MAKES WORK EASY
REDUCES TIME OF WORK
REDUCES OUR EFFORTS
MACHINE
SAVES MONEY
INCREASES SPEED OF WORK
HELPS TO APPLY REQUIRED FORCE
TYPES
MACHINE
LEVER INCLINED PLANE
PULLEY WHEEL & AXLE WEDGE SCREW
APPLYING INCREASE OR
FORCE DECREASE
SPEED
LEVER,
PULLEY LEVER,
WHEEL &
FUNCTIONS AXLE
CHANGE
PULLEY,
DIRECTION
LEVER
OF EFFORT
IDEAL MACHINE
A MACHINE WITH WEIGHTLESS AND
FRICTIONLESS PARTS SO THAT WORK DONE ON
IT IS EQUAL TO WORK DONE BY IT.
REAL MACHINE
A MACHINE IN WHICH PARTS ARE
NOTWEIGHTLESS AND FRICTIONLESS SO THAT
WORK DONE BY IT IS LESS THAN WORK DONE
ON IT.
WORK INPUT = WORK DONE ON THE MACHINE
= EFFORT x DISPLACEMENT OF
EFFORT
=ExD
WORK OUTPUT = WORK DONE BY THE MACHINE
= LOAD x DISPLACEMENT OF
LOAD
=Lxd SI-Joule (J) CGS- erg
ACTUAL OUTPUT
TOTAL WORK DONE BY THE MACHINE
= TOTAL LOAD x DISPLACEMENT OF TOTAL LOAD
=Lxd
TOTAL LOAD (L)= USEFUL LOAD LIFTED (W) +
RESISTANCE OVERCOME (X)
USEFUL OUTPUT
USEFUL WORK DONE BY THE MACHINE
= USEFUL LOAD x DISPLACEMENT OF USEFUL
LOAD
=Wxd
USEFUL OUTPUT IS NOT EQUAL TO ACTUAL OUTPUT
PRINCIPLE OF MACHINE
FOR AN IDEAL MACHINE, THE WORK DONE ON
THE MACHINE IS AWAYS EQUAL TO THE WORK
DONE BY THE MACHINE
THAT IS
WORK INPUT = WORK OUTPUT
MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE
IT IS THE RATIO OF LOAD AND EFFORT
THAT IS
LOAD
MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE (MA) = EFFORT
NO UNIT
RATIO OF SIMILAR QUANTITIES
A MACHINE DISPLACES A LOAD OF 125kgf WITH AN
EFFORT OF 12.5 kgf. FIND THE MECHANICAL ADVANTGAE.
GIVEN LOAD = 125 kgf EFFORT = 12.5 kgf
AS
LOAD
MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE (MA) = EFFORT
=
125 =10
12.5
WITH MACHINE, EFFORT APPLIED IS 10 TIMES LESS THAN
THE LOAD
IDEAL MECHANICAL ACTUAL MECHANICAL
ADVANTAGE (IMA) ADVANTAGE (AMA)
RATIO OF TOTAL LOAD RATIO OF USEFUL LOAD
MOVED TO EFFORT MOVED TO EFFORT
APPLIED APPLIED
IMA = L/E = 𝒍
(𝒍 + 𝒙)/E AMA =
𝑬
ALWAYS EQUAL TO ALWAYS LESS THAN
ONE ONE
VELOCITY RATIO
RATIO OF VELOCITY OF EFFORT TO VELOCITY OF LOAD
VELOCITY OF EFFORT
VELOCITY RATIO (VR) =
VELOCITY OF LOAD
D = DISPLACEMENT OF EFFORT IN TIME t
d = DISPLACEMENT OF LOAD IN TIME t
VELOCITY OF EFFORT 𝒅𝑬 /𝒕 𝒅𝑬
VELOCITY RATIO (VR) =
VELOCITY OF LOAD 𝒅𝒍 /𝒕 𝒅𝒍
RATIO OF DISPLACEMENT OF EFFORT TO DISPLACEMENT
OF LOAD IN SAME INTERVAL OF TIME
VELOCITY RATIO FOR A MACHINE IS A CONSTANT
QUANTITY AND DOES NOT CHANGES WITH TIME
DIMENSIONS OF MACHINE DOES NOT CHNAGES
WITH TIME
FOR IDEAL MACHINES, MA IS ALWAYS EQUAL TO VR
FOR REAL MACHINES, MA IS ALWAYS LESS THAN VR
EFFICIENCY (ƞ)
RATIO OF WORK OUTPUT AND WORK INPUT
WORK OUTPUT
EFFICIENCY (ƞ)=
WORK INPUT
AMOUNT OF ENERGY CONVERTED TO USEFUL WORK
WORK OUTPUT
PERCENTAGE EFFICIENCY (ƞ)= X 100
WORK INPUT
RELATION BETWEEN EFFICIENCY, MA AND VR
WORK INPUT = EFFORT x DISPLACEMENT OF
EFFORT
= 𝑬 × 𝒅𝑬
WORK OUTPUT = USEFUL LOAD x DISPLACEMENT
OF USEFUL LOAD
= 𝒍 × 𝒅𝒍
WORK OUTPUT = 𝑳 × 𝒅𝑳
EFFICIENCY (ƞ)=
WORK INPUT 𝑬 × 𝒅𝑬
𝑳 𝒅𝑳
= ×
𝑬 𝒅𝑬
= MA ÷ VR
EFFICIENCY (ƞ)=MA/VR
PERCENTAGE EFFICIENCY (ƞ)= (MA/VR) x 100
RELATION BETWEEN IMA, AMA AND VR
FROM PRINCIPLE OF MACHINE
WORK OUTPUT = WORK INPUT
AMA + (x/E) = VR
𝑳 × 𝒅𝑳 = 𝑬 × 𝒅𝑬
x/E = VR - AMA
𝒍 + 𝑿 × 𝒅𝒍 = 𝑬 × 𝒅𝑬
x = E (VR – AMA)
𝒍+𝑿 𝒅𝑬
=𝒅
𝑬 𝑳 B’COZ, VR = IMA
𝒅𝑬
B’COZ, = 𝑽𝑹 x = E (IMA – AMA)
𝒅𝑳
𝒍 𝒙
+ = 𝑽𝑹
𝑬 𝑬
WHY A MACHINE IS NOT 100% EFFICIENT?
1. A PART OF THE ENERGY INPUT IS WASTED IN
MOVING THE PARTS OF THE MACHINE.
2. A PART OF THE ENERGY INPUT IS WASTED IN
OVERCOMING THE FRICTION BETWEEN VARIOUS
MOVING PARTS OF THE MACHINE.
AN EFFORT OF 8kgf IS APPLIED ON A MACHINE
THORUGH A DISTANCE OF 50cm, WHEN A LOAD OF
100kgf MOVES THROUGH A DISTANCE 3cm.
FIND (1) VR, (2) MA AND (3) PERCENAGE EFFICIENCY.
GIVEN EFFORT (E)=5kgf LOAD (L)=100kgf
DISPLACEMENT OF LOAD (D)=50cm
DISPLACEMENT OF EFFORT (d)=3cm
D 50 PERCENTAGE EFFICIENCY
VR = = = 16.67
d 3 (ƞ)= (MA/VR) x 100
L 10 PERCENTAGE EFFICIENCY
MA = = = 12.5 (ƞ)= (12.5/16.67) x 100=75%
E 8
LEVER
A RIGID BAR, STRAIGHT OR BENT, HAVING A FIXED
POINT ABOUT WHICH THE REST OF ROD CAN BE
TURNED.
A F B
LOAD (L) EFFORT (E)
LOAD FULCRUM EFFORT
ARM ARM
PRINCIPLE
FOR THE LEVER TO BE IN EQUILIBRIUM, THE TOTAL
MOMENT PRODUCED BY THE LOAD ABOUT THE
FULCRUM IS ALWAYS EQUAL TO THE TOTAL MOMENT
PRODUCED BY THE EFFORT ABOUT THE SAME
FULCRUM.
A F B
LOAD (L) EFFORT (E)
LOAD FULCRUM EFFORT
ARM ARM
TOTAL MOMENT DUE TO LOAD = TOTAL MOMENT DUE TO EFFORT
LOAD x LOAD ARM = EFFORT x EFFORT ARM
L x AF = E x BF
L /E = MA = BF/AF
CLASSIFICATION
CLASS - 1
FULCRUM IN B/W LOAD &
EFFORT
CLASS - 2
LOAD IN B/W FULCRUM &
EFFORT
CLASS - 3
EFFORT IN B/W FULCRUM &
LOAD
1
1
1
2
2
3
3
PULLEY
Flat circular disc with groove in edge
axle
TYPES
SINGLE FIXED
PULLEY
SINGLE MOVABLE
PULLEY
SHEAF PULLEY OR
BLOCK & TACKLE
SINGLE FIXED PULLEY
