Lecture 8
Dr. Nabil M. Eldakhly
Faculty of Computers and Information –
Department of CS-
CS-SAMS
&
The French University in Egypt (UFE)
Sequential Circuits
Sequential Circuits-
Clock Signal
A clock signal is a periodic signal whose ON time and OFF time are the
same or NOT the same.
− We can represent the clock signal as a square wave when both its ON
time and OFF time are the same.
• This signal stays at logic High (5V) for some time and stays at logic Low (0V)
for an equal amount of time. This pattern repeats with some time period.
– Time Period: The time period of a clock signal represents the duration it takes for
one complete cycle of the signal to occur.
» A clock signal might go through the following cycle: 1) Transition from low
(0v) to high (5v), 2) Remain at high (5v) for a certain duration, 3)Transition
from high (5v) to low (0v), and 4) Remain at low (0v) for a certain duration.
» This entire sequence, from step 1 to step 4, constitutes one complete cycle
of the clock. The frequency of the clock signal represents how many of
these complete cycles occur in one second.
• In this case, the time period will be equal to either twice of ON time or twice
of OFF time.
Sequential Circuits-
Clock Signal (Cont.)
− We can represent the clock signal as train of pulses, when ON time and
OFF time are NOT the same.
• This clock signal is shown in the following figure.
• In the above figure, train of pulses is considered as clock signal.
• This signal stays at logic High (5V) for some time and stays at logic Low (0V)
for some other time.
• This pattern repeats with some time period. In this case, the time period will
be equal to sum of ON time and OFF time.
Sequential Circuits-
Clock Signal (Cont.)
The mutual time period of the clock signal is known as
the frequency of the clock signal.
All sequential circuits are operated with the clock signals.
− So, the frequency at which the sequential circuits can be operated
according to the clock signal frequency has to be chosen.
Sequential Circuits-
Clock Signal (Cont.)- Types of Triggering
Following are the two possible types of triggering that are used in
sequential circuits.
̶ Level Triggering
• Positive level triggering
• Negative level triggering
̶ Edge Triggering
• Positive edge triggering "Triggering" in digital electronics typically refers
to the process by which a signal causes a
• Negative edge triggering change in the state of a circuit, particularly in
devices like flip-flops or registers. It determines
how and when a flip-flop changes its state. This
process is essential for synchronous systems
where changes in the state of the system occur
in response to a clock signal.
Sequential Circuits-
Clock Signal (Cont.)- Types of Triggering (Cont.)-
1. Level Triggering
− If the sequential circuit is operated with the clock signal when it is
in Logic High, then that type of triggering is known as Positive Level
Triggering.
− If the sequential circuit is operated with the clock signal when it is
in Logic Low, then that type of triggering is known as Negative Level
Triggering.
Sequential Circuits-
Clock Signal (Cont.)- Types of Triggering (Cont.)-
2. Edge Triggering
If the sequential circuit is operated with the clock signal that is
transitioning from Logic Low to Logic High, then that type of
triggering is known as Positive Edge Triggering. It is also called Rising
Edge Triggering.
If the sequential circuit is operated with the clock signal that is
transitioning from Logic High to Logic Low, then that type of
triggering is known as Negative Edge Triggering. It is also called
Falling Edge Triggering.
Sequential Circuits-
Combinational Circuits VS. Sequential Circuits
Sequential Circuits-
Combinational Circuits VS. Sequential Circuits (Cont.)
Sequential Circuits
Introduction to Sequential Circuits
Sequential Circuits-
Types of Sequential Circuits
Sequential Circuits-
Types of Sequential Circuits (Cont.)-
Synchronous Sequential Circuits
Sequential Circuits-
Types of Sequential Circuits (Cont.)-
Synchronous Sequential Circuits (Cont.)
Sequential Circuits-
Types of Sequential Circuits (Cont.)-
Synchronous Sequential Circuits (Cont.)- Storage Elements (Memory)
Sequential Circuits-
Latches
Synchronous Sequential Circuits (Cont.)-
Storage Elements (Memory)- Latch
Synchronous Sequential Circuits (Cont.)-
Storage Elements (Memory)- Latch (Cont.)-
SR Latch– NOR Gates
Synchronous Sequential Circuits (Cont.)-
Storage Elements (Memory)- Latch (Cont.)-
SR Latch– NOR Gates (Cont.)
Synchronous Sequential Circuits (Cont.)-
Storage Elements (Memory)- Latch (Cont.)-
SR Latch– NOR Gates (Cont.)- To Store Data
We want to store the data (Q=0, Q’=1),
− i.e., it means that if we remove these inputs (we set S=0 & R=0), the data
(Q=0, Q’=1) must be stored (memory state).
− i.e., the outputs (Q=0, Q’=1) must be unchanged and remained.
Synchronous Sequential Circuits (Cont.)-
Storage Elements (Memory)- Latch (Cont.)-
SR Latch– NOR Gates (Cont.)- To Store Data (Cont.)
Synchronous Sequential Circuits (Cont.)-
Storage Elements (Memory)- Latch (Cont.)-
SR Latch– NOR Gates (Cont.)- To Store Data (Cont.)
Synchronous Sequential Circuits (Cont.)-
Storage Elements (Memory)- Latch (Cont.)-
SR Latch– NOR Gates (Cont.)- To Store Data (Cont.)
Synchronous Sequential Circuits (Cont.)-
Storage Elements (Memory)- Latch (Cont.)-
SR Latch– NOR Gates (Cont.)- To Store Data (Cont.)
Synchronous Sequential Circuits (Cont.)-
Storage Elements (Memory)- Latch (Cont.)-
SR Latch– NOR Gates (Cont.)- To Store Data (Cont.)
Synchronous Sequential Circuits (Cont.)-
Storage Elements (Memory)- Latch (Cont.)-
SR Latch– NAND Gates
