motor. Speed controi
is obtained by varying conduction period of thyristors. For low power ratings, anti-paralleled
thyristor pair in each phase can be replaced by a triac.
3-phase
induction
motor

Triac 1-phase 3-phase

controller induction AC
motor 6
1-phase
AC
Thyristor voltage
controller
(a)
Fig. 6.32 Stator voltage control by semiconductor voltage controler
Since voltage controllers, both single- and three-phase, allow a stepless control of voltage
from its zero value, they are also used for soft start of motors.
The power factor of an ac regulator is defined by eqn. (5. 109). With increase in firing angle,
both distortion factor and displacement factor reduce, giving a low power factor.
In fan and pump drives, the fluid flow has to be maintained constant against variations in
pressure headand nature of pumped fluid. Therefore, it is always operated with closed-loop sped
control. For closed-loop control, scheme of Fig. 3.5, consisting of inner current loop and outer
speed loop is used. Braking is not used because fluid pressure provides adequate braking torque.
EXAMPLE 6.8
A 2.8 kW, 400 V, 50 Hz, 4 pole, 1370 rpm, delta connected squirrel-cage induction motor nas
following parameters referred to the stator: R, = 2 2,R = 5 2,X, = X = 52, Xm = 80 S2.
Motor speed is controlled by stator voltage control. When driving afan load it runs at ratedspeed
at rated voltage. Calculate (i) motor terminal
(11) motor speed, current and torque for the voltage, current and torque at 1200 rp
terminal voltage of 300 V.
Solution T=3 V'R,/s
ms
R, + + (X, + X)?
 Induction Motor Drives 185

Synchronous speed = 20_ 120 4 x 50 = 1500 rpm = 50 n rad/sec

Attullload 1500 - 1370
1500 =0.0867

Atfullload T= 3 400 x S/0.0867 = 48.13 N-m

50 5
2t 0.0867 + (5 + 5)
Br a fan load torque is proportional to (speed)
Thus T= K(I - )?
Atfull load T= T
K(1 0.0867)° = 48.13
K= 57.7

Hence TË = 57.7(1 - ) ()
) At 1200 rpm
1500 - 1200
1500
.=0.2
At this speed from Eq. (i)
T= 57.7(1 - 0.2)°= 36.9 N-m
Since T =Ti, T= 36.9 N-m
3_ V²x 5/0.2 = 36,9
Now
507
+ (10)2
2
which gives V= 253.2 V
253.2 = 8.246-j3.054
5) +j10

m
j80
10.328 - 37
I, = 7;+ In = 8.246-j3.054 -j3.165=
Line current = 3 x 10.328 = 17.89 A
() At 300 V
300 x 5/s 27 x10s
3 ()
10*(104s+ 20s+ 25)
 Electrical Drives
186 Fundamentals of
from Eqs. (i) and (ii)
In steady state T = T. Therefore,
27 x 104s
-= 57.7 (1 - s)?
10x(104s + 20s + 25)
or
104s- 1885 + 89; - 179s + 25 = 0
which gives s = 0.147.
Hence torque produced by the motor
T=57.7 (1 -0.147) = 41.94 N-m
Speed = N, (1 - s) = 1500(1 0.147) = 1279 rpm
300
1, =Îm+i:- 300
-=9.75 Z-37.3°
j80 2 +
5
+j10
0.147

Line current = 3 x 9.75= 16.88 A