©Abdiwali Nour

BIOLOGY
F1 Student BOOK

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090-7589828
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Table of Contents

1. Introduction to biology …………………………………………………

1.1. Introduction to biology and its importance …………………. 2

1.2. Characteristics of living things ………………………………….. 3
1.3. Biological lab equipments ………………………………………… 4

2. Cell structure and function ……………………………………….

2.1. Introduction to microscope ……………………………………. 6

2.2. Animal and plant cell structure …………………………….. 7
2.3. Organization of the body structure ………………………… 8

3. Taxonomy ……………………………………………………………

3.1. Introduction to taxonomy ……………………………………. 13

3.2 Taxonomic units in classification……………………………. 14

4. Introduction to plants …………………………………………….

4.1. Introduction to plants ……………………………………………. 16

4.2. Parts of plants and their functions ………………………. 17
4.3. Tropism ……………………………………………………………… 21

5. Environment …………………………………………………………..

5.1. Introduction to ecology and ecological terms ………………23

5.2. Feeding relationships………………………………………………..24
5.3. Environmental issues …………………………………………. 26
6. Micro-organisms and disease ……………………………..
6.1 Introduction to micro-organisms and common diseases 29
6.2. Drugs and their effects …………………………………………. 35
6.3. First aid kit ………………………………………………………… 37

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Chapter 1: Introduction to biology

The term biology is derived from two Greek words- bios and logos.
Bios means life, whereas logos means knowledge or study. Therefore
biology is a branch of science that deals with the study of living things.

Importance of biology

 Biology helps us to learn basic issues of ourselves like food, health,

medicine, agriculture, renewing energy & environmental
conservation.
 Biology helps us shaping the professional careers of every person like
doctor, chemist, nurse, dentist, teacher, farmer and pharmacist.
 Biology helps us identifying the causes, prevention, transmission,
symptoms and control of diseases.

Branches of biology

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Branches Description
Zoology is the study of animals.
Botany Is the study of plants,
Microbiology Is the scientific study of microscopic organisms.
Genetics Is the study of heredity and variation.
Anatomy Is the study of internal structures of organism.

Characteristics of living things

Living things have the following characteristics in common.

 1. Movement
 2. Reproduction
 3. Feeding (nutrition)
 4. Excretion
 5. Growth
 6. Respond
 7. Respiration

Comparison between animals and plants.

Animals Plants
1. Can move from place to place 1. Cannot move from place to place
2. No chlorophyll, can't make food 2. Have chlorophyll, makes its food
3. They have excretory organs 3. They have no excretory organs.

Biological instruments and equipments.

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Name Instrument Uses

Microscope To magnify small objects.

Test tube To store mixing reagents

Test tube rack To hold test tubes

Test tube holder To hold test tubes when hot

Beaker To hold, heat and measure

liquids

Mortar and pestle Used for crushing compounds

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Funnel For moving liquids

Bunsen burner Used for heating

Conical flask For measuring volume liquids

Tongs Used for holding items

Evaporating dish Used to separate gas from

liquid
Measuring
cylinder Used to measure volume of
liquids accurately

Tripod Used to hold the crucible

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Chapter 2: Cell structure and function

Introduction to microscopes
Microscope is laboratory equipment used to magnify objects.

Types of microscopes

 Light microscope
 Electron microscope

Eye piece Magnifies image further and protects to the eye

Body tube hold the eyepiece and objective lenses
Arm Support the body tube and stage
Nosepiece Holds and rotates the objective lenses
Objective lens Focus and magnifies a specimen
Clips Holds specimen slides in a position
Stage A platform where specimen slide is placed to view
Diaphragm Control the amount of light passing through the object
Coarse Brings image into rough focus
adjustment knob
Fine adjustment Brings image into fine focus
knob
Mirror Reflect light to the condenser
Condenser Concentrate light to a specimen on the stage
Base Gives stable support of entire microscope

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Animal and plant cell The cell is defined as the smallest structural and
functional unit of all living organisms. Based on cells, the organisms are:

 Unicellular: these organisms are composed of a single cell like bacteria.

 Multicellular: These organisms composed of many cells like plants and animals.

Cell theory

 Every living thing contains one or more cells.

 Cells are basic structural and functional units.
 Every cell is derived from an existing cell.

Animal cell
Animals are made up of millions of cells that have an irregular structure. It contains:

 Nucleus: controls all the activities of the cell and also

contain genetic material (DNA).
 Cell membrane: is a flexible layer that surround the
cell and regulates what enters and exits the cell.
 Cytoplasm: A jelly-like substance where the
chemical reactions take place.

Plant cell
Plant cell has nucleus, cell membrane and cytoplasm, also has.

 Cell wall: a tough layer surrounded of the cell membrane

that give the strength to the plant.
 Large vacuole: a sac found in the cytoplasm that is used
to store substances and help the cell keep its shape.
 Chloroplast: Structures that contain the green pigment
chlorophyll, which are a key part of photosynthesis.

Difference between plant and animal cells.

Plant cell Animal cell

Have cell wall No cell wall
Have chloroplast No chloroplast
Have large vacuole Have small vacuole
Have regular in shape Irregular in shape

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Organization to the body structure

Levels of organization of body structure

The basic unit of life is cell, which then forms a tissue, which then forms an organ,
which then forms an organ system and systems form an organization.

Cell specialization: tissue, organ and organ system.

1. Cell specialization. A specialized cell is one that adapted to perform a specific

function in an organisms body.

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Animal cells
Cell type Appearance Function
Red blood cell Carry oxygen around the body. they
have no nucleus and contain
hemoglobin.

Nerve cell Transmit nerve impulses; they have

(neuron) long fibres called axons and dendrites.

Sperm cell Male gamete that fertilize the egg

(ovum). Has tail and numerous
mitochondria.

Muscle cell

Movement of body parts. They are

long and have many proteins.

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Plant cells
Cell type Appearance Function
Root hair cell Absorption water and
mineral salts.

Palisade cell Traps maximum light for

photosynthesis.

Guard cells Control opening and

closing stomata. They are
bean shaped and have
thick inner walls.

Tissue is a group of specialized cells which performs a same function.

Tissue type Appearance Function

Epithelial Protects the body and its internal
tissue organs, secretes hormones and
absorbs nutrients.
Blood tissue Transport many substances
including gases, nutrients and
protects the body against
infection.

Muscular Is a contractile tissue which is

tissue responsible about the movement
of the body. There are three
types. skeletal, smooth and
cardiac.

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Epidermal Is a single thin layer of cells

tissue covering the outer surface of the
body.

Photosynthetic Composed of specialized cells

tissue called palisade which absorb
light energy for the manufacture
of food.

Vascular tissue Concerns with the transport of

materials in the plant. Xylem
tissue transports water and
mineral, while phloem tissue
transports manufactured food.

Organs. An organ is a group of different tissues working together to carry out a

particular function in an organism.

Organs in animals and their functions

Organ Main function

Eye For sight
Heart For pumping blood
Ear For hearing
Kidney For filtration blood
Lungs For exchange of gases
Stomach For storage food
Organs in plants and their functions

Organ Main function

Root Absorbing water and mineral salts
Stem  conducting materials
 support the shoot system
Leaf Manufacturing food for the plant by photosynthesis
flower For sexual reproduction.
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Organ system Excretory system

An organ system is a group of organs that Removes poisonous substances from

work together to perform special functions. the blood. its main components include:

Main organ system in human body kidneys

Digestive system Ureter
breaks down food and absorbs nutrients. Bladder

Urethra

Nervous system

carries messages around the body

Main components
main components include: include:
mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine Brain
liver and pancreas. Spinal cord

Respiratory system Nerves

works the exchange of oxygen & carbon dioxide.

Circulatory system

Transports substances all parts of the

body.

Main components

include:
Main components include: Heart
Nose Blood vessels
Trachea Blood
Lungs
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Chapter 3: Taxonomy

Taxonomy is a branch of biology that deals with the study of classification of living
things. It was developed by the Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus.

Classification is the process of placing and organizing organisms into groups according
to their similarities and differences. These organisms are put into groups called Taxon.

Taxonomy involves two things:

 Classification — deciding what groups to have.

 Nomenclature — naming the groups.

The five kingdom system of living organisms.

Kingdom Examples
Monera Bacteria
Protoctista Amoeba, paramecium, euglena, algae
Fungi Yeast, mushrooms, rhizopus
Plantae Beans, maize, mosses, ferns
Animalia Frogs, lizards, grasshoppers, birds, human.

Importance of classification

 It helps to understand relationship between different organisms.

 To organize information about the living things.
 To assign organisms universally accepted names.
 Identify living organisms and place them into their correct groups.
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Taxonomic units used in classification and Binomial Nomenclature

The following taxonomic units exist and are arranged from the largest to smallest.
Kingdom, Phylum (division in plants), Class, Order, Family, Genus and Species.

Binomial Nomenclature is the assigning of two names to living organisms. Where the
first name refers to genus (plural genera) and second name to species which organism
belongs. Binomial nomenclature is also known as binomial system bi = double and
nom = name.

Significance of Binomial Nomenclature

 Helps to standardize the naming of living organisms

 Allow people all over the world to come up with the same precise name.

Rules governing binomial nomenclature

 First name that is generic name starts with capital letter and the second name
which is the species name is written in small letters.
 When handwritten, the two names are underlined separately, but when printing
they should be in italics
 For the newly described organism, Latin names should be provided.

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Classification of some organisms

Level Camel Mango Goat Man

Kingdom Animalia Plantae Animalia Animalia
Phylum/Division Chordata Tracheophyta Chordata Chordata
Class Mammalia Magnoliopsida Mammalia Mammalia
Order Artiodactyla Sapindales Artiodactyla Primates
Family Camelidae Anacardiaceae Bovidae Hominidae
Genus Camelus Magnifera Capra Homo
Species bactrianus indica aegagrus sapiens
Kingdom
Each kingdom comprises organisms which share many
general characteristics. For example the plant kingdom
contains organisms which are multicellular and have
cell wall, they photosynthesize and non-motile.

Phylum (plural Phyla)

The phylum (or division in plants) is the next level
following kingdom. Organisms in the phylum regards
more specific characteristics than a kingdom. For example
phylum arthropoda comprises all animals without
back bones and have tough external protective
covering, exoskeleton.

Class the organisms in this level possess more common

characteristics than those in phylum like class insecta.

Family
Organisms in the same family resemble more closely
than those of an order.
Genus
is a smaller division of a family. the members of a genus
have very similar features and closely related, but do not
interbreed although sometimes donkeys and horse can
interbreed and produce infertile offspring (Mule).

Species Felidae family

is the smallest and most important taxon. Members of
same species have many characteristics in common & can interbreed like pigeon species
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Chapter 4: Introduction to plants

Plants are autotrophs, absorbing energy through the chloroplast's green pigment
(chlorophyll) in the process of photosynthesis. Plants can be found growing on land, in
the ocean, in lakes and rivers, on mountain peaks and in deserts.

Plants occur in two major groups

 Vascular plants are advanced plants that use vascular tissue (xylem and phloem)
to transport water and nutrients. A root system and shoot system are present.
Vascular plants include trees, shrubs and grasses. They grow on land, deserts
and other places.
 Nonvascular plants are simple, low-growing, non-flowering plants that lack
specialized vascular tissues for transporting food, water and nutrients.
Nonvascular plants include Liverworts, hornworts and mosses.

Seed and seedless plants

Types of seed plants there are two main types of seed plants.

 Gymnosperms

are the type of seed plants that produce naked seeds or seeds that are not covered or
grown inside pods of fruits.

 Angiosperms

this type of seed plants that produces flowers. The flowers eventually form into fruits
that contain the seeds.

Seedless plants
are plants with vascular tissues but no flowers or seeds are known as seedless vascular
plants. These plants do not have separate stems, roots or leaves like other plants and
they do not produce seeds

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Importance of plants

 Plants are sources of food for all living things, including human.
 Plants produce approximately 98 percent of the oxygen we breathe.
 Plants absorb and remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to reduce global
warming.
 Plants produce firewood, timber, fibers, medicines, insecticides and rubber.
 Plants provide home for a variety of species.

Parts of plants and their functions

Plants have two organ systems. 1. Shoot system and 2. Root system.

The shoot system

The shoot system which contains leaves, stems, flowers and fruits, is the part that is the
above the soil.

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The function of shoot system

 Photosynthesis
 Reproduction
 Transport storage

The root system

The root system is the plant's underground structure, which include the main root,
lateral roots and root hairs.

Functions of root system

 Anchoring firmly plants to the soil

 Water and mineral absorption from the soil
 Storage of food.

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Roots

Roots firmly anchor plants in the soil and absorb minerals and water from the soil,
which they would then pass on to the rest of the plant.

Stem
Stems hold the plant's top and act as a transport system for nutrients, water and sugar.

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Leaves

Are parts of the plant that performs photosynthesis and produces the plant's food.

Flower

Are flowering plant's reproductive organs, and they produce seeds and fruits after
being pollinated and fertilized.

Fruits

Are seed's fleshy parts. They protect the seeds while also attracting animals to eat them.

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Tropism

is a type of growth movement, made by a plant in response to an external stimuli.

Types of tropism

 If the part of the plant grows towards the stimulus said to show positive tropism
 If the part of the plant grows away from the stimulus is said to show a negative
tropism

Phototropism
the growth of a plant organ towards a light source is referred to as phototropism.

Geotropism

is a growth response of the root towards gravity. roots are positively geotropic while
shoots are negatively geotropic.

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Hydrotropism

is a growth response of plant organ to the stimulus of water or moisture.

Thigmotropism is a growth response of a plant to the stimulus of touch.

Chemotropism is a growth response of plant to stimulus of chemicals. e.g. pollen tubes.

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Chapter 5: Environment
Environment is everything in the surrounding of an organism that could influence it.
Ecology is the study of interrelationships of organisms and with their environment.
Ecosystem is about all living organisms (biotic) and non-living part of the environment
(a biotic) interacting in a particular part of the environment.

Habitat is the part of the environment that can provide food, shelter and breeding site
for the living organisms.

Population are organisms of same species that live in a specific area.

Community are all the populations of living organisms in one area.

Species are group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.

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Feeding relationships

Food chain
A food chain represents a simple pathway through which energy is transferred from
one species to another in an ecosystem.

Producer is any living thing that can produce its own food.
Consumer are organisms that depend on other organisms as food.
Herbivores are animals that eat plants.
Carnivores are organisms that eat other organisms.
Omnivores are organisms that feed both plants and animals.

Terrestrial food chain with four links.

aquatic food chain

Note this arrow in a food chain represents the direction of energy flow.

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Food web

A food web is a complex network of food chains linked to one another.

The first link in a chain is always a producer. Herbivores that feed on producers are
called primary or first consumers.

Carnivores that feed on primary consumers are called secondary consumers. Tertiary
consumers feed on secondary consumers.

Types of ecosystems

 Terrestrial ecosystem

Is a land based community of organisms and the interaction of biotic & a biotic factors.
Examples of terrestrial ecosystem include grassland, tropical rainforests, deserts.

 Aquatic ecosystem

are water based environment, where living organisms interact with in water. Examples
include oceans, lakes, rivers, streams and wetlands.

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Environmental issues

Soil erosion

Is a natural process in which a field's top soil is carried away by physical forces such as
wind and water.

Effects of soil erosion

 Loss of topsoil
 Soil compaction
 Reducing soil fertility
 Poor drainage

Floods

Floods occur when a large amount of water overflows & submerges normally dry land.

Flash floods is a sudden and rapid flooding of low-lying areas. Flash floods occur when
rain water that is not absorbed into the ground fast enough causes surface runoff.

Causes of flash flood

 Poor drainage system

 When there is more rain than the soil can absorb.
 When excess water quickly runs into the rivers and creeks.

Deforestation

Deforestation is the permanent removal of trees from forest.

Causes of deforestation

 Commercial logging (Charcoal)

 Construction of roads
 Soil erosion
 Flash floods
 Climate change
 Extinction

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Pollution

Pollution is the releasing of harmful substances into the environment.

Air pollution

Air pollution occur when gases accumulate in the air that can living organisms.

Sources of air pollution

 Motor vehicles include cars, motorcycles, lorries, aero planes and train. They
burn fuels and produce carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide.
 Industries they use diesel and produce carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide,
sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxide and smoke.
 Burning of rubbish and solid wastes produce a lot of smoke.

Effects of air pollution on the health of humans

pollutant Effect
Carbon monoxide Reduces supply of oxygen to blood tissues.
Sulphur dioxide Irritates eyes and respiratory system.
Carbon dioxide Rise in temperature.
Nitrogen dioxide  Causes respiratory illness like bronchitis
 Causes acid rain.
Dust and smoke Can cause cancer
How to control air pollution

 Use non-fossil fuel

 Use more efficient stoves in homes
 Reduce use of coal

Water pollution

Water pollution is the release of pollutants in bodies of water that makes water unsafe
for human unsafe.

Sources of water pollution

 Domestic pollutants
 Industrial pollutants
 Agricultural sources

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Control of water pollution

 Treatment and proper disposal of sewage.

 Treatment of industrial wastes.
 Use of biodegradable herbicides and pesticides.

Soil pollution

Soil pollution is the releasing of toxic substances into the soil.

Causes of soil pollution

 Soil wastes such as plastics, glassware and metals.

 Agrochemicals.
 Petroleum spilled on land.

Effects of soil pollution

 Makes the soil unfertile.

 Causes eutrophication.
 Inhibit microbes which enhance soil fertility.

Control of soil pollution

 Farmers use organic manures.

 Recycling of solid wastes such as plastics
 Set rules that prohibit soil pollution.

Global warming
Global warming is the rise in the earth's atmospheric and oceanic temperatures as a
result of green house effect which primarily caused by pollution.

The effects of global warming

 Rise in temperature which increase water evaporation.

 Climate change could threaten human health.

Methods of preventing global warming

 Reducing the use of fossil fuels.

 Planting trees.
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Chapter 6: Micro-organisms & diseases

Microorganisms are living organisms seen only under microscope. Microorganisms are
varied groups of organisms including bacteria, fungi, virus, protozoa and algae.

 Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing or the absence
of disease.
 Disease is a malfunction of mind or body which leads to departure from good
health.
Major types of microorganisms

Microbes can be grouped into major types: Viruses, Bacteria, Fungi and protists.

The virus
Virus is a small, simple infectious agent that can only multiply in living cells.

Structure of the virus

They consist of protein coat surrounded by genetic materials. The substance is either
DNA or RNA and it is packed inside a capsid, which is a protein shell. Without a host
cell, viruses are unable to produce proteins and do not grow.

Viral diseases

Any illness or health condition produced by a virus is described as a viral disease. We

would cover the most common ones here: Common cold, HIV/AIDS, Corona virus.

Corona virus
Corona viruses are type of RNA virus that causes respiratory diseases in humans.
Covid-19 is a pandemic respiratory sickness caused by corona virus discovered in 2019.

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Transmission

Corona virus is an airborne disease that transmits through infected droplets when an
infected person talks, laughs, or sneezes. It can also transmit through touching surfaces
that have been contaminated by the virus and then touching eyes, mouth and nose.

Covid-19 symptoms include

 Cough
 Shortness of breath or difficult of breathing.
 Loss of taste or smell
 Headache
 Nausea or vomiting
 Congestion or runny nose

Prevention

 Wear masks in public places

 Clean your hands with soap and water

Treatment

Covid-19 has no specific treatment yet.

Common cold
It is an infection of the upper respiratory tract caused by a variety of viruses.

Transmission
Transmits through virus infected droplets in the air and direct contact of secretions.

Symptoms of common cold

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 Fever
 Cough
 Sore throat
 Sneezing and runny nose

Prevention

 Maintaining personal hygiene

 Managing good ventilation

Treatment
Has no specific treatment but nasal decongestants, cough suppressants and pain
relievers can help to reduce symptoms.

HIV/AIDS

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is a virus that attacks the immune system.

Transmission

 Through sexual intercourse

 Through blood transfusion
 Sharing needles for injections
 An infected pregnant mother can transmit to her baby during child birth.

Symptoms Prevention

 Fever  Avoid sharing needles.

 Night sweat  Screening blood before transfusion.
 Muscle aches  Avoid any illegal sexual intercourse
 Rapid weight loss

Treatment there is no specific treatment for HIV; retroviral drugs are used as therapy,

Bacteria
Bacteria are microscopic, single celled organisms. It can live in soil, ocean and in air.

Bacterial structure
Bacteria has simple internal structure lacks a nucleus and contains DNA that either

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floats freely in a thread like mass called the nucleoid or in separate circular pieces
called plasmids.

Bacterial diseases
refer to any illness that is caused by bacteria. Majority of bacteria does not cause
diseases (harmless) but pathogenic bacteria (harmful) cause bacterial infections.

Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis is a bacterial infection caused by a mycobacterium tuberculosis. The
bacteria usually attacks the lungs.

Transmission
Tuberculosis is an airborne it can spread through infected droplets released into the air.

Symptoms of tuberculosis Prevention

 Prolonged cough that produces blood  Cover your mouth and nose when
 Chest pain coughing.
 Weight loss that is unexpected  Wear face masks.
 Fever  Rapid TB diagnosis and treatment.
 loss of appetite  Improve room air ventilation.

Treatment

Two antibiotics (isoniazid and rifampicin) are usually given for six months.

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Cholera Whooping cough

Cholera is a bacterial disease caused by Whooping cough is a serious respiratory

Vibrio-cholerae and spread through infection caused by a bacterium called
contaminated food and water. Bordetella pertusis.
Transmission Transmission
Cholera is spread by drinking contaminated Whooping cough spreads by coughing,
water or eating contaminated food with the sneezing where you share breathing for an
Vibrio-cholerae bacteria. infected person.
Symptoms of cholera include Symptoms of Whooping cough include
 Profuse watery diarrhea  Runny nose
 Vomiting  Low grade fever
 Thirst  Mild coughing
 Wrinkled skin  Vomiting
 Eyeballs sunken  Wheezing
Prevention Prevention
 Drinking water should be chlorinated  Getting vaccinated against pertusis
or boiled.  Cover mouth and nose while coughing
 Wash your hands often with soap after or sneezing
visiting toilet and before meal.  Good ventilation should be
 The infected should be treated soon. administered.
Treatment Treatment
 Antibiotics such as tetracycline  Antibiotics prescribed by the doctor
 Oral rehydration solution (ORS) are recommended.
you may need to drink if you are
dehydrated.
 Intravenous fluids.

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Protista

are usually microscopic and unicellular organisms that resemble eukaryotes such as
animals, plants and fungus.

Animal-like Protista (Protozoa)

Protozoa is a protists that resemble animals.

Protozoal diseases

These are parasitic infections caused by protozoans.

Malaria

Malaria is a dangerous disease caused by a parasite called plasmodium.

Transmission

Malarial disease spreads when an infected mosquito bites a human.

Symptoms of malaria

 Irregular fever and shivering

 Headache and backache
 Muscle pain and joint pain
 Nausea and vomiting

Prevention

 Sleeping under mosquito net

 Cutting tall grass where mosquito can hide
 Draining stagnant water where is the breeding place of mosquito
 Using insecticides for spraying homes.

Treatment

 Taking ant malarial drugs prescribed by the doctor like quinine and
Chloroquine.

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Drugs and their effects

A drug is a substance that alters the person’s mental, emotional and physical state.

Drugs can be categorized by how they affect our bodies

 Depressants: slow down the central nervous system’s function. i.e. alcohol and
sleeping pills.
 Hallucinogens: affect body senses and changes the way you see, hear. i.e.
marijuana.
 Stimulants: increase the speed in which the central nervous system functions.
i.e. cocaine, khat.

Effects of taking drugs

Mental health:

drug use increases risk of mental health concerns like anxiety and depression. People
who have mental health problems have higher rate of drug use.

Financial use

If the person has become dependent on a drug he could end up in financial trouble.

Relationships

Drugs can change a person’s behavior. They can have impact on relationships with
family and friends.

Legal issues

Many drugs are illegal and possessing them can result in a fine and imprisonment. If
you are convicted of a drug crime, you will have a criminal record, which can make it
difficult to find work, receive a loan or travel internationally.

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Some common drugs

Tobacco Alcohol

refers to dried or processed leaves of the is a liquid substance which can be drunk on
tobacco plant that are rolled up & smoked. its own or mixed with other liquids.
Tobacco use is highly addictive and causes
cardiovascular diseases and lung cancer. Effects of alcohol
Carbon monoxide, nicotine, smoke and tar
are harmful substances found in tobacco.  Loss of memory
 Hypertension
 Heart failure
 ulcers in stomach and intestines.

Khat

Khat is stimulant drug that speeds up the

messages going between brain and the body.

Effects of khat
Effects of smoking
 Increased heart rate
 Heart disease
 Talkativeness
 Stroke, lung disease
 Diabetes  Decreased appetite
 eye diseases  Difficulty sleeping
Glue sniffing  Oral cancer

Some glues are sniffed it goes into the nose

and gaseous change system.

Health effects of sniffing glue

 cause dizziness
 unconsciousness
 liver and brain damage
 difficulty in breathing

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First aid

First aid is the urgent attention given to an injured or suddenly ill person.
Aims of first aid include.

 To sustain life
 To promote healing and recovery
 To prevent worsening of the problem

A first kit is a portable container that contains medication and supplies. It contains

Name Material in kit Uses

Cotton wool Used to clean and dry wounds as well
as to apply medicine.

Thermometer Used for measurement of body

temperature.

Tweezers Used to remove glasses, dirt or

splinters from wounds.

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Scissors Used to cut gauze, bandages and

other materials

Gloves To keep germs and other hazardous

materials away from the person

Bandages Used to heal wounds and prevent and

control hemorrhage.

Alcohol Used to sterilize an infected or injured

area

Gauze Used to stop bleeding and keep

wounds clean

Pain killer Used to reduce pain

An inhaler Used to treat asthma related

respiratory problems.

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Snake bites
A snake has a needle-like fang. A poison gland is located at the base of the fang.

First aid for snake biting

 Stop blood flowing through the bite site

 postpone venom absorption
 keep the victim still
 immobilize the bitten extremely
 bring the snake bite victim to the hospital

Poisoning

A poison is a substance that can loss of one’s life or seriously damages.

First aid for poisoning

 Find the poison, identify it and neutralize it b y giving the person enough of
milk, egg, or water to drink.
 Vomit the person by putting your fingers down the throat.

Bleeding

Bleeding is loss of blood from the body as result of injury or illness.

Steps to manage bleeding

 if possible, rinse the wound with water

 Apply clean gauze or a cloth to the wound
 Apply direct pressure to the wound
 Elevate the bleeding portion above
 Apply a clean bandage once the bleeding has

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Nose bleeding

First aid for nose bleeding

Bleeding occurs near the tip of the nose. the bleeding could be caused by diseases such
as high blood pressure, injury.

 Pinch the entire soft part of the nose just above the nostril with your fingers.
 Sit and lean forward
 Stay in this position for 5 minutes. If the bleeding persists, hold the position for
another 10 minutes. If the bleeding does not stop, go to the emergency room.

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