Work

Work refers to an activity that involves movement of the object when force is applied on it. For example, work
is done when a person pushes a car and the car moves.
The formula of work is:

Work=Force×distance
It means that more work is done, if more force is applied to an object, or the object moves larger distance, or
both.
If a force is applied on an object, but no motion takes place then no work is done. For example, if a person
pushes against a wall, then no work is done unless the wall moves in the direction in which it is pushed.
The unit of measurement of work is unit of force multiplied by the unit of distance i.e. Newton metre (Nm) or
Joule (J).
For example, if a stone is pushed with the force of 5 N and it travelled a distance of 3 metre, the work done is
15 Nm or 15 J.

Force
A push or pull acting on an object is called a force.
A force can be used to:

 Move a stationary object

 Stop a moving object
 Make a moving object move faster
 Slow down a moving object
 Change the direction of a moving object
 Change the shape and size of an object

Types of Force
There are different types of force:

Muscular Force
Muscular force is applied when we push, pull or lift something with our hand.

Gravitational Force
Gravitational force or gravity is the force that attracts objects to the centre of the earth. Because of
gravitational force, we are able to stay on the ground.

Frictional Force
Frictional force is a force of resistance that tries to stop the movement of objects across a surface. On smooth
surfaces less friction is exerted and on rough surfaces more friction is exerted. Due to it we are able to walk.
Elastic Force
Elastic force arises when a body deforms. When we stretch a rubber band it regains its original position
because of elastic force.

Mechanical Force
Mechanical force is used by most of the simple machines. A wedge uses mechanical force to separate two
objects.

Buoyant Force
Buoyant force is the upward push of water on a floating object. When we push a mug or piece of wood in
water, we can feel an upward thrust.

Energy
Energy is the capacity or ability to do work. Energy can exist in different forms such as mechanical energy,
heat energy, chemical energy, sound energy, muscular energy, solar energy, wind energy, etc.

Forms of Energy
Mechanical energy: Mechanical energy of an object is its energy due to its position or its motion or both.
Mechanical energy is classified into potential energy and kinetic energy based upon its source of origin.

Potential energy of the object is its energy due to its position. For example, a book on a table before it falls
possesses potential energy.

Kinetic energy of an object is its energy due to its motion.

 Boy has kinetic energy due to his motion

Heat energy: A heated substance possesses heat energy. For example, burning wood
possesses heat energy. Heat energy is used to move steam engines.

Burning wood has heat energy

Chemical energy: Chemical energy is the energy released or absorbed during a chemical reaction. For
example, battery possesses chemical energy.

Battery has chemical energy

Sound energy: Energy possessed by sound wave is called sound energy. For example, sound from a music
player possesses sound energy.
 Music player has sound energy
Muscular energy: Energy possessed by the muscles is called muscular energy. For example a boy uses his
muscular energy to lift dumbbell.

Boy uses his muscular energy to lift a dumbbell

Solar energy: Energy possessed by sunlight is called solar energy. For example, solar energy is used by plants
to produce foods.

Sun has solar energy

Wind energy: Energy possessed by wind is called wind energy. For example, wind energy is used for drying
clothes or moving wind mill.

Wind energy can run wind mill

Electrical energy: Energy possessed by electricity is called electrical energy. For example, a fan runs with
electrical energy.
 Fan runs on electrical energy

Law of conservation of energy

The law of conservation of energy states that energy can on ly be transformed, it cannot be created or
destroyed.
The international unit of energy is JOULE, named in the honour of scientist James Prescott Joule.

Simple Machines
Machines are simple tools which make our work easier and faster. They help us to do many works. Some
examples of simple machines are lever, inclined plane, wheel and axle, pulley and screw.

Levers
Levers are commonly used tools like scissors, hammers and screw drivers.
When we lift a rock with the help of a rod, the weight lifted by the person is the load and the force with which
it is lifted is the effort. The point of contact of rod and the stone is the fulcrum.
Levers can be classified into the followings according to the position of the fulcrum, the load and the effort:
First class lever-when the fulcrum lies between the load and the effort, it is called first class lever. For
example, see saw, scissors, etc.
 See saw Scissors

Second class lever - when the load lies between the fulcrum and the effort, it is called second
class lever. For example, a wheel barrow, a bottle opener.

Wheel barrow Nut cracker

Third class lever - when the effort lies between the fulcrum and the load, it is called third class lever. For
example, a stapler, a pair of tongs.
 Stapler Tong

Inclined Plane
An inclined plane is a slope which makes work easier. When workers have to load or unload a truck they use a
plane of wood as an inclined plane.

The Pulley

The Pulley
A pulley is a small wheel with a groove around its outer edge. There are two types of pulleys: fixed pulley and
movable pulley. The pulley used for drawing water from a well is a fixed pulley. Movable pulleys along with
fixed pulleys are used to lift loads.

The Wheel and Axle

The Wheel and Axle
A wheel attached to a rod (called axle) is known as a wheel and axle arrangement. It is easier
to push a load on wheels than carrying it. This arrangement is used in vehicles, sewing
machines and cycles.

The Screw

The Screw
Screw is a tool used to hold things tightly together. Bigger screws, called screw jacks, are
used to lift cars and other heavy objects. When two things are joined by a screw, they are held
together through a long distance while when we join things with a nail, they are held together
only through the length of the nail.