3/5/2021
Tools and Techniques
for
Disaster
Management
Sessional
DEM
▹ A DEM is a 'bare earth' elevation model,
unmodified from its original data source
which is supposedly free of vegetation,
buildings, and other 'non ground' objects.
(raster)
▹ Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) are a type
• In a DEM, each cell of raster GIS layer
of raster GIS layer.
has a value corresponding to its
elevation (z-values at regularly spaced
intervals). The intervals between each of
▹ The details of the peaks and valleys in the the grid points will always be referenced
terrain will be better modeled with small to some geographical coordinate system
grid spacing than when the grid intervals
are very large.
1
3/5/2021
DEM, DSM and DTM
DEM: Digital Elevation Model
DSM: Digital Surface Model
DTM: Digital Terrain Mode
DSM and DTM
▹ A DSM is an elevation model that includes the
tops of buildings, trees, power lines, and any
other objects. Commonly this is seen as a
canopy model and only 'sees' ground where
there is nothing else overtop of it.
▹ A DTM is effectively a DEM that has been
augmented by elements such as breaklines
and observations other than the original data
to correct for artifacts produced by using only
the original data. This is often done by using
photogrammetrically derived linework
introduced into a DEM surface. (non-raster)
2
3/5/2021
Contour
▹ An imaginary line that connects
points of equal value.
▹ A contour map typically shows
multiple contours such as elevation
or temperature contours.
▹ The contour interval of a contour
map is the difference in elevation
between successive contour lines.
Slope
▹ The concept of measuring
slope from a topographic map
is a familiar one for most
professionals in the landscape
planning/surveying
professions.
▹ Slope is a measurement of how
steep the ground surface is.
▹ The steeper the surface the
greater the slope.
3
3/5/2021
Slope
▹ Slope is measured by calculating
the tangent of the surface.
▹ The tangent is calculated by
dividing the vertical change in
elevation by the horizontal distance.
▹ If we view the surface in cross
section we can visualize a right
angle triangle
Slope
▹ Slope is normally expressed in
planning as a percent slope which is
the tangent (slope) multiplied by
100.
▹ Percent Slope = Height / Base * 100
▹ Another form of expressing slope is
in degrees. To calculate degrees
one takes the Arc Tangent of the
slope.
▹ Degrees Slope = ArcTangent
(Height / Base)
4
3/5/2021
Slope
Aspect
▹ It can be thought of as the slope
direction.
▹ The value of each cell in an aspect
dataset indicates the direction the
cell's slope faces.
▹ It is measured clockwise in degrees
from 0 (due north) to 360 (again due
north), coming full circle. Flat areas
having no downslope direction are
given a value of -1.
5
3/5/2021
Roughness
▹ Terrain roughness (surface
roughness, ruggedness, terrain
rugosity, micro topography, micro
relief) is defined as the variability or
irregularity in elevation (highs and
lows) within a sampled terrain unit.
▹ Vector ruggedness measures (VRM)
capture variability in slope and
aspect in a single ratio
Roughness
▹ The terrain ruggedness index (TRI) is
a measurement developed by Riley,
et al. (1999) to express the amount of
elevation difference between
adjacent cells of a digital elevation
grid.
▹ Terrain Ruggedness Index calculates
the sum change in elevation
between a central cell and its eight
surrounding neighbours, or a
nominated number of adjacent cells
6
3/5/2021
Hillshade
▹ Hillshading is a technique used to
visualize terrain as shaded relief,
illuminating it with a hypothetical
light source.
▹ The illumination value for each
raster cell is determined by its
orientation to the light source, which
is based on slope and aspect.
Hillshade
▹ Hill Shading estimates
surface reflectance from
the sun at any altitude and
any azimuth.
▹ The reflectance is
calculated in a range from 0
to 100.
7
3/5/2021
▹The Select By Location tool lets you
Selection tools select features based on their location
relative to features in another layer. For
instance, if you want to know how many
homes were affected by a recent flood,
you could select all the homes that fall
▹ Select By Location within the flood boundary.
15
▹In Select By Attributes methods, you
▹ Select by Expression/ can use to select features in a layer is
to select features using an attribute
Select by Attribute query. It allows you to provide a SQL
query expression that is used to
select features that match the
selection criteria.
Geoprocessing tools - Buffer
16
8
3/5/2021
Geoprocessing tools - Clip
17
Geoprocessing tools - Intersect
18
9
3/5/2021
Geoprocessing tools - Union
19
Geoprocessing tools - Merge
20
10
3/5/2021
THANKS!
Any questions?
21
You can find me at:
[email protected][email protected] 11
