APPLIED COMPUTATIONAL AERODYNAMICS

Preface
Objectives
These notes are intended to fill a significant gap in the literature available to students. There is a huge disparity
between the aerodynamics covered in typical aerodynamics courses and the application of aerodynamic theory to
design and analysis problems using computational methods. As an elective course for seniors, Applied
Computational Aerodynamics provides an opportunity for students to gain insight into the methods and means by
which aerodynamics is currently practiced. The specific threefold objective is: i) physical insight into
aerodynamics that can arise only with the actual calculation and subsequent analysis of flowfields, ii)
development of engineering judgment to answer the question �how do you know the answer is right?� and
iii) establishment of a foundation for future study in computational aerodynamics; exposure to a variety of
methods, terminology, and jargon.

Two features are unique. First, when derivations are given, all the steps in the analysis are included. Second,
virtually all the examples used to illustrate applied aerodynamics ideas were computed by the author, and were
made using the codes available to the students. The exercises are an extremely important component of the
course, where parts of the course are possibly best presented as a workshop, rather than as a series of formal
lectures. To meet the objectives, many �old fashioned� methods are included. Using these methods a
student can learn much more about aerodynamic design than by performing a few large modern calculations. For
example (articulated to the author by Prof. Ilan Kroo), the vortex lattice method allows the student to develop an
excellent mental picture of the flowfield. Thus these methods provide a context within which to understand Euler
or Navier-Stokes calculations.

Audience
We presume that the reader has had standard undergraduate courses in fluid mechanics and aerodynamics. In
some cases the material is repeated to illustrate issues important to computational aerodynamics. Access to a
computer and the ability to program is assumed for the exercises.

Warnings
Computational aerodynamics is still in an evolutionary phase. Although most of the material in the early chapters
is essentially well established, the viewpoint adopted in the latter chapters is necessarily a �snapshot� of the
field at this time. Students that enter the field can expect to use this material as a starting point in understanding
the continuing evolution of computational aerodynamics.

These notes are not independent of other texts. At this point several of the codes used in the instruction are based
on source codes copyrighted in other sources. Use of these codes without owning the text may be a violation of
the copyright law.

The traditional printed page is inadequate and obsolete for the presentation of computational aerodynamics
information. The reader should be alert to advances in information presentation, and take every opportunity to
make use of advanced color displays, interactive flowfield visualization and virtual environment technology.

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 The codes available on disk provide a significant capability for skilled users. However, as discussed in the text,
few computational aerodynamics codes are ever developed and tested to the level that they are bug free. They are
for educational use only, and are only aides for education, not commercial programs, although they are entirely
representative of codes in current use.

Acknowledgements
Many friends and colleagues have influenced the contents of these notes. Specifically, they reflect many years
developing and applying computational aerodynamics at Grumman, which had more than its share of top flight
aerodynamicists. Initially at Grumman and now at VPI, Bernard Grossman provided access to his as yet
unpublished CFD course notes. At NASA, many friends have contributed help, insight and computer programs.
Nathan Kirschbaum read the notes and made numerous contributions to the content and clarity. Several classes of
students have provided valuable feedback, found typographical and actual errors. They have also insisted that the
notes and codes be completed. I would like to acknowledge these contributions.

W.H. Mason

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 APPLIED COMPUTATIONAL AERODYNAMICS
TEXT/NOTES
W. H. Mason, [email protected]
Department of Aerospace and Ocean Engineering
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

An electronic version of the class notes for AOE 4114, Applied Computational Aerodynamics. Portions are also
used for AOE 4984, Configuration Aerodynamics. Comments are welcome, and in fact encouraged.

This is a work in progress (for over 6 years!). Starting in 1997, the material is being made available electronically
using a hybrid html/acrobat approach. It appears most practical to provide a top page in html, while allowing
students to download individual sections as Adobe Acrobat files. The emphasis is on subject mater, and not the
multimedia framework. I have not yet been able to devote the time required to produce a modern electronic
document. Also, some equations and figures may not print perfectly. Much of the material was created before the
current methods and standards existed. The entire outline is provided, although not all sections are available for
download yet. In some cases copyright permission has not been obtained for figures, and thus, some figures are
not yet available. Chapters and Appendices will be added as they are available.

The documents are provided in an even/odd page format so they can be copied to both sides of the paper in the
hardcopy version. This allows them to fit in a notebook.

Some codes are available in FORTRAN. They have very crude user interfaces, the manuals even refer to card
input! In most cases, much more modern versions are available.

� 1992,1995 by W.H. Mason

Preface (html)

Volume 1: Foundations and Classical Pre-CFD Methods

• Detailed Table of Contents
• 1. Introduction (pdf)
• 2. Getting Ready for Computational Aerodynamics: Fluid Mechanics Foundations (pdf)
• 3. Computers, Codes, and Engineering (pdf)
• 4. Incompressible Potential Flow Using Panel Methods (pdf) (minus a few copyrighted figures)
• 5. Drag: An Introduction (pdf) (minus a few figures)
• 6. Aerodynamics of 3D Lifting Surfaces through Vortex Lattice Methods (248k pdf, Mar 11, 1998)
(minus a few copyrighted figures)
• 7. Applications to Configuration Aerodynamics
• Appendices
o A. Geometry for Aerodynamicists (pdf)

A library of airfoils for use with the codes is available, either as a Zip file or as a Stuffit file. See
Appendix A for the airfoil names associated with each filename.

o B. Sources of Experimental Data for Code Validation (pdf)

o C. Preparation of Written Material (pdf)

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 o D. Pre-CFD Computational Aerodynamics Programs (html)
o E. Utility Codes (html)
o F. Code and Electronic Information Sources (html)

Volume 2 Applied Computational Fluid Mechanics

• Detailed Table of Contents
• 8. Introduction to Computational Fluid Dynamics (162k pdf file, Mar. 17, 1998)
• 9. Geometry and Grids: Major Considerations in Using CA
• 10. Viscous Flows in Aerodynamics
• 11. Transonic Aerodynamics: Methods and Applications
• 12. Supersonic and Hypersonic Aerodynamics
• 13. CFD: Current Methods, Terminology and Details Required for Use
• 14. Using Computational Aerodynamics: Review and Reinforcement
• Appendices
o G. Computational Aerodynamics Programs (html)
o H. Utility Codes (html)

These notes were produced exclusively with Macintosh technology. They were written on Macintosh computers.
Word processing was done with FullWrite Professional and WriteNow. Sketches and drawings were done with
Canvas. Equations were composed using MathType. Plots and Graphs were made using Kaleidagraph.
Computing for examples was carried out using Language Systems FORTRAN running in the Apple Macintosh
MPW shell.

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 Appendix B Sources of Experimental Data
for Code Validation
Airfoil Data Sources
Some sources of airfoil geometry and experimental data for use in code evaluation are listed
here. Note that rigorous validation of codes requires very careful analysis, and an understanding
of possible experimental, as well as computational, error. See the junior Aerodynamic Lab notes
for my comments on the issues involved in aerodynamic testing in wind tunnels. Hardcopies of
the NACA reports are located in the Virginia Tech Library at DOCS Y3.N21/5:9 on the first
floor.
Books
Abbott and von Doenhoff, Theory of Airfoil Sections. Look in the references for the original
NACA airfoil reports. Note that pressure distributions are fairly rare. See also NACA R 824.
Riegels, Airfoil Sections, Butterworths, London, 1961. (English language version)
NASA Low and Medium Speed Airfoils
McGhee, Robert J., and Beasley, William D., “Low Speed Aerodynamic Characteristics of a
17-Percent-Thick Airfoil Section Designed for General Aviation Applications,” NASA TN
D-7428, 1973.
McGhee, Robert J., Beasley, William D., and Somers, Dan M., “Low Speed Aerodynamic
Characteristics of a 13-Percent-Thick Airfoil Section Designed for General Aviation
Applications,” NASA TM X-72697, 1975.
McGhee, Robert J., and Beasley, William D., “Effects of Thickness on the Aerodynamic
Characteristics of an Initial Low-Speed Family of Airfoils for General Aviation
Applications,” NASA TM X-72843, 1976.
McGhee, Robert J., and Beasley, William D., “Low-Speed Wind-Tunnel Results for a
Modified 13-Percent-Thick Airfoil,” NASA TM X-74018, 1977.
Barnwell, Richard W., Noonan, Kevin W., and McGhee, Robert J., “Low Speed
Aerodynamic Characteristics of a 16-Percent-Thick Variable Geometry Airfoil Designed for
General Aviation Application,” NASA TP-1324, 1978.
McGhee, Robert J., and Beasley, William D., “Wind-Tunnel Results for an Improved 21-
Percent-Thick Low-Speed Airfoil Section,” NASA TM-78650, 1978.
McGhee, Robert J., Beasley, William D., and Whitcomb, Richard T., “NASA Low- and
Medium-Speed Airfoil Development “ NASA TM-78709, 1979.
McGhee, Robert J., and Beasley, William D., “Low-Speed Aerodynamic Characteristics of
a 13-Percent-Thick Medium Speed Airfoil Designed for General Aviation Applications,”
NASA TP-1498, 1979.
McGhee, Robert J., and Beasley, William D., “Low Speed Aerodynamic Characteristics of a
17-Percent-Thick Medium Speed Airfoil Designed for General Aviation Applications,”
NASA TP-1786, 1980
McGhee, Robert J., and Beasley, William D., “Wind-Tunnel Results for a Modified 17-
Percent Thick Low-Speed Airfoil Section, “ NASA TP-1919, 1981. (LS(1)-0417mod)
Ferris, James D., McGhee, Robert J., and Barnwell, Richard W., “Low Speed Wind-Tunnel
Results for Symmetrical NASA LS(1)-0013 Airfoil,” NASA TM-4003, 1987.

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B-2 Applied Computational Aerodynamics

NASA Transonic Airfoils

Whitcomb, “Review of NASA Supercritical Airfoils,” ICAS Paper 74-10, August 1974
(ICAS stands for International Council of the Aeronautical Sciences)
Harris, C.D., “NASA Supercritical Airfoils,” NASA TP 2969, March 1990. See references
contained in this report for sources of experimental data.
Laminar Flow Airfoils
Somers, Dan M., “Design and Experimental Results for a Flapped Natural-Laminar-Flow
Airfoil for General Aviation Applications,” NASA TP-1865, June 1981. (NLF(1)-0215F,
Lancair and Wheeler express airfoil)
McGhee, Robert J., Viken, Jeffrey K., and Pfenninger, Werner, D., “Experimental Results for
a Flapped Natural-Laminar Flow Airfoil With High Lift/Drag Ratio,” NASA TM-85788,
1984.
Sewell, W.G., McGhee, R.J., Viken, J.K., Waggoner, E.G., Walker, B.S., and Miller, B.F.,
“Wind Tunnel Results for a High-Speed, Natural Laminar Flow Airfoil Designed for General
Aviation Aircraft,” NASA TM 87602, No. 1985.
Other Low and Medium Speed Airfoils and Airfoil Data
Beasley, William D., and McGhee, Robert J., “Experimental and Theoretical Low-Speed
Aerodynamic Characteristics of the NACA 65(1)-213, a = 0.50, Airfoil,” NASA TMX-3160,
Feb. 1975
Hicks, Raymond M., “A Recontoured Upper Surface Designed to Increase the Maximum Lift
Coefficient of a Modified NACA 65(0.82) (9.9) Airfoil Section,” NASA TM 85855, Feb.
1984.
Bingham, Gene J., and Chen, Allen Wen-shin, “Low Speed Aerodynamic Characteristics of
an Airfoil Optimized for Maximum Lift Coefficient,” NASA TN D-7071, Dec. 1971.
Stivers, “Effects of Subsonic Mach Number on the Forces and Pressure Distributions on Four
64A-Series Airfoil Sections at Angles of Attack as High as 28°,” NACA TN 3162, 1954.
Also see TN 2096?
Liebeck, R.H., “A Class of Airfoils Designed for High Lift in Incompressible Flow”, Journal
of Aircraft, Oct. 1973, Vol. 10, No. 10, pp. 610-617
Multi-element Airfoil Data
Wenzinger, C.J., and Delano, J., “Pressure Distribution Over an NACA 23012 Airfoil with a
Slotted and Plain Flap,” NACA R-633, 1938.
Harris, T.A., and Lowry, J.G., “Pressure Distribution over an NACA 23012 Airfoil with a
Fixed Slot and a Slotted Flap,” NACA R 732, 1942.
Axelson, J.A., and Stevens, G.L., “Investigation of a Slat in Several Different Positions on an
NACA 64A010 Airfoil for a Wide Range of Subsonic Mach Numbers,” NACA TN 3129,
March 1954.
Weick, F.E., and Shortal, J.A., “The Effect of Multiple Fixed Slots and a Trailing-edge Flap
on the Lift and Drag of a Clark Y Airfoil,” NACA R 427, 1932.
Wentz, W.H., Jr., and Seetharam, H.C, “Development of a Fowler Flap System for a High
Performance General Aviation Airfoil,” NASA CR-2443, 1974
Seetharam, H.C., and Wentz, W.H., “Experimental Studies of Flow Separation and Stalling
on a Two-Dimensional Airfoil at Low Speeds,” NASA CR-2560, 1975.

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 Appendix B: Data Sources B-3

Kelly, John A., and Hayter, N-L, F., “Lift and Pitching Moment at Low Speeds of the NACA
64A010 Airfoil Section Equipped with Various Combinations of Leading Edge Slat, Leading
Edge Flap, Split Flap and Double-Slotter Flap,” NACA TN 3007, Sep. 1953. (no drag or
pressure distributions)
Other data sources:
Bertin and Smith, 1st edition , page 102-102, NACA 4412, pressure distribution, 2nd edition:
pg 201-202, 3rd edition: pg 221-222 (from Pinkerton, NACA R 563, 1936, but WATCH
OUT! This data is not what you might think. See NACA R-646 for true 2-D data!)
Hurley, F.X., Spaid, F.W., Roos, F.W., Stivers, L.S., Jr., and Bandettini, A., “Supercritical
Airfoil Flowfield Measurements,” AIAA Paper No. 75-880, June 1975.
Three-Dimensional Data Sources
Elementary body geometries: There were many tests conducted by the NACA using geometries
that are simple to model. Similar tests were also done in the early days of NASA. The NACA
reports were classified at the time, but have been declassified. A sample of cases I’ve used are
included here:
Williams, C.V., “An Investigation of the Effects of a Geometric Twist on the Aerodynamic
Loading Characteristics of a 45° Sweptback Wing-Body Configuration at Transonic Speeds,”
NACA RM L54H18, 1954.
Runckel, J.F., and Lee, E.E., Jr., “Investigation of Transonic Speeds of the Loading Over a
45° Sweptback Wing Having an Aspect Ratio of 3, Taper Ratio of 0.2, and NACA 65A004
Airfoil Sections,” NASA TN D-712, 1961.
Loving, D.L., and Estabrooks, B.B., “Transonic Wing Investigation in the Langley Eight
Foot High Speed Tunnel at High Subsonic Mach Numbers and at a Mach number of 1.2,”
NACA RM L51F07, 1951.
McDevitt, J.B., “An Experimental Investigation of Two Methods for Reducing Transonic
Drag of Swept Wing and Body Combinations,” NACA RMA55B21, April 1955.
Keener, E.R., “Pressure Measurements Obtained in Flight at Transonic Speeds for a
Conically Cambered Delta Wing,” NASA TM X-48, October 1959.
The standard transonic test case: the ONERA M6 wing has been used in practically every
transonic code validation calculation ever published. The data is contained in AGARD AR-
138 cited below.
Supercritical Wings:
Harris, C.D., and Bartlett, D.W., “Tabulated Pressure Measurements on a NASA
Supercritical-Wing Research Airplane Model With and Without Fuselage Area-Rule
Additions at Mach 0.25 to 1.00,” NASA TM X-2634, 1972.
Harris, C.D., “Wind-Tunnel Measurements of Aerodynamic Load Distribution on a NASA
Supercritical-WIng Research Airplane Configuration,” NASA TM X-2469, 1972.
Montoya, L.C., and Banner, R.D., “F-8 Supercritical Wing Flight Pressure, Boundary Layer
and Wake Measurements and Comparisons with Wind Tunnel Data,” NASA TM X-3544,
March 1977.
Hinson, B.L., and Burdges, K.P., “Acquisition and Application of Transonic Wing and Far-
Field Test Data for Three-Dimensional Computational Method Evaluation,” AFOSR-TR-80-
0421, March 1980, available from DTIC as AD A085 258. These are the Lockheed Wings A,
B, and C.
Keener, E.R., “Pressure Distribution Measurements on a Transonic Low-Aspect Ratio
Wing,” NASA TM 86683, 1985. (this is the so-called Lockheed Wing C)

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B-4 Applied Computational Aerodynamics

Keener, E.R., “Boundary Layer Measurements on a Transonic Low-Aspect Ratio Wing,”

NASA TM 88214, 1986. (this is the so-called Lockheed Wing C)
Supersonic Wing Data:
D.S. Miller, E.J. Landrum, J.C. Townsend, and W.H. Mason, “Pressure and Force Data for a
Flat Wing and a Warped Conical Wing Having a Shockless Recompression at Mach 1.62,”
NASA TP 1759, April 1981.
J.L. Pittman, D.S. Miller, and W.H. Mason, “Fuselage and Canard Effects on an Attached
Flow, Maneuver Wing at Mach 1.62,” NASA TP 2249, February 1984
J.L. Pittman, D.S. Miller, and W.H. Mason, “Supersonic, Nonlinear, Attached-Flow Wing
Design for High Lift with Experimental Validation,” NASA TP 2336, August 1984.
AGARD Test Cases
AGARD has selected test cases for CFD code validation. These cases are important because an
attempt has been made to define the test conditions and any corrections required precisely
enough for use in code validation work. This is not an easy job. This also means that the airfoil
test coordinates and results are available in tabulated form in these reports. The reports include:
AGARD AR-138, “Experimental Data Base for Computer Program Assessment,”
May, 1979
Two-dimensional test cases:
(1) NACA 0012, over a range of subsonic Mach and angle of attack, both force and
moment and pressure distributions,
(2) NLR QE 0.11-0.75-1.375, a symmetrical airfoil designed to be shock free at a
transonic design point, Mach range from 0.30 to 0.85, all at zero angle of attack,
(3) CAST 7, pressure distributions over a range of Mach from 0.40 to 0.80, from -
2° to 5°, also boundary layer measurements. No force and moment data;
(4) NLR7301, thick supercritical airfoil (16.5%), Mach from 0.30 to 0.85, a from -4°
to + 4°, pressure, and force and moment;
(5) SKF 1.1/with maneuver flap, (French), Mach number from 0.50 to 1.2, force and
moment and pressure over a limited range of angle of attack;
(6) RAE 2822, surface pressure distribution, boundary layer and wake rake surveys,
over a range of Mach and (this is one of the most complete sets of data in the
report),
(7) NAE 75-036-13:2, Mach range from 0.5 to 0.84, from 0 to 4° at M = 0.75, 2°
for other Machs.
(8 ) MBB-A3 NASA 10% supercritical, M from 0.6 to 0.80, from 0.5° to 2.5°.
Three dimensional cases:
(1) ONERA M6, pressure distributions,
(2) ONERA AFV D, variable sweep wing,
(3) MBB-AVA Pilot Model with supercritical wing,
(4) RAE Wing A,
(5) NASA Supercritical-Wing Research Airplane Model (actually the F-8, pressure
distributions only).

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 Appendix B: Data Sources B-5

Body alone configurations:

(1) 1.5D Ogive Circular Cylinder Body, L/D = 21.5,
(2) MBB Body of revolution No. 3,
(3) 10° cone-cylinder at zero, M from 0.91 to 1.22,
(4) ONERA calibration body model C5, M from 0.6 to 1.0, zero.
AGARD AR-138-ADDENDUM, “ADDENDUM to AGARD AR No. 138, Experimental
Data Base for Computer Program Assessment,” July, 1984
Five additional three-dimensional data sets were identified and included in the
ADDENDUM
(B-6) Lockheed-AFOSR Wing A: Semi-span wing, M 0.62-0.84,
from -2° to 5°, RE on mac: 6 million
(B-7) Lockheed-AFOSR Wing B: Semi-span wing, M: 0.70 to 0.94,
from -2° to + 5°, Re on mac: 10 million
(B-8) ARA M100 Wing/body, full model, M: 0.50-0.93,
from -4° to +3°, Re on mac: 3.5 million
(B-9) ARA M86 Wing/body, full model, M: 0.50-0.82,
from 0° to +8°, Re on mac:2.8-3.7 million
(B-10) FFA Aircraft (SAAB A32A Lansen), M: 0.40-0.89,
from 0° to +10°, Re on mac: 10-30 million
AGARD R-702, “Compendium of Unsteady Aerodynamic Measurements,” Aug. 1982.
Seven test cases are defined, five airfoils and two wings. The include:
Airfoils:
1. NACA 64006 with oscillating flap,
2. NACA 64A010 with oscillatory pitching,
3. NACA 0012 with oscillatory and transient pitching,
4. NLR 7301 airfoil with (i) oscillatory pitching and oscillating flap at NLR and
(ii) with oscillating pitching (NASA Ames).
Wing data
1. RAE Wing A with an oscillating flap
2. NORA Model with oscillation about the swept axis.
AGARD AR-211, “Test Cases for Inviscid Flowfield Methods,” May 1985.
Two dimensional test cases
NACA 0012 airfoil at (1) M = 0.80, = 1.25°,
(2) M = 0.85, = 1°,
(3) M = 0.95, = 0°,
(4) M = 1.25, = 0°,
(5) M = 1.25, = 7°,
RAE 2822 airfoil at (6) M = 0.75, = 3°,

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B-6 Applied Computational Aerodynamics

NLR 7301 airfoil at (7) M = 0.720957, = .194°, (theoretical data)

Chiocchia-Nocilla at (8) M = 0.769, = 0°. (sharp le)

2-D Cascade test cases:

HOBSON-1 (9) M = 0.476, a = 43.544°, Spacing, s/c = 1.0121
HOBSON-2 (10) M = 0.575, a = 46.123°, Spacing, s/c = 0.5259
Three-dimensional cases
ONERA M6 airfoil at (11) M = 0.84, = 3.06°,
(12) M = 0.92, = 0°,
Butler wing at (13) M = 2.50, = 0°,
Dillner wing at (14) M = 1.50, = 15°,
(15) M = 0.70, = 15°,
NASA Ames swept wing at (16) M = 0.833, = 1.75°,
AGARD B at (17) M = 1.5, = 0°,
(18) M = 1.5, = 2°,
(19) M = 2.0, = 0°,
(20) M = 2.0, = 2°.

AGARD AR-303, “A Selection of Experimental Test Cases for the Validation of CFD
Codes,” Aug. 1994. (in two volumes)

By now the data is much more elaborate, and there are many more cases.
A - Airfoil cases (13)
B - Wing-fuselage (6)
C - Bodies (6)
D - Delta wing class (5)
E - Aero-Propulsion/Pylon/Store (9)
The data is available on floppy disks. The Virginia Tech Library has this data in the media
center. According to the report the data is available from the NASA Center for Aerospace
Information, 800 Elkridge Landing Road, Linthicum Heights, MD 21090-2934. Contact:
NASA Access Help Desk, (301) 621-0390, fax: (301) 621-0134. However, I’m not sure
that this procedure actually worked when we tried it.

7/12/01
 Appendix C Preparation of Written Material
Effective engineering requires good communication skills. Documentation and presentation of
results are two important aspects of computational aerodynamics. This requires good use of both
text and graphics. This appendix provides guidelines for student aerodynamicists. The first
impression you make on the job is extremely important. Learn and practice good written
communication. That is the way bosses “up-the-line” will see your work. You cannot do good
written work without practice. This is especially true in aerodynamics, where good plots are
crucial. You can’t play in the band or on the basketball team without developing skills through
practice. It is even more important to a career to develop good graphics skills while you are in
school.
Text: Analysis and calculations must be documented with enough detail to settle any question
that arises long after the calculations are made. This includes defining the precise version of the
code used, the configuration geometric description, grid details, program input and output. Often
questions arise (sometimes years later) where the documentation is insufficient to figure out with
certainty exactly what happened. Few of us can remember specific details even after a few
months, and particularly when being grilled because something doesn’t “look right” (this is the
situation when the flight test data arrives). Two personal examples from wind tunnel testing
include inadequate documentation of the exact details of transition fixing and the sign
convention for deflection of surfaces (at high angle-of-attack it may not be at all obvious what
effect a “plus” or “minus” deflection would produce on the aerodynamic results). Good
documentation is also crucial since a typical set of computations might cost many hundreds of
thousands of dollars, and the results might be examined for effects that weren’t of specific
interest when the initial calculations were made. An unfortunate, but frequent, occurrence in
practice is that the time and budget expire before the reporting is completed. Since the report is
done last, budget overruns frequently result in poor final documentation. It is best if the
documentation can be put together while the computations are being conducted. Computational
aerodynamics work should copy wind tunnel test procedures and maintain a test notebook. This
approach can minimize the problem.
When writing a memo describing the results be accurate, neat and precise. In a page or two,
outline the problem, what you did to resolve it, and your conclusion. What do the results mean?
What are the implications for your organization? Provide key figures together with the
description of how you arrived at your conclusion. Additional details should be included in an
appendix, possibly with limited distribution. When writing your memo or report provide
specifics, not generalities, i.e., rather than “greater than,” say “12% greater than.” What do the
results mean? When writing the analysis, do not simply provide tables of numbers and demand

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C-2 Applied Computational Aerodynamics Spring 1998

that the reader do the interpretation. You must tell the reader exactly what you think the results
mean. The conclusion to be drawn from the each figure must be precisely stated. Providing
computer program output and expecting someone else (your boss or your teacher) to examine
and interpret the results is totally unacceptable. This is the difference between an engineer and
an engineering aide.
Plots and Graphs: To make good plots using the computer, you must understand how a plot
is supposed to be made. Hand plotting defines the standards. When plotting by hand use real
graph paper. For A size (8 1/2 x 11) plots this means K&E* Cat. No. 46 1327 for 10x10 to the
half inch, and an equivalent type for 10x10 to the centimeter. There is an equivalent catalog
number for B size paper.** This is Albanene tracing paper. It is the paper that was actually used
in engineering work, and it’s expensive. The University Bookstore will stock this graph paper
until it’s no longer available (I think they keep it separated, stored under my name). You should
use it carefully, and not waste it. With high quality tracing paper, where the grid is readily visible
on the back side, you plot on the back. This allows you to make erasures and produces a better
looking plot. Orange graph paper is standard, and generally works better with copy machines,
especially when you plot on the back. Before computer data bases were used, tracing paper
allowed you to keep reference data on a set of plots and easily overlay other results for
comparison (remembering to allow for overlay comparisons by using the same scale for your
graphs).
Always draw the axis well inside the border, leaving room for labels inside the border of the
paper. Labels should be well inside the page margins. In reports, figure titles go on the bottom.
For overhead presentations, the figure titles go on the top. Data plots should contain at least:

• Reference area, reference chord and span as appropriate (include units).

• Moment reference center location.
• Reynolds number, Mach number, and transition information.
• Configuration identification.
If the plots are not portrait style, and must be turned to use landscape style, make sure that
they are attached properly. This means placing the bottom of the figure on the right hand side of
the paper. This is exactly opposite the way output for landscape plots is output from printers.
However, this is the way it must be done.
Use proper scales: Use of “Bastard Scales” is grounds for bad grades in class and much,
much worse on the job. This means using the “1,2, or 5 rule”. It simply says that the smallest
division on the axis of the plot must be easily read. Major ticks should be separated by an

*
This paper is very high quality paper. With computers replacing hand plotting, this paper is being
discontinued by K&E. Most art supplies stores (sometimes erroneously also claiming to be engineering
supply stores) don’t stock good graph paper. Cheap paper will not be transparent, preventing easy tracing
from one plot to another.
**
Wind tunnel data, especially drag polars, are often plotted on B size paper (11 x 17).

10/27/97
report typos and errors to W.H. Mason Appendix C: Preparation of Material C-3

increment that is an even multiple of 1, 2 or 5. For example, 10, 0.2, 50 and 0.001 are all good
increments between major ticks because it makes interpolation between ticks easy. Increments of
40, 25, 0.125 and 60 are poor choices of increments, and don’t obey the 1,2, or 5 rule. The
Boeing Scale Selection Rules chart illustrates the rule, and our version of it* is included as Fig.
C-1. Label plots neatly and fully. Use good line work. In putting lines on the page, use straight
edges and ship’s curves to connect points, no freehand lines. Ship’s curves and not French
curves are used by aeronautical engineers when working with force and moment data. Some
engineering supply catalogs call them aeronautical engineering curves. Today, pressure
distributions are usually plotted directly by computer software because of the density of data.
The University Bookstore stocks at least the most common size ship’s curve. As a young
engineer, I was told that if the wind tunnel data didn’t fit the ship’s curve, the data were wrong.
More often than not this has indeed turned out to be the case!
Drag polars are traditionally plotted with C D on the abscissa or X-axis, and CL on the
ordinate or Y-axis. Moment curves are frequently included with the CL -α curve. Figure C-2
provides an example of typical force and moment data plots. The moment axis is plotted from
positive to negative, also shown in the figure. This allows the engineer to rotate the graph and
examine Cm-Cl in a “normal” way to see the slope. Study the scales on the plot. Also, the drag,
moment, and lift results typically require the use of different scales.
The traditional way to plot data and results of calculations was to use symbols for data, and a
solid line for calculated results. Recently, and very unfortunately, this style has been reversed
when comparing force and moment data. Experimental data may be much more detailed than the
computations, which may have been computed at only one or two angles of attack. Nevertheless,
I object to using lines for data, and believe that the actual data points should be shown. When
comparing pressure distributions, calculations should always be represented by lines, and the
experimental data shown as symbols. Also, recall that in aeronautics Cp is plotted with the
negative scale upward. Figure C-3 provides a typical example of a Cp plot. When connecting
data with curves, they must pass through the data points. Connect complicated data with straight
lines, as shown in Fig. C-4. If the data points are dense, or a theory is used to compare with data,
you don’t need to draw lines between points (curves that don’t go through data points are
assumed to be theoretical results).
More comments on proper plots and graphs are contained in the engineering graphics text, by
Giesecke, eat al. (Ref. C-1). The engineer traditionally puts his initials and date in the lower right
hand corner of the plot. One problem frequently arises with plot labeling. In reports, the figure
titles go on the bottom. On view graphs and slides the figure titles go on the top. Many graphics

*
This “improvement” was conceived by Joel Grassmeyer. It still requires some study.

10/27/97
C-4 Applied Computational Aerodynamics Spring 1998

packages are oriented toward placing the titles on the top. This is unacceptable in engineering
reports. Finally, tables are labeled on the top for both reports and presentations.
Engineering plots made using your computer must be of engineering quality. To do this you
have to understand the requirements given above for hand plots, and should have made enough
graphs by hand to be able to identify problems in the computer generated graphs. For force and
moment data it is often easier to make plots by hand than to figure out how to get your plotting
package to do a good job. Typical problems include poor scale selection, poor quality printout,
not being to invert the axis direction, and inability to print the experimental data as symbols and
the theory as lines. Another problem that arises is the use of color. While color is important, it
presents a major problem if the report is going to be copied for distribution. Most engineering
reports don’t make routine use of color— yet (electronic reports will make color much easier to
distribute).

Reference

C-1 Giesecke, F.E., Mitchell, A., Spencer, H.C., Hill, I.L., Loving, R.O., and Dygdon, J.T.,
Principles of Engineering Graphics, Macmillan Publishing Cop., 1990, pap. 591-613.

0 1
This is a "5"

0 1 2
This is a "2"

0 1 2 3 4 5
This is a "1" Acceptable

This is a "4"
Unacceptable

0 1

Minor subdivisions of 1, 2, or 5 allow easy interpolation, and are the only

acceptable values. A minor division of 4, for example, is very difficult to use.
Scale selection rules for engineering graphs
Originally devised by H.C. Higgins, The Boeing Company, re-interpreted for these notes.

Figure C-1. Boeing scale selection chart

(based on a figure in the AIAA Student Journal, April, 1971)

10/27/97
report typos and errors to W.H. Mason Appendix C: Preparation of Material C-5

from Grumman Aero Report No. 393-82-02, April, 1982, “Experimental Pressure Distributions and
Aerodynamic Characteristics of a Demonstration Wing for a Wing Concept for Supersonic Maneuvering,”
by W.H. Mason

-0.04
-0.02
CM
0

0.02
14°
12°
10°
Run 23

= 16.701 in from wing apex

8°
6°

α
4°
0.4 Sref = 342.11 in 2
Re/ft = 2 x 10 6
cbar = 14.747 in

fixed

2°
0.3 Baseline LE
transistion
M = 1.62

mom ref

0°
X

-2°
0
0.5

0.2

0.1

-0.1

-0.2
CL

a) lift and moment

Figure C-2. Examples of wind tunnel data plots.

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C-6 Applied Computational Aerodynamics Spring 1998

from Grumman Aero Report No. 393-82-02, April, 1982, “Experimental Pressure Distributions and
Aerodynamic Characteristics of a Demonstration Wing for a Wing Concept for Supersonic Maneuvering,”
by W.H. Mason

Linear Theory
0.6 Optimum
Baseline Leading Edge
CD0 est = 0.0122
0.5 Test data, Run 23

0.4 CLdes

0.3
CL 550 632 764
0.2 (goal) (WT data)
21% reduction in drag due to lift

0.1
Uncambered Wing, [CLtan(α - α 0)]

0.0
M = 1.62, Re/ft = 2 x 106
cbar = 14.747 in, Sref = 342.11 in2
-0.1 Xmom ref = 16.701 in from wing apex
transistion fixed
-0.2
0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10
CD

Drag Performance of a Demonstration Wing for Supersonic Maneuvering

b) drag polar

Figure C-2. Concluded.

10/27/97
report typos and errors to W.H. Mason Appendix C: Preparation of Material C-7

-1.2
NACA 4412 airfoil

α = 1.875°
-0.8 M = .191
Re = 720,000
transition free
-0.4

Cp
0.0

0.4

0.8
Calculated, Pgm PANEL
Test data, NACA R-646

1.2
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
x/c

Figure C-3. Example of pressure distribution plot.

10/27/97
C-8 Applied Computational Aerodynamics Spring 1998

from Grumman Memo EG-ARDYN-86-051, 1986.

0.010
Math Model
0.008 Canard = 0°
Canard = 20°
0.006

0.004
Cl
β
(per dg.) 0.002

0.000

-0.002
0.0° 30.0° 60.0° 90.0°
-0.004 α

0.004

0.002

0.000
Cn
β -0.002
(per dg.)
-0.004 Math Model
Canard = 0°
-0.006 Canard = 20°

-0.008

0.0° 30.0° 60.0° 90.0°

α

Figure C-4. Example of plotting complicated experimental data.

10/27/97
 Appendix D Computational Aerodynamics
Programs
Several programs are used to provide insight into aerodynamics. This appendix provides the
input instructions.
D.1 PANEL*

Two dimensional incompressible, inviscid (potential) flow over NACA airfoils

using the Smith-Hess low order panel method. From Moran’s book, with modifi-
cations.
D.2 Panelv2*

An extension of PANEL to prediction of pressure distributions over arbitrary air-

foils, modification of the airfoil shape, and production of an output file for plot-
ting or use as input to a boundary layer analysis program.

D.3 LIDRAG

Computation of the induced drag of a single planar surface given the spanload
distribution. The coefficients of the assumed Fourier Series are computed using a
Fast Fourier Transform. The program was written by Dave Ives, and used in nu-
merous programs developed for the government by Grumman.

D.4 LAMDES

John Lamar’s design program, modified to find the span e for multiple and non-
planar lifting surfaces given the spanload on each surface. This is a more capable
version of LIDRAG. This code also finds the wing camber and twist required to
obtain this spanload at subsonic speeds. The code will also do an optimization
analysis, finding the minimum trimmed drag and spanload required to achieve it.

D.5 FRICTION

Computation of skin friction and form drag using turbulent flat plate skin friction
estimates, and empirical form factors. Provides a basis for zero lift drag estimates.
Includes compressibility effects and the 1977 standard atmosphere.

* This program is a modified form of a code in Moran’s book.

Tuesday, January 21, 1997 D-1

D-2 Applied Computational Aerodynamics

D.6 VLMpc

John Lamar’s two surface vortex lattice program, developed at NASA Langley.
The program treats two lifting surfaces using up to 200 panels. Vortex flows are
estimated using the leading edge suction analogy.

D.7 DESCAM

The camber line required to produce a specified chord load distribution is comput-
ed using the quasi-vortex lattice method. The method is valid for two dimensional
incompressible flow, and is an original program.

These codes are subject to significant revision, with the objective of becoming entirely indepen-
dent of codes obtained from copyrighted sources, so the students won’t have to own the books to
be able to use them.

Tuesday, January 21, 1997

report typos and errors to W.H. Mason Appendix D: Programs D-3

D.1 PANEL

This is an interactive program directly from Moran, with modifications to improve computa-
tional speed for multiple angle of attack cases. A sample output that can be used to verify that the
program is working properly is given below.
MORAN: PROGRAM PANEL

INPUT NLOWER,NUPPER

30,30

INPUT NACA NUMBER

4412

BODY SHAPE

I X Y

1 1.00000 0.00000
2 0.99721 -0.00002
3 0.98887 -0.00009
4 0.97509 -0.00022
5 0.95603 -0.00041
6 0.93193 -0.00069
7 0.90307 -0.00108
8 0.86980 -0.00162
9 0.83250 -0.00233
10 0.79162 -0.00325
11 0.74760 -0.00441
12 0.70097 -0.00583
13 0.65223 -0.00751
14 0.60193 -0.00942
15 0.55061 -0.01152
16 0.49883 -0.01372
17 0.44715 -0.01592
18 0.39616 -0.01798
19 0.34711 -0.02015
20 0.29972 -0.02250
21 0.25444 -0.02479
22 0.21167 -0.02679
23 0.17183 -0.02825
24 0.13529 -0.02895
25 0.10242 -0.02869
26 0.07358 -0.02732
27 0.04909 -0.02469
28 0.02925 -0.02070
29 0.01432 -0.01529
30 0.00451 -0.00839
31 0.00000 0.00000
32 0.00096 0.00949
33 0.00753 0.01960
34 0.01969 0.03019
35 0.03736 0.04105

Tuesday, January 21, 1997

D-4 Applied Computational Aerodynamics
36 0.06039 0.05187
37 0.08856 0.06233
38 0.12157 0.07207
39 0.15904 0.08074
40 0.20054 0.08799
41 0.24556 0.09354
42 0.29354 0.09715
43 0.34387 0.09866
44 0.39593 0.09797
45 0.44833 0.09541
46 0.50117 0.09150
47 0.55392 0.08637
48 0.60599 0.08018
49 0.65679 0.07312
50 0.70577 0.06538
51 0.75240 0.05719
52 0.79617 0.04877
53 0.83663 0.04036
54 0.87334 0.03220
55 0.90594 0.02452
56 0.93409 0.01756
57 0.95751 0.01152
58 0.97597 0.00661
59 0.98928 0.00298
60 0.99731 0.00075

INPUT ALPHA IN DEGREES:

2.

PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION

I X Y CP
1 0.9986 0.0000 0.38467
2 0.9930 -0.0001 0.30343
3 0.9820 -0.0002 0.25675
4 0.9656 -0.0003 0.22763
5 0.9440 -0.0006 0.20840
6 0.9175 -0.0009 0.19523
7 0.8864 -0.0014 0.18587
8 0.8512 -0.0020 0.17886
9 0.8121 -0.0028 0.17317
10 0.7696 -0.0038 0.16801
11 0.7243 -0.0051 0.16280
12 0.6766 -0.0067 0.15713
13 0.6271 -0.0085 0.15077
14 0.5763 -0.0105 0.14373
15 0.5247 -0.0126 0.13638
16 0.4730 -0.0148 0.12985
17 0.4217 -0.0170 0.12807
18 0.3716 -0.0191 0.12602
19 0.3234 -0.0213 0.11687
20 0.2771 -0.0236 0.10199
21 0.2331 -0.0258 0.08422
22 0.1917 -0.0275 0.06568
23 0.1536 -0.0286 0.04878
24 0.1189 -0.0288 0.03693
25 0.0880 -0.0280 0.03573

Tuesday, January 21, 1997

report typos and errors to W.H. Mason Appendix D: Programs D-5
26 0.0613 -0.0260 0.05561
27 0.0392 -0.0227 0.11840
28 0.0218 -0.0180 0.27208
29 0.0094 -0.0118 0.60051
30 0.0023 -0.0042 0.98725
31 0.0005 0.0047 0.62389
32 0.0042 0.0145 -0.17221
33 0.0136 0.0249 -0.59380
34 0.0285 0.0356 -0.77475
35 0.0489 0.0465 -0.86631
36 0.0745 0.0571 -0.92155
37 0.1051 0.0672 -0.95698
38 0.1403 0.0764 -0.97726
39 0.1798 0.0844 -0.98317
40 0.2231 0.0908 -0.97429
41 0.2696 0.0953 -0.94986
42 0.3187 0.0979 -0.90860
43 0.3699 0.0983 -0.84568
44 0.4221 0.0967 -0.76754
45 0.4747 0.0935 -0.69391
46 0.5275 0.0889 -0.62775
47 0.5800 0.0833 -0.56419
48 0.6314 0.0766 -0.50177
49 0.6813 0.0692 -0.43979
50 0.7291 0.0613 -0.37777
51 0.7743 0.0530 -0.31529
52 0.8164 0.0446 -0.25196
53 0.8550 0.0363 -0.18742
54 0.8896 0.0284 -0.12130
55 0.9200 0.0210 -0.05316
56 0.9458 0.0145 0.01760
57 0.9667 0.0091 0.09212
58 0.9826 0.0048 0.17280
59 0.9933 0.0019 0.26569
60 0.9987 0.0004 0.38467

AT ALPHA = 2.000

CD = -0.00078 CL = 0.73347 CM = -0.28985

Another angle of attack? (Y/N):

n

STOP

Tuesday, January 21, 1997

D-6 Applied Computational Aerodynamics
D.2 PANELV2 User's Manual
This manual describes the input for program PANELV2, an extended version of program
PANEL from Moran.
This program allows input of arbitrary airfoils for analysis, modification of airfoil shapes using
“bumps,” and output of a file for plotting or other analysis. The program runs interactively. The
input file for arbitrary airfoils is given below. (the disk with the program includes sample files,
identified by ending in “.pan”)
INPUT DESCRIPTION (all numeric input is in 2F10.5 format)
Card Field Variable Description
1 1 Title Up to 80 characters describing the data set/case (A79)

2 1 FNUP number of X,Y pairs describing upper surface

2 FNLOW " " " lower "
3 dummy card (used for descriptor in input data)
4 1 X the upper surface airfoil x/c input station
2 Y the y/c value of the upper surface at this x/c

************ CARD 4 is repeated FNUP times ************

5 dummy card (used for descriptor in input data)

6 1 X the lower surface airfoil x/c input station

2 Y the y/c value of the lower surface at this x/c
************ CARD 6 is repeated FNLOW times ************
Notes:
1. Airfoils are input from leading edge to trailing edge.
2. The leading edge point must be input twice: once for the upper surface and once for the
lower surface descriptions.
OUTPUT FILE FORMAT
Card 1. TITLE
2. Heading for output
3. 4 fields: 4F10.4, this card contains
i) angle of attack, in degrees
ii) lift coefficient
iii) moment coeficient (about the quarter chord)
iv) drag coefficient from surface pressure integration (should be zero)
4. Number of points in
5. Heading for output
6. 4 fields: 4F20.7 Note: this card is repeated for each control point
i) x/c, airfoil ordinate
ii) y/c, airfoil ordinate
iii) Cp, pressure coefficient
iii) Ue/Uinf, the surface velocity at x/c, y/c

Tuesday, January 21, 1997

report typos and errors to W.H. Mason Appendix D: Programs D-7
A sample input file illustrating the format:
GAW1 - THEORETICAL ORDINATES
38. 38.
X Y (UPPER SURFACE)
0.0 0.0
0.00200 0.01300
0.00500 0.02035
0.01250 0.03069
0.02500 0.04165
0.03750 0.04974
0.05000 0.05600
0.07500 0.06561
0.10000 0.07309
0.12500 0.07909
0.15000 0.08413
0.17500 0.08848
0.20000 0.09209
0.25000 0.09778
0.30000 0.10169
0.35000 0.10409
0.40000 0.10500
0.45000 0.10456
0.50000 0.10269
0.55000 0.09917
0.57500 0.09674
0.60000 0.09374
0.62500 0.09013
0.65000 0.08604
0.67500 0.08144
0.70000 0.07639
0.72500 0.07096
0.75000 0.06517
0.77500 0.05913
0.80000 0.05291
0.82500 0.04644
0.85000 0.03983
0.87500 0.03313
0.90000 0.02639
0.92500 0.01965
0.95000 0.01287
0.97500 0.00604
1.00000 -0.00074
LOWER SURFACE
0.0 0.0
0.00200 -0.00974
0.00500 -0.01444
0.01250 -0.02052
0.02500 -0.02691
0.03750 -0.03191
0.05000 -0.03569
0.07500 -0.04209
0.10000 -0.04700
0.12500 -0.05087
0.15000 -0.05426
0.17500 -0.05700
0.20000 -0.05926
0.25000 -0.06265
0.30000 -0.06448
0.35000 -0.06517
0.40000 -0.06483
0.45000 -0.06344
0.50000 -0.06091
0.55000 -0.05683

Tuesday, January 21, 1997

D-8 Applied Computational Aerodynamics
0.57500 -0.05396
0.60000 -0.05061
0.62500 -0.04678
0.65000 -0.04265
0.67500 -0.03830
0.70000 -0.03383
0.72500 -0.02930
0.75000 -0.02461
0.77500 -0.02030
0.80000 -0.01587
0.82500 -0.01191
0.85000 -0.00852
0.87500 -0.00565
0.90000 -0.00352
0.92500 -0.00248
0.95000 -0.00257
0.97500 -0.00396
1.00000 -0.00783

Tuesday, January 21, 1997

report typos and errors to W.H. Mason Appendix D: Programs D-9
A sample output from PANELv2:
PROGRAM PANELv2
Revised version of Moran code
modifications by W.H. Mason

INPUT NLOWER,NUPPER
(nupper and nlower MUST be equal, and nupper + nlower MUST be less than 100)
40,40

for internally generated ordinates, enter 0

to read an external file of ordinates, enter 1
1

Enter name of file to be read: gaw1.pan

Input file name:gaw1.pan

File title:: GAW1 - THEORETICAL ORDINATES

NU = 38 NL = 38

Upper surface ordinates

index X/C Y/C

38 0.000000 0.000000
39 0.002000 0.013000
40 0.005000 0.020350
41 0.012500 0.030690
42 0.025000 0.041650
43 0.037500 0.049740
44 0.050000 0.056000
45 0.075000 0.065610
46 0.100000 0.073090
47 0.125000 0.079090
48 0.150000 0.084130
49 0.175000 0.088480
50 0.200000 0.092090
51 0.250000 0.097780
52 0.300000 0.101690
53 0.350000 0.104090
54 0.400000 0.105000
55 0.450000 0.104560
56 0.500000 0.102690
57 0.550000 0.099170
58 0.575000 0.096740
59 0.600000 0.093740
60 0.625000 0.090130
61 0.650000 0.086040
62 0.675000 0.081440
63 0.700000 0.076390
64 0.725000 0.070960
65 0.750000 0.065170
66 0.775000 0.059130
67 0.800000 0.052910
68 0.825000 0.046440
69 0.850000 0.039830
70 0.875000 0.033130
71 0.900000 0.026390
72 0.925000 0.019650
73 0.950000 0.012870
74 0.975000 0.006040
75 1.000000 -0.000740

Tuesday, January 21, 1997

D-10 Applied Computational Aerodynamics
Lower surface ordinates

index X/C Y/C

38 0.000000 0.000000
37 0.002000 -0.009740
36 0.005000 -0.014440
35 0.012500 -0.020520
34 0.025000 -0.026910
33 0.037500 -0.031910
32 0.050000 -0.035690
31 0.075000 -0.042090
30 0.100000 -0.047000
29 0.125000 -0.050870
28 0.150000 -0.054260
27 0.175000 -0.057000
26 0.200000 -0.059260
25 0.250000 -0.062650
24 0.300000 -0.064480
23 0.350000 -0.065170
22 0.400000 -0.064830
21 0.450000 -0.063440
20 0.500000 -0.060910
19 0.550000 -0.056830
18 0.575000 -0.053960
17 0.600000 -0.050610
16 0.625000 -0.046780
15 0.650000 -0.042650
14 0.675000 -0.038300
13 0.700000 -0.033830
12 0.725000 -0.029300
11 0.750000 -0.024610
10 0.775000 -0.020300
9 0.800000 -0.015870
8 0.825000 -0.011910
7 0.850000 -0.008520
6 0.875000 -0.005650
5 0.900000 -0.003520
4 0.925000 -0.002480
3 0.950000 -0.002570
2 0.975000 -0.003960
1 1.000000 -0.007830

internally generated estimate of leading edge point

X(IN)= 0.00200 Y(IN)= -0.00974 IN= 37

XC= 0.02136 YC= -0.00069
leading edge radious, RN = 0.02137

Airfoil shape after interpolation in slopy2

I X Y dY/dX

1 1.00000 -0.00783 -0.20440

2 0.99846 -0.00752 -0.19879
3 0.99384 -0.00664 -0.18137
4 0.98618 -0.00537 -0.15044
5 0.97553 -0.00401 -0.10315
6 0.96194 -0.00300 -0.05058
7 0.94550 -0.00248 -0.01697
8 0.92632 -0.00246 0.01577
9 0.90451 -0.00325 0.05653
10 0.88020 -0.00513 0.09610
11 0.85355 -0.00808 0.12293
12 0.82472 -0.01195 0.14645

Tuesday, January 21, 1997

report typos and errors to W.H. Mason Appendix D: Programs D-11
13 0.79389 -0.01694 0.17692
14 0.76125 -0.02265 0.17042
15 0.72700 -0.02893 0.18827
16 0.69134 -0.03538 0.17927
17 0.65451 -0.04188 0.17160
18 0.61672 -0.04809 0.15625
19 0.57822 -0.05356 0.12693
20 0.53923 -0.05789 0.09288
21 0.50000 -0.06091 0.06366
22 0.46077 -0.06300 0.04346
23 0.42178 -0.06436 0.02638
24 0.38328 -0.06506 0.01022
25 0.34549 -0.06515 -0.00540
26 0.30866 -0.06467 -0.02049
27 0.27300 -0.06366 -0.03711
28 0.23875 -0.06203 -0.05922
29 0.20611 -0.05976 -0.07942
30 0.17528 -0.05703 -0.09830
31 0.14645 -0.05381 -0.12751
32 0.11980 -0.05011 -0.14721
33 0.09549 -0.04621 -0.17860
34 0.07368 -0.04179 -0.23093
35 0.05450 -0.03693 -0.27172
36 0.03806 -0.03210 -0.34047
37 0.02447 -0.02667 -0.44665
38 0.01382 -0.02131 -0.58795
39 0.00616 -0.01569 -0.99951
40 0.00154 -0.00864 -2.62162
41 0.00000 0.00000 -51.15408
42 0.00154 0.01144 51.67010
43 0.00616 0.02240 3.61813
44 0.01382 0.03207 1.65629
45 0.02447 0.04126 1.02313
46 0.03806 0.05005 0.74407
47 0.05450 0.05796 0.55767
48 0.07368 0.06517 0.42184
49 0.09549 0.07186 0.33808
50 0.11980 0.07794 0.27773
51 0.14645 0.08346 0.22582
52 0.17528 0.08852 0.19111
53 0.20611 0.09289 0.15839
54 0.23875 0.09666 0.12792
55 0.27300 0.09978 0.10354
56 0.30866 0.10221 0.07915
57 0.34549 0.10394 0.05769
58 0.38328 0.10485 0.03569
59 0.42178 0.10497 0.01334
60 0.46077 0.10429 -0.00698
61 0.50000 0.10269 -0.02859
62 0.53923 0.10007 -0.05335
63 0.57822 0.09639 -0.08013
64 0.61672 0.09138 -0.11084
65 0.65451 0.08525 -0.14833
66 0.69134 0.07818 -0.17759
67 0.72700 0.07051 -0.20459
68 0.76125 0.06248 -0.22600
69 0.79389 0.05445 -0.24141
70 0.82472 0.04651 -0.25101
71 0.85355 0.03888 -0.26228
72 0.88020 0.03173 -0.26695
73 0.90451 0.02517 -0.26948
74 0.92632 0.01929 -0.26948
75 0.94550 0.01409 -0.27014
76 0.96194 0.00961 -0.27205

Tuesday, January 21, 1997

D-12 Applied Computational Aerodynamics
77 0.97553 0.00590 -0.27349
78 0.98618 0.00300 -0.27251
79 0.99384 0.00092 -0.27123
80 0.99846 -0.00032 -0.27057
81 1.00000 -0.00074 -0.27028

do you want to modify this airfoil? (Y/N):

y

do you want to add a bump to this airfoil? (Y/N):

y

upper (1) or lower(0) surface?

1

input begining, middle and end of bump

.05,.5,.9

input size of bump:

+ adds to thickness
- subtracts from thickness
.03

Airfoil modification

I X/C Y/C baseline delta Y/C Y/C

41 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
42 0.00154 0.01144 0.00000 0.01144
43 0.00616 0.02240 0.00000 0.02240
44 0.01382 0.03207 0.00000 0.03207
45 0.02447 0.04126 0.00000 0.04126
46 0.03806 0.05005 0.00000 0.05005
47 0.05450 0.05796 0.00000 0.05796
48 0.07368 0.06517 0.00003 0.06520
49 0.09549 0.07186 0.00021 0.07208
50 0.11980 0.07794 0.00070 0.07864
51 0.14645 0.08346 0.00168 0.08514
52 0.17528 0.08852 0.00330 0.09183
53 0.20611 0.09289 0.00566 0.09854
54 0.23875 0.09666 0.00874 0.10540
55 0.27300 0.09978 0.01243 0.11221
56 0.30866 0.10221 0.01649 0.11870
57 0.34549 0.10394 0.02059 0.12453
58 0.38328 0.10485 0.02434 0.12920
59 0.42178 0.10497 0.02736 0.13234
60 0.46077 0.10429 0.02932 0.13361
61 0.50000 0.10269 0.03000 0.13269
62 0.53923 0.10007 0.02914 0.12922
63 0.57822 0.09639 0.02669 0.12308
64 0.61672 0.09138 0.02297 0.11435
65 0.65451 0.08525 0.01848 0.10372
66 0.69134 0.07818 0.01376 0.09194
67 0.72700 0.07051 0.00935 0.07986
68 0.76125 0.06248 0.00566 0.06813
69 0.79389 0.05445 0.00292 0.05737
70 0.82472 0.04651 0.00119 0.04770
71 0.85355 0.03888 0.00031 0.03920
72 0.88020 0.03173 0.00003 0.03176
73 0.90451 0.02517 0.00000 0.02517
74 0.92632 0.01929 0.00000 0.01929
75 0.94550 0.01409 0.00000 0.01409
76 0.96194 0.00961 0.00000 0.00961
77 0.97553 0.00590 0.00000 0.00590

Tuesday, January 21, 1997

report typos and errors to W.H. Mason Appendix D: Programs D-13
78 0.98618 0.00300 0.00000 0.00300
79 0.99384 0.00092 0.00000 0.00092
80 0.99846 -0.00032 0.00000 -0.00032

do you want to deflect the trailing edge? (Y/N):

y

What is the x/c of the start of the deflection?

.8

what is the deflection, in degrees?

15.

Lower Surface deflected

i x(i) y-old delta y y-new

1 1.00000 -0.00783 0.05359 -0.06142
2 0.99846 -0.00752 0.05318 -0.06070
3 0.99384 -0.00664 0.05194 -0.05858
4 0.98618 -0.00537 0.04989 -0.05526
5 0.97553 -0.00401 0.04703 -0.05105
6 0.96194 -0.00300 0.04339 -0.04639
7 0.94550 -0.00248 0.03899 -0.04147
8 0.92632 -0.00246 0.03385 -0.03630
9 0.90451 -0.00325 0.02800 -0.03125
10 0.88020 -0.00513 0.02149 -0.02662
11 0.85355 -0.00808 0.01435 -0.02243
12 0.82472 -0.01195 0.00662 -0.01858

Upper Surface deflected

i x(i) y-old delta y y-new

70 0.82472 0.04770 0.00662 0.04108
71 0.85355 0.03920 0.01435 0.02485
72 0.88020 0.03176 0.02149 0.01027
73 0.90451 0.02517 0.02800 -0.00283
74 0.92632 0.01929 0.03385 -0.01455
75 0.94550 0.01409 0.03899 -0.02489
76 0.96194 0.00961 0.04339 -0.03378
77 0.97553 0.00590 0.04703 -0.04114
78 0.98618 0.00300 0.04989 -0.04689
79 0.99384 0.00092 0.05194 -0.05102
80 0.99846 -0.00032 0.05318 -0.05350
81 1.00000 -0.00074 0.05359 -0.05433

setting up coefficient matrix - takes some time

Computing LU decomposition - may take awhile

input alpha in degrees

2.

Pressure and Velocity distributions

I X Y CP U/Ue
1 0.9992 -0.0611 0.41670 -0.7637
2 0.9962 -0.0596 0.51302 -0.6978
3 0.9900 -0.0569 0.60839 -0.6258
4 0.9809 -0.0532 0.63092 -0.6075
5 0.9687 -0.0487 0.60386 -0.6294
6 0.9537 -0.0439 0.57453 -0.6523
7 0.9359 -0.0389 0.57245 -0.6539
8 0.9154 -0.0338 0.57498 -0.6519

Tuesday, January 21, 1997

D-14 Applied Computational Aerodynamics
9 0.8924 -0.0289 0.57777 -0.6498
10 0.8669 -0.0245 0.59221 -0.6386
11 0.8391 -0.0205 0.63641 -0.6030
12 0.8093 -0.0178 0.67164 -0.5730
13 0.7776 -0.0198 0.58930 -0.6409
14 0.7441 -0.0258 0.53214 -0.6840
15 0.7092 -0.0322 0.47252 -0.7263
16 0.6729 -0.0386 0.41531 -0.7646
17 0.6356 -0.0450 0.35948 -0.8003
18 0.5975 -0.0508 0.30927 -0.8311
19 0.5587 -0.0557 0.27221 -0.8531
20 0.5196 -0.0594 0.25583 -0.8627
21 0.4804 -0.0620 0.25355 -0.8640
22 0.4413 -0.0637 0.25645 -0.8623
23 0.4025 -0.0647 0.26273 -0.8586
24 0.3644 -0.0651 0.27258 -0.8529
25 0.3271 -0.0649 0.28574 -0.8451
26 0.2908 -0.0642 0.30098 -0.8361
27 0.2559 -0.0628 0.32177 -0.8235
28 0.2224 -0.0609 0.35146 -0.8053
29 0.1907 -0.0584 0.38532 -0.7840
30 0.1609 -0.0554 0.42540 -0.7580
31 0.1331 -0.0520 0.47686 -0.7233
32 0.1076 -0.0482 0.52766 -0.6873
33 0.0846 -0.0440 0.59616 -0.6355
34 0.0641 -0.0394 0.68317 -0.5629
35 0.0463 -0.0345 0.76489 -0.4849
36 0.0313 -0.0294 0.87733 -0.3502
37 0.0191 -0.0240 0.96586 -0.1848
38 0.0100 -0.0185 0.99394 0.0779
39 0.0038 -0.0122 0.71924 0.5299
40 0.0008 -0.0043 0.00089 0.9996
41 0.0008 0.0057 -0.84325 1.3577
42 0.0038 0.0169 -1.79413 1.6716
43 0.0100 0.0272 -2.45163 1.8579
44 0.0191 0.0367 -2.56550 1.8883
45 0.0313 0.0457 -2.52528 1.8776
46 0.0463 0.0540 -2.36679 1.8349
47 0.0641 0.0616 -2.11734 1.7656
48 0.0846 0.0686 -1.89645 1.7019
49 0.1076 0.0754 -1.71369 1.6473
50 0.1331 0.0819 -1.57093 1.6034
51 0.1609 0.0885 -1.49116 1.5783
52 0.1907 0.0952 -1.45244 1.5660
53 0.2224 0.1020 -1.45256 1.5661
54 0.2559 0.1088 -1.49447 1.5794
55 0.2908 0.1155 -1.56755 1.6024
56 0.3271 0.1216 -1.66552 1.6326
57 0.3644 0.1269 -1.77142 1.6648
58 0.4025 0.1308 -1.86810 1.6935
59 0.4413 0.1330 -1.94601 1.7164
60 0.4804 0.1331 -1.99347 1.7302
61 0.5196 0.1310 -1.98282 1.7271
62 0.5587 0.1261 -1.89361 1.7011
63 0.5975 0.1187 -1.71802 1.6486
64 0.6356 0.1090 -1.49638 1.5800
65 0.6729 0.0978 -1.27652 1.5088
66 0.7092 0.0859 -1.09776 1.4484
67 0.7441 0.0740 -0.99374 1.4120
68 0.7776 0.0628 -1.12848 1.4589
69 0.8093 0.0492 -0.82110 1.3495
70 0.8391 0.0330 -0.48770 1.2197
71 0.8669 0.0176 -0.31486 1.1467
72 0.8924 0.0037 -0.20068 1.0958

Tuesday, January 21, 1997

report typos and errors to W.H. Mason Appendix D: Programs D-15
73 0.9154 -0.0087 -0.11007 1.0536
74 0.9359 -0.0197 -0.04075 1.0202
75 0.9537 -0.0293 0.01110 0.9944
76 0.9687 -0.0375 0.03867 0.9805
77 0.9809 -0.0440 0.04913 0.9751
78 0.9900 -0.0490 0.09990 0.9487
79 0.9962 -0.0523 0.23071 0.8771
80 0.9992 -0.0539 0.41671 0.7637
I X Y CP U/Ue

AT ALPHA = 2.000

CL = 1.82147 CM(l.e.) = -0.76764 Cm(c/4) = -0.31257

CD = -0.00344 (theoretically zero)

send output to a file? (Y/N):

y

enter file name: gaw1.out

enter file title: GAW 1 airfoil with upper surface mod and trailing edge deflected

Another angle of attack? (Y/N):

n

STOP

The output disk file generated from the above is given here (for a 44,44 panel case):
GAW 1 airfoil with upper surface mod and trailing edge deflected
Alpha CL cmc4 CD
2.0000 1.8253 -0.3139 -0.0034
90.0000000
X/C Y/C Cp U/UE
1.0000000 -0.0614198 0.4218349 -0.7603717
0.9987261 -0.0608210 0.4894220 -0.7145474
0.9949107 -0.0590636 0.5828183 -0.6458961
0.9885734 -0.0562688 0.6198552 -0.6165588
0.9797465 -0.0526529 0.6121694 -0.6227604
0.9684749 -0.0485395 0.5824285 -0.6461977
0.9548160 -0.0441873 0.5709316 -0.6550332
0.9388395 -0.0396023 0.5742147 -0.6525223
0.9206268 -0.0348995 0.5779232 -0.6496744
0.9002706 -0.0303699 0.5814999 -0.6469159
0.8778748 -0.0262270 0.5949170 -0.6364613
0.8535534 -0.0224278 0.6267794 -0.6109178
0.8274304 -0.0189073 0.7059953 -0.5422220
0.7996389 -0.0159320 0.6026480 -0.6303586
0.7703204 -0.0211078 0.5561817 -0.6661969
0.7396245 -0.0265297 0.4989320 -0.7078615
0.7077075 -0.0324513 0.4452444 -0.7448192
0.6747321 -0.0383475 0.3940417 -0.7784333
0.6408663 -0.0441870 0.3435679 -0.8102050
0.6062826 -0.0496877 0.2998845 -0.8367290
0.5711573 -0.0544341 0.2689947 -0.8549885
0.5356696 -0.0582109 0.2556977 -0.8627295
0.5000000 -0.0609100 0.2539230 -0.8637575
0.4643304 -0.0628407 0.2562625 -0.8624022
0.4288425 -0.0641589 0.2613289 -0.8594598
0.3937173 -0.0649298 0.2692938 -0.8548135
0.3591337 -0.0651852 0.2802141 -0.8484020
0.3252679 -0.0649567 0.2932411 -0.8406895
0.2922925 -0.0642823 0.3083775 -0.8316385
0.2603754 -0.0631488 0.3301547 -0.8184408

Tuesday, January 21, 1997

D-16 Applied Computational Aerodynamics
0.2296796 -0.0614624 0.3589480 -0.8006572
0.2003612 -0.0592899 0.3902262 -0.7808802
0.1725696 -0.0567585 0.4273256 -0.7567526
0.1464466 -0.0538145 0.4750733 -0.7245182
0.1221252 -0.0504530 0.5206525 -0.6923493
0.0997294 -0.0469538 0.5783747 -0.6493268
0.0793732 -0.0430568 0.6562179 -0.5863293
0.0611605 -0.0387003 0.7307052 -0.5189362
0.0451840 -0.0343281 0.8209081 -0.4231924
0.0315251 -0.0296737 0.9181719 -0.2860562
0.0202535 -0.0247229 0.9870794 -0.1136685
0.0114266 -0.0198401 0.9721012 0.1670296
0.0050893 -0.0145438 0.6358421 0.6034549
0.0012739 -0.0078949 -0.0395444 1.0195805
0.0000000 0.0000000 -0.8027386 1.3426610
0.0012739 0.0104299 -1.6840084 1.6382943
0.0050893 0.0205191 -2.3751559 1.8371598
0.0114266 0.0295006 -2.5661790 1.8884330
0.0202535 0.0379599 -2.5584900 1.8863961
0.0315251 0.0461391 -2.4712462 1.8631281
0.0451840 0.0537536 -2.2740183 1.8094249
0.0611605 0.0606522 -2.0435944 1.7445900
0.0793732 0.0671033 -1.8532349 1.6891521
0.0997294 0.0732909 -1.6915706 1.6406007
0.1221252 0.0792271 -1.5635967 1.6011236
0.1464466 0.0851389 -1.4915837 1.5784751
0.1725696 0.0912161 -1.4534186 1.5663393
0.2003612 0.0973116 -1.4457374 1.5638853
0.2296796 0.1035252 -1.4751878 1.5732729
0.2603755 0.1097611 -1.5325123 1.5913869
0.2922925 0.1158108 -1.6132200 1.6165457
0.3252679 0.1214624 -1.7096776 1.6461098
0.3591337 0.1263813 -1.8051412 1.6748556
0.3937174 0.1302163 -1.8901043 1.7000307
0.4288426 0.1327159 -1.9578166 1.7198304
0.4643304 0.1336181 -1.9988899 1.7317303
0.5000000 0.1326900 -1.9909948 1.7294493
0.5356696 0.1296440 -1.9168615 1.7078822
0.5711575 0.1243886 -1.7714504 1.6647674
0.6062827 0.1169697 -1.5728503 1.6040107
0.6408663 0.1077561 -1.3658797 1.5381416
0.6747321 0.0973867 -1.1803569 1.4766032
0.7077075 0.0864435 -1.0399497 1.4282681
0.7396246 0.0755168 -0.9781721 1.4064751
0.7703204 0.0650848 -1.1870403 1.4788646
0.7996388 0.0555373 -0.7750797 1.3323212
0.8274304 0.0395294 -0.4784321 1.2159079
0.8535534 0.0248468 -0.3243269 1.1507940
0.8778748 0.0115267 -0.2185851 1.1038954
0.9002706 -0.0005504 -0.1328125 1.0643367
0.9206268 -0.0114915 -0.0640643 1.0315349
0.9388395 -0.0212971 -0.0094062 1.0046921
0.9548160 -0.0299273 0.0304447 0.9846600
0.9684749 -0.0373215 0.0494097 0.9749822
0.9797465 -0.0434152 0.0697593 0.9644899
0.9885734 -0.0481765 0.1362851 0.9293627
0.9949107 -0.0515903 0.2603474 0.8600306
0.9987261 -0.0536442 0.4218340 0.7603723

Tuesday, January 21, 1997

report typos and errors to W.H. Mason Appendix D: Programs D-17
D.3 Program LIDRAG
This program computes the span e for a single planar lifting surface given the spanload. It uses
the spanload to determine the “e” using a Fast Fourier Transform. Numerous other methods
could be used. For reference, note that the “e” for an elliptic spanload is 1.0, and the “e” for a tri-
angular spanload is .72. The code is in the file LIDRAG.F. The sample input is also on the disk
and is called B2LDG.INP. The program prompts the user for the name of the input file.
The program was written by Dave Ives, and entered the public domain through the code
contained in AFFDL-TR-77-122, “An Automated Procedure for Computing the Three
Dimensional Transonic Flow over Wing-Body Combinations, Including Viscous Effects,” Feb.
1978.
The input is the spanload obtained from any method. The output is the Trefftz plane induced
drag e and the integral of the spanload, which produces the CL. This is the “span” e. You should
include a point at η = 0 and at η = 1 you should include a point with zero spanload. See the sam-
ple input for an example.

The input instruction:

Card Field Columns Variable Description

1 1 1-10 FSPN Number of spanwise stations of input

2 1 1-10 ETA The spanwise location of input, y/(b/2).
2 1 1-20 CCLCA The spanload, ccl/ca (the local chord times
the local lift coefficient divided by the
average chord)
Note: card 2 is repeated FSPN times

Sample input: (from the output of the VLMpc sample case for the B-2, and in the file
B2LDG.INP on the disk))

20.
0.0 0.58435
0.01805 0.58435
0.06388 0.57919
0.11943 0.56800
0.17664 0.55739
0.23385 0.54709
0.30271 0.52459
0.37158 0.48623
0.42713 0.44590
0.48269 0.40097
0.53925 0.36490
0.59581 0.34718
0.65137 0.33280
0.70693 0.31865
0.76248 0.30225
0.81804 0.27971
0.86735 0.24229
0.91667 0.18494
0.97222 0.09480
1.000 0.000

Tuesday, January 21, 1997

D-18 Applied Computational Aerodynamics

Sample output:

Program LIDRAG

enter name of input data file

b2ldg.inp

LIDRAG - LIFT INDUCED DRAG ANALYSIS

INPUT SPANLOAD

N Y/(B/2) CCLCA
1 0.00000 0.58435
2 0.01805 0.58435
3 0.06388 0.57919
4 0.11943 0.56800
5 0.17664 0.55739
6 0.23385 0.54709
7 0.30271 0.52459
8 0.37158 0.48623
9 0.42713 0.44590
10 0.48269 0.40097
11 0.53925 0.36490
12 0.59581 0.34718
13 0.65137 0.33280
14 0.70693 0.31865
15 0.76248 0.30225
16 0.81804 0.27971
17 0.86735 0.24229
18 0.91667 0.18494
19 0.97222 0.09480
20 1.00000 0.00000

Span e = 0.94708 CL = 0.399

STOP

Tuesday, January 21, 1997

report typos and errors to W.H. Mason Appendix D: Programs D-19
D.4 LAMDES User’s Manual

This is the Lamar design program, LamDes2.f. It can be used as a non-planar LIDRAG to get
span e for multiple lifting surface cases when user supplies spanload. It has also been called the
Lamar/Mason optimization code. It finds the spanload to minimize the sum of the induced and
pressure drag, including canards or winglets. It also provides the associated camber distribution
for subsonic flow. Since two surfaces are included, it can find the minimum trimmed drag while
satisfying a pitching moment constraint.
The program will prompt you for the input file name. A sample input file called lamdes.inp is on
the disk, and the output obtained from this case is included here.
References:
J.E. Lamar, “A Vortex Latice Method for the Mean Camber Shapes of Trimmed Non-Coplanar
Planforms with Minimum Vortex Drag,” NASA TN D-8090, June, 1976.

W.H. Mason, “Wing-Canard Aerodynamics at Transonic Speeds - Fundamental Considerations

on Minimum Drag Spanloads,” AIAA Paper No. 82-0097, January 1982.

Input Instructions:

The program assumes the load distribution is constant chordwise until a designated chordwise lo-
cation (XCFW on the first surface and XCFT on the second surface). The loading then decreases
linearly to the trailing edge. This corresponds to a 6 & 6A series camber distribution (the value
for the 6A series is usually 0.8). If airfoil polars are used to model the effects of viscosity, the po-
lars are input in a streamwise coordinate system. The user is responsible for adjusting them from
2D to 3D.
This program uses an input file that is very similar to, but not the same as, the VLMpcv2 code. It
is based on the same geometry and coordinate system ideas. Section D.6 should be consulted for
a discussion of the geometry system.

Card # Format Field Name Remarks

1 Literal DATA Title card for the data set

2 8F10.6 1 PLAN Number of lifting surfaces for the

configuration; use 1 or 2.
2 XMREF c.g. shift from origin of input planform
coordinate system (the program originally
trimmed the configuration about the input
planform origin).
+ is a c.g. shift forward
- is a c.g. shift aft
3 CREF reference chord of the configuration,
used only to nondimensionalize the
pitching moment coefficients.
4 SREF reference area of the configuration

Tuesday, January 21, 1997

D-20 Applied Computational Aerodynamics
5 TDKLUE minimization clue
= 0 - minimize induced drag only
= 1 - minimize induced plus pressure drag
6 CASE options for the drag polar
= 0, model polar, same a, CLmin, CD0
for each surface(see note 3 below).
= 1, model polar, each surface has its
own a, CLmin, CD0
= 2, one general polar for entire config.
= 3, one general polar for each surface
7 SPNKLU spanload clue
= 0 spanload is internally computed using
the minimization
= 1, no minimization is done, spanload is
read in, and e and pressure drag are
computed.
Geometric/Planform Data - see the VLMpc section (D.6) for more details

Card # Format Field Name Remarks

1-P 8F10.6 1 AAN(IT) # of straight lines defining this surface

2 XS(IT) = 0. (not used in this code)
3 YS(IT) = 0. (not used in this code)
4 RTCDHT(IT) root chord height ( - is “higher”)
5 PDRG1(IT) CLmin
6 PDRG2(IT) “a”
7 PDRG3(IT) CD0

2-P 8F10.6 1 XREG X point of line segment

(positive is forward)
2 YREG Y point of line segment
(positive is forward)
3 DIH dihedral angle of line
4 AMCD sweep wing move code, set = 1 for this
program
Note: 1. Card 2-P is read in AAN + 1 times. Surface description starts at forward
centerline and works outboard and around, returning to the aft centerline
of the surface.
2. Cards 1-P and 2-P are read in as a set for each lifting surface
(see VLM4997 for clarification)

3. The model polar is given by: Cd = a (Cl - Clmin)2 + CD0

Tuesday, January 21, 1997

report typos and errors to W.H. Mason Appendix D: Programs D-21
Control Data (corresponding to “Group Two” data in Lamar’s nomenclature)

Card # Format Field Name Remarks

1-C 6F5.3,2F10.6 1 CONFIG arbitrary configuration number or ID
(may include up to four digits)

2 SCW Number of chordwise horseshoe vortices

to be used to represent the wing;
a maximum of 20 may be used,
do not set to zero.
3 VIC nominal number of spanwise rows at
which chordwise horseshoe may be
located; a maximum of 50 may be used.
The product of SCW and SSW cannot
exceed 400 (see VLM4997 chapter for
details of vortex layout).
4 XMCH Mach number, used to apply Prandtl-
Glauert comressibility correction factor.
5 CLDES design lift coefficient for lifting system
6 XITMAX Maximum number of iterations allowed in
finding the solution for minimum +
pressure drag with arbitrary polars input.
Must be less than 50. 20 is sufficient for
most cases.
7 EPSMAX The convergence criteria for the general
polar case.A value of .0005 appears to be
reasonable.
2-C 6F10.4 1 XCFW The chord fraction “a” at which the chord
load shape changes from rooftop to a
linear decrease to zero at the trailing edge
on the first planform. See the introduction
to this section for more discussion.
2 XCFT Same as XCFW, except applies to the
second planform.
3 FKON Clue for constraints
= 0 body moment constraint
= 1 no constraints
= 2 root bending moment constraint
= 3 both moment anf root bending
moment constraints.
4 CMB The design wing CM when FKON = 0
5 FICAM Camber computation clue.
= 0, no cambers computed
= 1, wing cambers computed

Tuesday, January 21, 1997

D-22 Applied Computational Aerodynamics

6 PUNCH clue to punch cambers out

= 0 - no punch file created
= 1 - cards output (unit 7)
7 CRBMT Design root bending moment
for FKON = 2.
3-C 8F10.6 1 RELAX The under-relaxation factor for the
general polar solution. RELAX = .03 to .3
is satisfactory for most applications.
2 FIOUTW Output clue.
= 0 - full iteration history is output
= 1 - only final results are output
3 CD0 Basic drag coefficient that will be added to
the drag computed by summing the
induced drag and the profile drag
contained in the input polars.
Arbitrary Polar Input (the following cards are read only if CASE ≥ 2.)
Card # Format Field Name Remarks
1-D Literal TITLE The identifying title for the input drag
polar for this surface.
2-D 8F10.5 1 FNCLCD The number of CL,CD pairs used to
define the input polar.
3-D 8F10.5 1 FQCL The value of streamwise lift coefficient
for this pooint on the drag polar.
2 FQCD The value of streamwise drag coefficient
for the given lift coefficient.

Note: 1. Card 3-D is read FNCLCD times

2. Cards 1-D, 2-D and 3-D are read for each planform if CASE = 3.
Spanload Input (the following cards are read only if SPNKLU = 1)
Card # Format Field Name Remarks
1-S Literal TITLE This is the title card for the input
spanloads.
2-S 7F10.5 1 FSPNPT Number of points on the spanload to
be read in for this planform.
3-S 7F10.5 1 YSPNPT Span location in physical coordinates at
which ccl/ca is input (y is positive here!)
2 CLSPNP The spanload at YSPNPT

Note: 1. Card 3-S is read FSPNPT times

2. Cards 2-S and 3-S are read for each planform as a set.

Tuesday, January 21, 1997

report typos and errors to W.H. Mason Appendix D: Programs D-23
Sample Input: (note: it is important to put data in proper columns!)
Lamar program sample input - revised forward swept wing
2.000 -8.000 89.50 26640. 1.0 3.0 0.0
5.000 0.0 0.0 -8.8 0.0 0.0
68.95 0.0 0.0 1.0
68.95 -34.0
49.61 -65.30 0.0 1.0
25.64 -65.30 0.0 1.0
22.25 -34.00
22.25 0.00
5.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
-25.90 0.0 0.0 1.0
-25.90 -34.0
38.10 -164.0 0.0 1.0
-2.40 -164.0 0.0 1.0
-147.90 -20.0
-147.90 0.0
1.0 10.0 20. 0.9 0.90 40.0 0.0006
0.0 0.65 0.0 -0.10 1.0
0.030 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
drag polar on canard (conv. sec)
18.0
0.00 0.0000
0.10 0.0000
0.25 0.0002
0.30 0.00078
0.40 0.00175
0.50 0.00315
0.55 0.0040
0.60 0.00535
0.65 0.00685
0.70 0.00880
0.75 0.01125
0.80 0.01485
0.85 0.01975
0.88 0.02400
0.915 0.03600
1.00 0.0880
1.20 0.2680
1.80 0.9880
drag polar
22.0
0.000 0.0003
0.200 0.0003
0.300 0.0005
0.400 0.0008
0.500 0.00125
0.600 0.00178
0.700 0.00244
0.800 0.00324
0.900 0.00442
0.950 0.00528
0.970 0.00570
0.990 0.00621
1.000 0.00650
1.020 0.00730
1.040 0.00820
1.060 0.00930
1.080 0.01090
1.100 0.01280
1.125 0.02400
1.130 0.03600
1.200 0.20400
2.000 2.12400

Tuesday, January 21, 1997

D-24 Applied Computational Aerodynamics
Sample Output:
enter name of input file: lamdes.inp

Lamar Design Code mods by W.H. Mason

Lamar program sample input - revised forward swept wing

plan = 2.0 xmref = -8.0000 cref = 89.5000

tdklue = 1.0 case = 3.0 spnklu = 0.0
sref = 26640.0000

1st REFERENCE PLANFORM HAS 5 CURVES

ROOT CHORD HEIGHT = -8.8000

POINT X Y SWEEP DIHEDRAL

REF REF ANGLE ANGLE
1 76.9500 0.0000 0.00000 0.00000
2 76.9500 -34.0000 31.71155 0.00000
3 57.6100 -65.3000 90.00000 0.00000
4 33.6400 -65.3000 -6.18142 0.00000
5 30.2500 -34.0000 0.00000 0.00000
6 30.2500 0.0000

2nd REFERENCE PLANFORM HAS 5 CURVES

ROOT CHORD HEIGHT = 0.0000

POINT X Y SWEEP DIHEDRAL

REF REF ANGLE ANGLE
1 -17.9000 0.0000 0.00000 0.00000
2 -17.9000 -34.0000 -26.21138 0.00000
3 46.1000-164.0000 90.00000 0.00000
4 5.6000-164.0000 -45.29687 0.00000
5-139.9000 -20.0000 0.00000 0.00000
6-139.9000 0.0000

scw = 10.0 vic = 20.0

xitmax = 40.0 epsmax = 0.00060

CONFIGURATION NO. 1.
delta ord shift for moment = -8.0000

CURVE 1 IS SWEPT 0.0000 DEGREES ON PLANFORM 1

CURVE 1 IS SWEPT 0.0000 DEGREES ON PLANFORM 2

BREAK POINTS FOR THIS CONFIGURATION

POINT X Y Z SWEEP DIHEDRAL

ANGLE ANGLE
1 76.9500 0.0000 -8.8000 0.0000 0.0000
2 76.9500 -20.0000 -8.8000 0.0000 0.0000
3 76.9500 -34.0000 -8.8000 31.7116 0.0000
4 57.6100 -65.3000 -8.8000 90.0000 0.0000
5 33.6400 -65.3000 -8.8000 -6.1814 0.0000
6 30.2500 -34.0000 -8.8000 0.0000 0.0000
7 30.2500 0.0000 -8.8000
SECOND PLANFORM BREAK POINTS
1 -17.9000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
2 -17.9000 -34.0000 0.0000 -26.2114 0.0000
3 -2.4908 -65.3000 0.0000 -26.2114 0.0000
4 46.1000-164.0000 0.0000 90.0000 0.0000
5 5.6000-164.0000 0.0000 -45.2969 0.0000
6-139.9000 -20.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
7-139.9000 0.0000 0.0000

Tuesday, January 21, 1997

report typos and errors to W.H. Mason Appendix D: Programs D-25
280 HORSESHOE VORTICES USED
PLANFORM TOTAL SPANWISE
1 80 8
2 200 20

10. HORSESHOE VORTICES IN EACH CHORDWISE ROW

xcfw = 0.00 xcft = 0.65 fkon = 0.00

ficam = 1.00 punch = 0.00 crbmnt = 0.000
cmb = -.10 iflag = 1

relax = 0.03 fioutw = 1.00 cd0 = 0.0000

firbm = 0.00 yrbm = 0.0000 zrbm = 0.0000

drag polar on canard (conv. sec)

there are 1.0 polars on this surface

18.0 points this polar planform 1

qcl qcd
0.0000 0.0000
0.1000 0.0000
0.2500 0.0002
0.3000 0.0008
0.4000 0.0018
0.5000 0.0032
0.5500 0.0040
0.6000 0.0054
0.6500 0.0069
0.7000 0.0088
0.7500 0.0113
0.8000 0.0148
0.8500 0.0198
0.8800 0.0240
0.9150 0.0360
1.0000 0.0880
1.2000 0.2680
1.8000 0.9880

drag polar

there are 1.0 polars on this surface

22.0 points this polar planform 2

qcl qcd
0.0000 0.0003
0.2000 0.0003
0.3000 0.0005
0.4000 0.0008
0.5000 0.0012
0.6000 0.0018
0.7000 0.0024
0.8000 0.0032
0.9000 0.0044
0.9500 0.0053
0.9700 0.0057
0.9900 0.0062
1.0000 0.0065
1.0200 0.0073
1.0400 0.0082

Tuesday, January 21, 1997

D-26 Applied Computational Aerodynamics
1.0600 0.0093
1.0800 0.0109
1.1000 0.0128
1.1250 0.0240
1.1300 0.0360
1.2000 0.2040
2.0000 2.1240

LM = 70 IL = 71 JM = 72 IM = 73 TSPAN =-164.000 TSPANA = -65.300

BOTL = 164.000 BOL = 65.300 SNN = 1.6400 DELTYB = 3.2800
NMA(KBOT) = 50 KBOT = 2 NMA(KBIT) = 20 KBIT = 1

induced drag cd = 0.06815 pressure drag cdpt = 0.01665

induced drag cd = 0.06818 pressure drag cdpt = 0.01441

induced drag cd = 0.06827 pressure drag cdpt = 0.01255

induced drag cd = 0.06839 pressure drag cdpt = 0.01139

induced drag cd = 0.06850 pressure drag cdpt = 0.01053

induced drag cd = 0.06863 pressure drag cdpt = 0.00976

induced drag cd = 0.06876 pressure drag cdpt = 0.00915

induced drag cd = 0.06885 pressure drag cdpt = 0.00886

induced drag cd = 0.06893 pressure drag cdpt = 0.00868

induced drag cd = 0.06898 pressure drag cdpt = 0.00856

induced drag cd = 0.06902 pressure drag cdpt = 0.00847

induced drag cd = 0.06905 pressure drag cdpt = 0.00841

induced drag cd = 0.06907 pressure drag cdpt = 0.00836

induced drag cd = 0.06909 pressure drag cdpt = 0.00832

induced drag cd = 0.06911 pressure drag cdpt = 0.00829

induced drag cd = 0.06913 pressure drag cdpt = 0.00826

induced drag cd = 0.06915 pressure drag cdpt = 0.00823

induced drag cd = 0.06916 pressure drag cdpt = 0.00821

induced drag cd = 0.06917 pressure drag cdpt = 0.00819

induced drag cd = 0.06918 pressure drag cdpt = 0.00817

induced drag cd = 0.06919 pressure drag cdpt = 0.00816

induced drag cd = 0.06920 pressure drag cdpt = 0.00815

induced drag cd = 0.06921 pressure drag cdpt = 0.00814

induced drag cd = 0.06921 pressure drag cdpt = 0.00813

induced drag cd = 0.06922 pressure drag cdpt = 0.00812

induced drag cd = 0.06923 pressure drag cdpt = 0.00811

Tuesday, January 21, 1997

report typos and errors to W.H. Mason Appendix D: Programs D-27
induced drag cd = 0.06923 pressure drag cdpt = 0.00810

induced drag cd = 0.06924 pressure drag cdpt = 0.00810

induced drag cd = 0.06924 pressure drag cdpt = 0.00809

induced drag cd = 0.06924 pressure drag cdpt = 0.00809

induced drag cd = 0.06925 pressure drag cdpt = 0.00808

pressure drag iteration has converged

k eps cl cdi cdp cdi+cdp

1 28.66362 0.90000 0.06815 0.01665 0.08480
2 0.05789 0.90000 0.06818 0.01441 0.08260
3 0.05278 0.90000 0.06827 0.01255 0.08082
4 0.04274 0.90000 0.06839 0.01139 0.07978
5 0.03408 0.90000 0.06850 0.01053 0.07903
6 0.03155 0.90000 0.06863 0.00976 0.07839
7 0.02773 0.90000 0.06876 0.00915 0.07791
8 0.02043 0.90000 0.06885 0.00886 0.07772
9 0.01549 0.90000 0.06893 0.00868 0.07761
10 0.01218 0.90000 0.06898 0.00856 0.07754
11 0.00994 0.90000 0.06902 0.00847 0.07749
12 0.00847 0.90000 0.06905 0.00841 0.07746
13 0.00724 0.90000 0.06907 0.00836 0.07743
14 0.00616 0.90000 0.06909 0.00832 0.07741
15 0.00519 0.90000 0.06911 0.00829 0.07740
16 0.00442 0.90000 0.06913 0.00826 0.07739
17 0.00371 0.90000 0.06915 0.00823 0.07738
18 0.00310 0.90000 0.06916 0.00821 0.07737
19 0.00263 0.90000 0.06917 0.00819 0.07736
20 0.00221 0.90000 0.06918 0.00817 0.07736
21 0.00183 0.90000 0.06919 0.00816 0.07735
22 0.00154 0.90000 0.06920 0.00815 0.07735
23 0.00131 0.90000 0.06921 0.00814 0.07734
24 0.00112 0.90000 0.06921 0.00813 0.07734
25 0.00095 0.90000 0.06922 0.00812 0.07734
26 0.00084 0.90000 0.06923 0.00811 0.07734
27 0.00076 0.90000 0.06923 0.00810 0.07733
28 0.00069 0.90000 0.06924 0.00810 0.07733
29 0.00064 0.90000 0.06924 0.00809 0.07733
30 0.00061 0.90000 0.06924 0.00809 0.07733
31 0.00057 0.90000 0.06925 0.00808 0.07733

induced + pressure drag was minimized on this run

ref. chord = 89.500 c average = 81.2195 true area = 32771.566

ref. area = 26640.000 b/2 = 164.0000 ref ar = 4.0384
true ar = 3.2828 Mach number = 0.9000

first planform cl = 0.17126 cm = 0.11493 cb = -0.01502

second planform cl = 0.72874 cm = -0.21493 cb = -0.18341

1st planform CL = 0.1713 CDP = 0.0042 CM = 0.1150 CB = -0.0151

2nd planform CL = 0.7292 CDP = 0.0038 CM = -0.2149 CB = 0.0000

no root bending moment constraint

CL DES = 0.90000 CL COMPUTED = 0.9005 CM = -0.0999

CD I = 0.06925 E = 0.9230
CDPRESS = 0.00804 CDTOTAL = 0.07729

Tuesday, January 21, 1997

D-28 Applied Computational Aerodynamics
first planform

Y CL*C/CAVE C/CAVE CL CD
-61.2000 0.21189 0.33178 0.63862 0.00651
-53.0000 0.33566 0.40510 0.82857 0.01765
-44.8000 0.41311 0.47842 0.86348 0.02166
-37.3500 0.46740 0.54503 0.85757 0.02082
-29.9000 0.49499 0.57498 0.86088 0.02129
-22.9000 0.50260 0.57498 0.87411 0.02317
-15.9000 0.50504 0.57498 0.87835 0.02377
-5.9000 0.50631 0.57498 0.88056 0.02419

second planform

-159.9000 0.33879 0.52480 0.64556 0.00208

-151.7000 0.53136 0.57711 0.92072 0.00478
-143.5000 0.64513 0.62942 1.02495 0.00752
-135.3000 0.72403 0.68173 1.06206 0.00946
-127.1000 0.78509 0.73404 1.06954 0.01006
-118.9000 0.83563 0.78635 1.06267 0.00951
-110.7000 0.87760 0.83866 1.04644 0.00855
-102.5000 0.91055 0.89096 1.02198 0.00739
-94.3000 0.93428 0.94327 0.99047 0.00622
-86.1000 0.94681 0.99558 0.95101 0.00530
-77.9000 0.94347 1.04789 0.90036 0.00443
-69.5500 0.90911 1.10116 0.82559 0.00354
-61.2000 0.82859 1.15442 0.71775 0.00258
-53.0000 0.74419 1.20673 0.61670 0.00189
-44.8000 0.67721 1.25904 0.53788 0.00145
-37.3500 0.63142 1.30656 0.48327 0.00117
-29.9000 0.60043 1.37894 0.43543 0.00096
-22.9000 0.58289 1.46602 0.39760 0.00079
-15.9000 0.57323 1.50210 0.38162 0.00074
-5.9000 0.56730 1.50210 0.37767 0.00073

mean camber lines to obtain the spanload

(subsonic linear theory)

y= -61.2000 y/(b/2) = -0.3732 chord= 26.9474

slopes, dz/dx, at control points, from front to rear

x/c dz/dx
0.0750 0.1295
0.1750 0.0672
0.2750 0.0194
0.3750 -0.0200
0.4750 -0.0522
0.5750 -0.0775
0.6750 -0.0960
0.7750 -0.1077
0.8750 -0.1122
0.9750 -0.1081

mean camber shape (interpolated to 41 points)

x/c z/c delta x delta z (z-zle)/c

0.0000 -0.0299 0.0000 -0.8067 0.0000
0.0250 -0.0332 0.6737 -0.8944 -0.0040
0.0500 -0.0365 1.3474 -0.9831 -0.0080
0.0750 -0.0398 2.0211 -1.0717 -0.0121
0.1000 -0.0429 2.6947 -1.1558 -0.0159
0.1250 -0.0457 3.3684 -1.2310 -0.0195
0.1500 -0.0480 4.0421 -1.2945 -0.0226

Tuesday, January 21, 1997

report typos and errors to W.H. Mason Appendix D: Programs D-29
0.1750 -0.0499 4.7158 -1.3456 -0.0252
0.2000 -0.0514 5.3895 -1.3857 -0.0275
0.2250 -0.0526 6.0632 -1.4166 -0.0294
0.2500 -0.0534 6.7368 -1.4399 -0.0310
0.2750 -0.0540 7.4105 -1.4563 -0.0323
0.3000 -0.0544 8.0842 -1.4660 -0.0334
0.3250 -0.0545 8.7579 -1.4689 -0.0343
0.3500 -0.0544 9.4316 -1.4651 -0.0349
0.3750 -0.0540 10.1053 -1.4548 -0.0353
0.4000 -0.0534 10.7790 -1.4383 -0.0354
0.4250 -0.0525 11.4526 -1.4160 -0.0353
0.4500 -0.0515 12.1263 -1.3884 -0.0351
0.4750 -0.0503 12.8000 -1.3556 -0.0346
0.5000 -0.0489 13.4737 -1.3181 -0.0339
0.5250 -0.0474 14.1474 -1.2760 -0.0331
0.5500 -0.0456 14.8211 -1.2297 -0.0322
0.5750 -0.0438 15.4948 -1.1794 -0.0310
0.6000 -0.0418 16.1684 -1.1254 -0.0298
0.6250 -0.0396 16.8421 -1.0679 -0.0284
0.6500 -0.0374 17.5158 -1.0074 -0.0269
0.6750 -0.0350 18.1895 -0.9440 -0.0253
0.7000 -0.0326 18.8632 -0.8781 -0.0236
0.7250 -0.0301 19.5369 -0.8100 -0.0218
0.7500 -0.0275 20.2105 -0.7400 -0.0200
0.7750 -0.0248 20.8842 -0.6682 -0.0181
0.8000 -0.0221 21.5579 -0.5950 -0.0161
0.8250 -0.0193 22.2316 -0.5205 -0.0141
0.8500 -0.0165 22.9053 -0.4452 -0.0120
0.8750 -0.0137 23.5790 -0.3696 -0.0100
0.9000 -0.0109 24.2527 -0.2942 -0.0079
0.9250 -0.0081 24.9263 -0.2196 -0.0059
0.9500 -0.0054 25.6000 -0.1458 -0.0039
0.9750 -0.0027 26.2737 -0.0728 -0.0020
1.0000 0.0000 26.9474 0.0000 0.0000

y= -53.0000 y/(b/2) = -0.3232 chord= 32.9022

slopes, dz/dx, at control points, from front to rear

x/c dz/dx
0.0750 0.0783
0.1750 -0.0034
0.2750 -0.0572
0.3750 -0.0982
0.4750 -0.1306
0.5750 -0.1557
0.6750 -0.1740
0.7750 -0.1854
0.8750 -0.1898
0.9750 -0.1845

mean camber shape (interpolated to 41 points)

x/c z/c delta x delta z (z-zle)/c

0.0000 -0.1036 0.0000 -3.4093 0.0000
0.0250 -0.1056 0.8226 -3.4745 -0.0046
0.0500 -0.1076 1.6451 -3.5414 -0.0092
0.0750 -0.1097 2.4677 -3.6080 -0.0138
0.1000 -0.1115 3.2902 -3.6674 -0.0182
0.1250 -0.1128 4.1128 -3.7122 -0.0222
0.1500 -0.1136 4.9353 -3.7381 -0.0255
0.1750 -0.1138 5.7579 -3.7444 -0.0283
0.2000 -0.1135 6.5804 -3.7339 -0.0306
0.2250 -0.1128 7.4030 -3.7102 -0.0325
0.2500 -0.1117 8.2256 -3.6761 -0.0340

Tuesday, January 21, 1997

D-30 Applied Computational Aerodynamics
0.2750 -0.1104 9.0481 -3.6333 -0.0353
0.3000 -0.1089 9.8707 -3.5819 -0.0363
0.3250 -0.1070 10.6932 -3.5220 -0.0371
0.3500 -0.1050 11.5158 -3.4534 -0.0376
0.3750 -0.1026 12.3383 -3.3766 -0.0379
0.4000 -0.1001 13.1609 -3.2920 -0.0379
0.4250 -0.0973 13.9834 -3.2003 -0.0377
0.4500 -0.0943 14.8060 -3.1020 -0.0373
0.4750 -0.0911 15.6285 -2.9975 -0.0367
0.5000 -0.0878 16.4511 -2.8872 -0.0359
0.5250 -0.0842 17.2737 -2.7715 -0.0350
0.5500 -0.0806 18.0962 -2.6505 -0.0339
0.5750 -0.0767 18.9188 -2.5247 -0.0327
0.6000 -0.0728 19.7413 -2.3945 -0.0313
0.6250 -0.0687 20.5639 -2.2601 -0.0298
0.6500 -0.0645 21.3864 -2.1219 -0.0282
0.6750 -0.0602 22.2090 -1.9804 -0.0265
0.7000 -0.0558 23.0315 -1.8358 -0.0247
0.7250 -0.0513 23.8541 -1.6886 -0.0228
0.7500 -0.0468 24.6766 -1.5391 -0.0209
0.7750 -0.0422 25.4992 -1.3875 -0.0189
0.8000 -0.0375 26.3218 -1.2341 -0.0168
0.8250 -0.0328 27.1443 -1.0792 -0.0147
0.8500 -0.0281 27.9669 -0.9233 -0.0125
0.8750 -0.0233 28.7894 -0.7671 -0.0104
0.9000 -0.0186 29.6120 -0.6114 -0.0082
0.9250 -0.0139 30.4345 -0.4569 -0.0061
0.9500 -0.0092 31.2571 -0.3038 -0.0041
0.9750 -0.0046 32.0796 -0.1517 -0.0020
1.0000 0.0000 32.9022 0.0000 0.0000

Note this output is repeated for each span station. Most other stations are omitted

y= -5.9000 y/(b/2) = -0.0360 chord= 122.0000

slopes, dz/dx, at control points, from front to rear

x/c dz/dx
0.0750 -0.0501
0.1750 -0.0505
0.2750 -0.0495
0.3750 -0.0500
0.4750 -0.0537
0.5750 -0.0623
0.6750 -0.0814
0.7750 -0.0975
0.8750 -0.1077
0.9750 -0.1097

mean camber shape (interpolated to 41 points)

x/c z/c delta x delta z (z-zle)/c

0.0000 -0.0697 0.0000 -8.5090 0.0000
0.0250 -0.0685 3.0500 -8.3562 -0.0005
0.0500 -0.0672 6.1000 -8.2034 -0.0010
0.0750 -0.0660 9.1500 -8.0506 -0.0015
0.1000 -0.0647 12.2000 -7.8975 -0.0020
0.1250 -0.0635 15.2500 -7.7440 -0.0024
0.1500 -0.0622 18.3000 -7.5900 -0.0029
0.1750 -0.0609 21.3500 -7.4358 -0.0034
0.2000 -0.0597 24.4000 -7.2818 -0.0039

Tuesday, January 21, 1997

report typos and errors to W.H. Mason Appendix D: Programs D-31
0.2250 -0.0584 27.4500 -7.1286 -0.0044
0.2500 -0.0572 30.5000 -6.9763 -0.0049
0.2750 -0.0559 33.5500 -6.8249 -0.0054
0.3000 -0.0547 36.6000 -6.6742 -0.0059
0.3250 -0.0535 39.6500 -6.5237 -0.0064
0.3500 -0.0522 42.7000 -6.3728 -0.0069
0.3750 -0.0510 45.7500 -6.2210 -0.0074
0.4000 -0.0497 48.8000 -6.0676 -0.0079
0.4250 -0.0485 51.8500 -5.9121 -0.0084
0.4500 -0.0472 54.9000 -5.7537 -0.0088
0.4750 -0.0458 57.9500 -5.5919 -0.0092
0.5000 -0.0445 61.0000 -5.4262 -0.0096
0.5250 -0.0431 64.0500 -5.2558 -0.0100
0.5500 -0.0416 67.1000 -5.0791 -0.0102
0.5750 -0.0401 70.1500 -4.8940 -0.0105
0.6000 -0.0385 73.2000 -4.6978 -0.0106
0.6250 -0.0368 76.2500 -4.4878 -0.0106
0.6500 -0.0349 79.3000 -4.2627 -0.0105
0.6750 -0.0330 82.3500 -4.0221 -0.0103
0.7000 -0.0309 85.4000 -3.7669 -0.0100
0.7250 -0.0287 88.4500 -3.4982 -0.0095
0.7500 -0.0264 91.5000 -3.2174 -0.0089
0.7750 -0.0240 94.5500 -2.9253 -0.0083
0.8000 -0.0215 97.6000 -2.6231 -0.0076
0.8250 -0.0189 100.6500 -2.3115 -0.0067
0.8500 -0.0163 103.7000 -1.9920 -0.0059
0.8750 -0.0137 106.7500 -1.6662 -0.0049
0.9000 -0.0110 109.8000 -1.3359 -0.0040
0.9250 -0.0082 112.8500 -1.0031 -0.0030
0.9500 -0.0055 115.9000 -0.6690 -0.0020
0.9750 -0.0027 118.9500 -0.3345 -0.0010
1.0000 0.0000 122.0000 0.0000 0.0000
twist table
i y y/(b/2) twist
1 -61.20000 -0.37317 1.71469
2 -53.00000 -0.32317 5.91587
3 -44.80000 -0.27317 7.36720
4 -37.35000 -0.22774 10.25835
5 -29.90000 -0.18232 9.47910
6 -22.90000 -0.13963 7.60813
7 -15.90000 -0.09695 6.49868
8 -5.90000 -0.03598 5.91663
9 -159.89999 -0.97500 14.45816
10 -151.70001 -0.92500 16.44655
11 -143.50000 -0.87500 14.38027
12 -135.30002 -0.82500 12.36750
13 -127.10001 -0.77500 10.75520
14 -118.90002 -0.72500 9.51973
15 -110.70002 -0.67500 8.46040
16 -102.50002 -0.62500 7.34168
17 -94.30003 -0.57500 6.13154
18 -86.10003 -0.52500 4.67249
19 -77.90003 -0.47500 2.88238
20 -69.55002 -0.42409 1.36595
21 -61.20000 -0.37317 3.52797
22 -53.00000 -0.32317 4.51491
23 -44.80000 -0.27317 4.49845
24 -37.35000 -0.22774 3.79378
25 -29.90000 -0.18232 3.77474
26 -22.90000 -0.13963 3.11226
27 -15.90000 -0.09695 3.52109
28 -5.90000 -0.03598 3.98970
STOP

Tuesday, January 21, 1997

D-32 Applied Computational Aerodynamics
D.5 Program FRICTION

FRICTION provides an estimate of laminar and turbulent skin friction suitable for use in aircraft
preliminary design. It is an entirely new program, but has its roots in a program by Ron Hen-
drickson at Grumman. It runs on any computer. The input requires geometric information and ei-
ther the Mach and altitude combination, or the Mach and Reynolds number at which the results
are desired. The skin friction is found using the Eckert Reference Temperature method for lami-
nar flow and the van Driest II formula for turbulent flow. The basic formulas are valid from sub-
sonic to hypersonic speeds, but the implementation makes assumptions that limit the validity to
moderate supersonic speeds (about Mach 3). The key assumption is that the vehicle surface is at
the adiabatic wall temperature (the user can easily modify this assumption). Form factors are
used to estimate the effect of thickness on drag, and a composite formula is used to include the
effect of a partial run of laminar flow. Because the methods aren’t described in detail in the text,
details are provided here.

Laminar flow

The approach used is known as the Eckert Reference Temperature Method, and this particu-
lar version is the one given by F.M. White in Viscous Fluid Flow, McGraw-Hill, New York,
1974, pp. 589-590. In this method the incompressible skin friction formula is used, with the fluid
properties chosen at a specified reference temperature, which includes both Mach number and
wall temperature effects.

First, assumptions are made for the fluid properties:* Prandtl number, Pr = 0.72, Recovery
factor, r = Pr1/2, specific heat ratio, γ = 1.4, and edge temperature, Te = 390 (°R). Then, for a
given edge Mach number, Me , and ratio of wall temperature to adiabatic wall temperature
TW/TAW; compute:
γ −1 2 
1 + r
TW T
= W Me 
Te TAW  2 .

Remember that
 γ −1 2 
TAW = Te  1+ r Me 
 2 
and then compute the reference temperature:

T* T 
≅ .5 + .039Me2 + 0.5 w 
Te  Te 

* These values can be changed easily by modifying the source code.

Tuesday, January 21, 1997

report typos and errors to W.H. Mason Appendix D: Programs D-33
The Chapman-Rubesin constant based on the reference temperature and Sutherland’s viscosity
law is then computed from:
* T *  1/ 2  1 + K / Te 
C =   * 
 Te   T / Te + K / Te 
where K = 200°R for air.
Finally, the local friction coefficient (τ w/q) is found from the standard Blasius formula, with
C* added,
.664 C*
Cf =
Re x
and

CF = 2C f
which comes from
x ′= x
F 1
CF = =
qx x ∫ C f ( x ′ )dx ′
x ′ =0

Recall that CF accounts for one side of the plate only, so that if both sides are required for a drag
estimate, then the skin friction coeficient, CD, is twice CF because the reference area is based on
one side only, i.e., Sref ≈ 1/2 Swet.

Note that the results are not sensitive to the value of edge temperature for low Mach numbers,
and therefore, an exact specification of Te is not required. This method is implemented in sub-
routine lamcf.

Turbulent flow

For turbulent flow the so-called van Driest II Method is employed. This method was selected
based on the recommendation of E.J. Hopkins and M. Inouye, contained in “An Evaluation of
Theories for Predicting Turbulent Skin Friction and Heat Transfer on Flat Plates at Supersonic
and Hypersonic Mach Numbers,” AIAA J., Vol. 9, No. 6, June 1971, pp. 993-1003. The particu-
lar algorithm is taken from NASA TN D-6945, “Charts for Predicting Turbulent Skin Friction
From the Van Driest Method (II),” also by E.J. Hopkins, and dated October 1972.

Again, assumptions are made for the fluid properties: turbulent flow recovery factor, r = .88,
specific heat ratio, γ = 1.4, and edge temperature, Te = 222 (°K). Then, for a given edge Mach
number, Me, and ratio of wall temperature to adiabatic wall temperature TW/TAW the calculation
is started by computing the following constants:

Tuesday, January 21, 1997

D-34 Applied Computational Aerodynamics
γ −1 2
m= Me
2

T T T
F = w = w ⋅ AW
Te TAW Te
where
TAW
= 1 + rm
Te
Tw = F ⋅ Te
 rm 1/ 2
A= 
 F
1+ rm − F
B=
F
2A − B
2
α=
( )
1/ 2
4A2 + B2
B
β=
(4 A2 + B2 )
1/ 2

rm
Fc = Me > 0.1
( )
2
sin −1 α + sin −1 β

1 + F 2
=  Me ≤ 0.1
 2 
and
 122 
 1+ ×10−5/ Tw 
µ 1 Tw
Fθ = e =  
µw F  1+ 122 ×10 −5/ Te 
 Te 
which is the Keyes viscosity law.
Finally,
F
Fx = θ
Fc

The analysis proceeds using barred quantities to denote “incompressible” variables, which are in-
termediate variables not used except to obtain the final results. Given the Reynolds number, Rex ,

an iteration is used to obtain the final results. Proceed as follows, finding

Tuesday, January 21, 1997

report typos and errors to W.H. Mason Appendix D: Programs D-35

Re x = Fx Re x
now solve
= log (Re x CF )
.242
CF
for CF .
Use as an initial guess
.074
CF0 =
Re .20
x .
Then, Newton’s method is applied to the problem:

f (CF ) = 0 ⇒ CFi+1 = CFi −

f
f′
which becomes for this equation:

i+1 i

{ (
.242 − CFi log Re x CFi )}
{ }
CF = CF 1 + 
.121 + CFi / ln10
 

Once this iteration is completed, and CF is known,

CF
CF =
Fc
Note that this value applies to one side of a plate only, so it must be doubled if the friction on
both sides is desired to account for the proper reference areas. Here again, the results are not sen-
sitive to the value of edge temperature for low Mach numbers, and the default value should be
adequate for most cases. This formula is implemented in routine turbcf.

Composite formula

When the flow is laminar and then transitions to turbulent, an estimate of the skin friction is
available from a composite of the laminar and turbulent skin friction formulas using Schlicting’s
formula (see T. Cebeci and P. Bradshaw, Momentum Transfer in Boundary Layers, McGraw-
Hill, New York, 1977, pp. 187). Given the transition position, xc /L and ReL, compute

x 
Re c =  c  Re L
 L

and compute the laminar skin friction based on Rec and the turbulent skin friction twice, based
on both Reynolds numbers and then find the value that includes both laminar and turbulent flow
from:

Tuesday, January 21, 1997

D-36 Applied Computational Aerodynamics

x 
[
CF = CFTURB (ReL ) −  c  CFTURB (Rec ) − CFLAM (Rec )
 L ]
Several formulas are available, are all roughly equivalent, and have been evaluated extensively
for incompressible flow. They are only approximate for compressible flow.

Form factors

To include the effects of thickness, it has been found that the skin friction formulas should be
adjusted through the use of form factors. Two different factors are used in this code. For wing-
like shapes,
t  t 4
FF = 1.0 +1.8   + 50 
c  c
where t/c is the thickness ratio of of particular component. For bodies,

 d 1.5  d 3
FF = 1.0 +1.5   + 50  
l  l
where d/l is the ratio of diameter to length. This is the reciprocal of the fineness ratio.

Program Operation:

Running the program, you will be prompted for the name of an input data set, the maximum
length is 15 characters. The output is sent to the screen, but can be sent to a file by changing the
value of IWRIT to something other than 6 in the main program. The sample data case on the disk
is F15.FRICTION.

INPUT
Card Field Columns Variable Description
1 1 1-60 Title Card

2 1 1-10 SREF Full Scale reference Area

2 11-20 SCALE 1./SCALE, i.e. 1/10 scale is input as 10.
3 21-30 FNCOMP number of component cards to be read in (15 max).
4 31-41 FINMD input mode: = 0.0, input Mach and altitude
= 1.0, input Mach and Reynolds No.
per unit length
3 1 1-16 COMP(i) Component Name
2 21-30 SWET(I) Wetted Area (i.e., top and bottom sides of the wing,
and both left and right sides, the total area that is
exposed to the air)

Tuesday, January 21, 1997

report typos and errors to W.H. Mason Appendix D: Programs D-37

3 31-40 REFL Reference Length

4 41-50 TC(I) t/c for planar surf. or d/l (1/F) for body of revolution

5 51-60 FICODE Component type clue

= 0.: Planar surface
= 1.: Body of revolution
6 61-70 FTRANS Transition location
= 0. : means boundary layer is all turbulent
= 1. : " " " " " laminar.
values between 0 and 1 approximate the value of
the friction of the laminar/turbulent boundary layer
at the specified length fraction of the component.
Note: card 3 is repeated NCOMP times
Card Field Columns Variable Description

4 1 1-10 XME Mach number

2 11-20 XINPUT if FINMD = 0.0, this is the Altitude (in 1000 feet)
if FINMD = 1.0, this is the Reynolds no. per unit length
in millions
Note: Card 4 is repeated for each value of Mach and altitude desired. The program stops when
either the end of the data is reached or a Mach number of zero is read.
Output: The input is echoed to allow for easy check of data and to keep all information together.
Then the drag calaculation for each M,h or M,Re/L is made. First, the reference areas, lengths,
thicknesses, form factors and the transition position are output. These values are fixed for each
combination of Mach and Reynolds number. Next, for each case the Reynolds number of each
component and the basic skin friction are found. Then the skin friction times the wetted area and
the skin friction times the wetted area and form factor are found. Finally, the latter is divided by
the reference area and the contribution to the total drag in terms of a drag coefficient for the par-
ticular component, CDCOMP, is then found. These columns are summed, and the bottom value
under the CDCOMP column is the total skin friction and form drag coefficient. After all the con-
ditions are computed, a summary of results is presented as a table at the end of the output.
Sample input for program FRICTION:
F - 15 AIRCRAFT
608. 1. 7. 0.0
FUSELAGE 550.00 54.65 .05500 1.0 0.0
CANOPY 75.00 15.0 .12000 1.0 0.0
NACELLE 600.00 35.0 .04000 1.0 0.0
GLV/SPONSON 305.00 35.5 .117 1.0 0.0
OUTB'D WING 698.00 12.7 .05000 0.0 0.0
HORIZ. TAIL 222.00 8.3 .05000 0.0 0.0
TWIN V. T. 250.00 6.7 .0450 0.0 0.0
0.200 35.000
1.200 35.000
2.000 35.000
0.000 0.000

Tuesday, January 21, 1997

D-38 Applied Computational Aerodynamics
Sample output from program friction:

Enter name of data set:

f15frict.inp

FRICTION - Skin Friction and Form Drag Program

W.H. Mason, Department of Aerospace and Ocean Engineering
Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060 email: [email protected]
version: September 13, 1996

CASE TITLE: F - 15 AIRCRAFT

SREF = 608.00000 MODEL SCALE = 1.000 NO. OF COMPONENTS = 7

input mode = 0 (mode=0: input M,h; mode=1: input M, Re/L)

COMPONENT TITLE SWET (FT2) REFL(FT) TC ICODE FRM FCTR FTRANS

FUSELAGE 550.0000 54.650 0.055 1 1.0205 0.0000
CANOPY 75.0000 15.000 0.120 1 1.0744 0.0000
NACELLE 600.0000 35.000 0.040 1 1.0124 0.0000
GLV/SPONSON 305.0000 35.500 0.117 1 1.0712 0.0000
OUTB'D WING 698.0000 12.700 0.050 0 1.0903 0.0000
HORIZ. TAIL 222.0000 8.300 0.050 0 1.0903 0.0000
TWIN V. T. 250.0000 6.700 0.045 0 1.0812 0.0000

TOTAL SWET = 2700.0000

REYNOLDS NO./FT =0.480E+06 Altitude = 35000.00 XME = 0.200

COMPONENT RN CF CF*SWET CF*SWET*FF CDCOMP

FUSELAGE 0.262E+08 0.00251 1.38212 1.41047 0.00232
CANOPY 0.720E+07 0.00309 0.23164 0.24889 0.00041
NACELLE 0.168E+08 0.00269 1.61561 1.63573 0.00269
GLV/SPONSON 0.170E+08 0.00269 0.81944 0.87782 0.00144
OUTB'D WING 0.609E+07 0.00318 2.21681 2.41701 0.00398
HORIZ. TAIL 0.398E+07 0.00342 0.75829 0.82678 0.00136
TWIN V. T. 0.321E+07 0.00355 0.88656 0.95855 0.00158
SUM = 7.91048 8.37525 0.01378

FRICTION DRAG: CDF = 0.01301 FORM DRAG: CDFORM = 0.00076

REYNOLDS NO./FT =0.288E+07 Altitude = 35000.00 XME = 1.200

COMPONENT RN CF CF*SWET CF*SWET*FF CDCOMP

FUSELAGE 0.157E+09 0.00175 0.96201 0.98175 0.00161
CANOPY 0.432E+08 0.00211 0.15826 0.17004 0.00028
NACELLE 0.101E+09 0.00186 1.11769 1.13160 0.00186
GLV/SPONSON 0.102E+09 0.00186 0.56700 0.60740 0.00100
OUTB'D WING 0.366E+08 0.00216 1.51055 1.64698 0.00271
HORIZ. TAIL 0.239E+08 0.00231 0.51314 0.55949 0.00092
TWIN V. T. 0.193E+08 0.00239 0.59777 0.64631 0.00106
SUM = 5.42643 5.74356 0.00945

FRICTION DRAG: CDF = 0.00893 FORM DRAG: CDFORM = 0.00052

Tuesday, January 21, 1997

report typos and errors to W.H. Mason Appendix D: Programs D-39
REYNOLDS NO./FT =0.480E+07 Altitude = 35000.00 XME = 2.000

COMPONENT RN CF CF*SWET CF*SWET*FF CDCOMP

FUSELAGE 0.262E+09 0.00140 0.76912 0.78490 0.00129
CANOPY 0.720E+08 0.00169 0.12643 0.13585 0.00022
NACELLE 0.168E+09 0.00149 0.89337 0.90449 0.00149
GLV/SPONSON 0.170E+09 0.00149 0.45321 0.48550 0.00080
OUTB'D WING 0.609E+08 0.00173 1.20667 1.31564 0.00216
HORIZ. TAIL 0.398E+08 0.00185 0.40980 0.44681 0.00073
TWIN V. T. 0.321E+08 0.00191 0.47731 0.51607 0.00085
SUM = 4.33591 4.58926 0.00755

FRICTION DRAG: CDF = 0.00713 FORM DRAG: CDFORM = 0.00042

SUMMARY

J XME Altitude RE/FT CDF CDFORM CDF+CDFORM

1 0.200 0.350E+05 0.480E+06 0.01301 0.00076 0.01378
2 1.200 0.350E+05 0.288E+07 0.00893 0.00052 0.00945
3 2.000 0.350E+05 0.480E+07 0.00713 0.00042 0.00755

END OF CASE

STOP

Tuesday, January 21, 1997

D-40 Applied Computational Aerodynamics

D.6 VLMpc
This manual describes the input for the pc version of John Lamar’s vortex lattice program.
This program is identical to the program given in reference 2. An advanced version described in
reference 4 is also available. The input data sets differ slightly between the two versions.
The code is called VLMpcv2.f on the disk, and has been modified for WATFOR. This
means that the output field length is limited to eighty columns. In WATFOR you may also need
to invoke the NOCHECK option to prevent the program from halting because of undefined vari-
ables. The code is provided with two OPEN statements near the beginning of the main program:
OPEN(5,file=infile, status=old)
OPEN(6,file=outfil, status=new)
such that the input data is defined on the file infile, and the output is placed in file outfil. The
user is prompted for the names of these files at the start of execution. Users should customize the
code to fit their preferences. The disk also contains a sample input file, YF23.IN, and a sample
output file, YF23.OUT.
The theory is described in references 1, 2 and 3, and the user’s manual provided here is basi-
cally the instructions from references 1 and 2, with minor corrections and clarifications. Refer-
ence 4 describes the advanced version, VLM4.997.
References:
1. Margason, R.J., and Lamar, J.E., “Vortex-Lattice FORTRAN Program for Estimating Subson-
ic Aerodynamic Characteristics of Complex Planforms,” NASA TN D-6142, Feb., 1971.
2. Lamar, J.E., and Gloss, B. B. “Subsonic Aerodynamic Characteristics of Interacting Lifting
Surfaces with Separated Flow around Sharp Edges Predicted by a Vortex-Lattice Method,”
NASA TN D-7921, Sept., 1975.
3. Lamar, J.E., and Frink, N.T., “Experimental and Analytic Study of the Longitudinal Aerody-
namic Characteristics of Analytically and Empirically Designed Strake-Wing Configurations
at Subcritical Speeds, “ NASA TP-1803, June 1981.
4. Lamar, J.E., and Herbert, H.E., “Production Version of the Extended NASA-Langley Vortex
Lattice FORTRAN Computer Code,” - Vol. I - User’s Guide, NASA TM 83303, April 1982.
VLMpc User’s Guide- (from references 1, 2, and 4)
This manual contains the output details for the pc version of the NASA-Langley Vortex
Lattice Computer Program described in reference 2. The NASA - Langley Vortex Lattice
FORTRAN Program (VLMpc) is designed to estimate the subsonic aerodynamic characteristics
of up to two complex planforms. The concepts embodied in this program are mostly detailed in
references 1 and 2.
MODELING THE CONFIGURATION
The configuration can be modeled with up to two planforms, all of which must extend to the
plane of symmetry (Y = 0.0). The fuselage is represented by its planar projection; experience to
date indicates that this produces acceptable global forces and moments for most wing-body-tail
configurations.
Winglets can be modeled, but the dihedral angle must be less than 90.0 degrees and greater
than -90.0 degrees. Both upper (positive dihedral) and lower (negative dihedral) winglets can be
accounted for in this code. The program uses as its solution surface the chord plane which may

Friday, November 17, 1995

report typos and errors to W.H. Mason Appendix D: Programs D-41

be inclined due to dihedral. Moreover, the only out of "X-Y plane" displacement specifically
allowed for is dihedral. Local camber and twist is assumed to be small and can be represented
by its slope projection to the local solution surface. The wind and body axes are assumed to be
coincidental in the code.
RUNNING THE PROGRAM
INPUT DATA SETUP
The input data to VLM is organized into two distinct groups - group 1 defines the reference
planform(s), and group 2 defines the details for the particular solution. An example input fol-
lows the description of the input and output. The individual details of the items in the deck layout
are given in the following sections.
GROUP 1 DATA
This group of data defines the planform(s) projected into the X-Y plane, with all the
coordinates being given for the left half of the configuration (negative y values!). The axis
system is shown in Figure 1. The Y = 0 intercept coincides with the plane of symmetry and is
positive to the right of this plane. The X = 0 intercept is taken to occur along the symmetry
plane of the configuration; X is positive pointing into the wind.
Important tips for modeling configurations:
Good results require that a few common rules of thumb be used in selecting the planform
break points. The number of line segments should be minimized. Breakpoints should line up
streamwise on front and rear portions of each planform, and should line up between plan-
forms. Streamwise tips should be used, and small spanwise distances should be avoided by
making edges streamwise if they are actually very highly swept.

X
Note: X opposite standard
aerodynamic convention
Y
1

2 Planform 1

3
4
6
5 2 1

5 Planform 2
6 7
Figure 1. Definition of axis system for VLMpc.

Friday, November 17, 1995

D-42 Applied Computational Aerodynamics

It is important to note that each planform can only go out to a maximum y value once, and
then return to the centerline. The program assumes that each planform is actuually a wing.
Most numerical input for the group 1 data uses an 8F10.6 format . The input is as follows:
0. (Cols. 1-80) Title Card
1. (Cols. 1-10) PLAN - Number of planforms for this configuration; PLAN can assume
values of 1.0, or 2.0.
2. (Cols.11-20) TOTAL - Number of sets of group 2 data specified for this configuration.
3. (Cols.21-30) CREF - Reference chord of the configuration. This chord is used only to
nondimensionalize the pitching-moment terms and must be greater than zero.
4. (Cols.31-40) SREF - Reference area; this is used only to nondimensionalize the comput-
ed output data such as lift and pitching moment and must always be greater than zero.
5. (Col. 41-50) CG - Center of gravity location with respect to the origin of the coordinate
system. All moment computations are referenced to this location.
The data required to define the planform(s) is provided in the next set of group 1 cards as
follows (the number of line segments is equal to the number of points minus one):
1. (Cols.1-10) AAN - Number of line segments used to define the left half of the planform
(does not include the innermost streamwise). A maximum of 24 line segments may be
used per planform, and each planform must extend to the plane of symmetry. ANN is the
number of defining point minus one.
2. (Cols.11-20) XS - X location of the pivot; use 0.0 for a fixed planform.
3. (Cols.21-30) YS - Y location of the pivot; use 0.0 for a fixed planform.
4. (Cols.31-40) RTCDHT - Vertical distance of the particular planform being read in with
respect to the reference planform root chord height; use 0. for the reference planform.

The rest of this set of data describes the breakpoints used to define the AAN line segments on
this planform. The format is 4F9.4. There are (AAN+1) breakpoints and all data subsequently
described are required on all except the last card of this set; the last card uses only the first two
variables in the following list:

1. (Cols.1-9) XREG(I) - X location of the ith breakpoint. The first breakpoint is located at
the most inboard location of the leading edge for the left-hand side of this planform. The
other breakpoints are numbered around the planform perimeter in increasing order for
each intersection of lines in a counterclockwise direction.
2. (Cols.10-18) YREG(I) - Y location of the ith breakpoint. Once the absolute value of Y
starts to decrease, it cannot be increased.
3. (Cols.19-27) DIH(I) - Dihedral angle (degrees) in the Y-Z plane of the line from
breakpoint of i to i+1, positive upward. Note that along a streamwise line, the dihedral
angle is not defined, so use 0.0. for these lines. Note the sign of the dihedral angle is the
same along the leading and trailing edges.
4. (Cols.28-36) AMCD - The move code; this number indicates whether the line s is on the
movable panel of a variable-sweep wing. Use 1.0 for a fixed line (defaults to 1.0 if not
set), or 2.0 for a movable line.

Friday, November 17, 1995

report typos and errors to W.H. Mason Appendix D: Programs D-43

GROUP 2 DATA
There are four sections of group 2 data. Each section may be required or optional, depending
on the previous input, and each may have one or more input cards (lines of input). Each section
is described individually. Care must be taken to make sure the data is in the proper column.
Section one data (always required).
[1 Card - Format (8F5.2, F10.4,F5.1,F10.4,F5.1)]
1. (Cols.1-5) CONFIG - An arbitrary configuration designation of up to 4 digits.
2. (Cols.6-10) SCW - The number of chordwise horseshoe vortices to be used at a
spanwise station for each planform. The maximum value for this variable is 20. If
varying values of chordwise horseshoe vortices are desired due to either multiple
planforms or large discontinuities in chord across the span, the user can input a value of
0. that will cause the program to expect user-supplied data at this point in the input
stream. The data are in the form of a table that contains the number of chordwise
horseshoe vortices from the tip to root, and is called TBLSCW(I). This SCW=0. option
can only be used for planforms without dihedral and for coplanar configurations.
3. (Cols.11-15) VIC - The nominal number of spanwise stations at which chordwise
horseshoe vortices will be located. This variable must not cause more than 50 spanwise
stations to be used by the program in describing the left half of the configuration. In
addition, the product of the stations spanwise and SCW cannot exceed 200. If SCW is
0., then the sum of the values in TBLSCW(I) cannot exceed 200. The use of variable
VIC is discussed in references 1 and 2. VIC should always be greater than, or equal to,
10. so that the near-field drag or vortex flow forces on cambered configurations can be
properly computed.
4. (Cols.16-20) MACH - Mach number; use a value other than 0.0 only if the Prandtl-
Glauert compressibility correction factor is to be applied. The value used should be
less than that of the critical Mach number.
5. (Cols.21-25) CLDES - Desired lift coefficient, CL,d. The number specified here is
used to obtain the span load distribution at a particular lift coefficient. If the drag polar
is required over a CL range from -0.1 to 1.0, use CLDES = 11.
6. (Cols.26-30) PTEST - Cl p indicator; if the damping-in-roll parameter is desired, use 1.0
for this quantity. Except for the Delta Cp and Clp, all other aerodynamic data will be
omitted. Use a 0. if Clp is not required. The definition is the standard one, as in Etkin,
with units of radians per second:
∂Cl
Cl p =
 pb 
∂ 
 2U∞ 

7. (Cols.31-35) QTEST -CL q and Cmq indicator; if these stability derivatives are desired,
use a 1.0 for this quantity. Except for Delta Cp, CL q, and Cmq, all other aerodynamic
data will be omitted. It should be noted that both PTEST and QTEST cannot be set
equal to 1. simultaneously for a particular configuration. Use 0. if CLq and Cmq are not
required. The definition is the standard one, as in Etkin:

Friday, November 17, 1995

D-44 Applied Computational Aerodynamics

∂Cm ∂CL
Cmq = CLq =
 qc   qc 
∂  ref  ∂  ref 
 2U∞  ,  2U∞  .

8. (Cols. 36-40) TWIST(1) - Twist code for the first planform. If this planform has no
twist and/or camber, use a value of 0.; otherwise, specify a value of 1.
9. (Cols.41-50) SA(1) - Variable sweep angle for the first planform. Specify the leading
edge sweep-angle (in degrees) for the first movable line adjacent to the fixed portion of
the planform. For a fixed planform, this quantity may be omitted.
10. (Cols.51-55) TWIST(2) - same, for the second planform.
11. (Cols.56-65) SA(2) - same, for the second planform.
12. (Cols.66-70) ATPCOD - Set to 0., it will cause only linear aerodynamic results to be
printed out. Set to 1., this will cause the program to print out the contributions to the
lift, drag and moment from the separated flow around the leading/side edges.

Section two data is required when ATPCOD=1.* This section sets up the limits of integration
used in the computations of the wing leading-edge and side-edge suction values. Normally these
limits would be the wing root and the wing tip. However, other values could be used. Note: if
section four data is used, this data may come after section four data - experiment if you try to use
this combination.
[1 Card - Format (4F10.6)]
Card 1:
1. (Cols.1-10) YINNER(1) - Represents the Y inner for the first planform.
2. (Cols.11-20) YOUTER(1) - Represents the Y outer for the first planform.
3. (Cols.21-30) YINNER(2) - Represents the Y inner for the second planform.
4 (Cols. 31-40), YOUTER(2) - Represents the Y outer for the second planform.

Section three data is required when SCW=0. This section determines the number of span
stations for each planform, and the number of chordwise control points along each span station.
This option is rarely used.
[Multiple card sets per planform - Format (F5.1,n(/16F5.1))]
Card 1:
(Cols.1-5) STA - Number of spanwise stations of horseshoe vortices on the left half
of the planform. This variable sets the number of TBLSCW values read in for that
planform.

* Watch out about the order of input if both twist and vortex lift are used. Some students have
reported problems with this. Actually, this is a somewhat rare calculation. Both twist and
vortex lift should be run separately to the user’s satisfaction before they are run together.

Friday, November 17, 1995

report typos and errors to W.H. Mason Appendix D: Programs D-45

Cards 2-n:
(Cols. 1-5,6-10,etc) TBLSCW(I) - Number of horseshoe vortices at each spanwise
station beginning at the station nearest the tip of the planform and proceeding
toward the station nearest the root.
These sets of STA and TBLSCW(I) cards are repeated for each planform. The sum of all the
STA values cannot exceed 100.
Section four data is required for any planform having a nonzero value for TWIST(I). This
section determines the mean camber line slopes or angles of attack across the planform. Be care-
ful here. Experience has shown that students find the proper input of this data to be very tricky.
[Multiple cards per planform - Format (8F10.6,n(8F10.6))]
(Cols.1-10,11-20,etc.) ALP - Local streamwise angles of attack, eg. camber or flap
deflection, in radians. These are the values at the control point for each horseshoe vortex
on the planform when the innermost streamwise edge of the reference planform has an
angle of attack of 0. degrees. The volume of this data will usually require several input
cards. For the first value on the first card, use the local angle of attack for the horseshoe
vortex nearest the first planform leading edge at the tip; for the second value, use the
angle of attack for the horseshoe vortex immediately behind in the chordwise direction.
Continue in the same manner for the rest of the horseshoe vortices at the tip. Begin a new
card for the next inboard station and input the data in the same chordwise manner.
Repeat for all successive inboard spanwise stations on that planform. For each planform
with twist/camber, start the data on a new card and specify the data from the tip and
proceed chordwise and then inboard, as detailed above.

OUTPUT DATA
The printed results of this computer program appear in two parts: geometry data and
aerodynamic data.

GEOMETRY DATA
The geometry data are described in the order that they are found on the printout.
The first group of the data describes the basic configuration: it states the numbers of lines
used to describe each planform, the root chord height, pivot position, and then lists the
breakpoints, sweep and dihedral angles, and move codes. These data are basically a listing of
input data except that the sweep angle is computed from the input.
The second group of data describes the particular configuration for which the aerodynamic
data are being computed. Included are the configuration designation, sweep position, a listing of
the breakpoints of the planform (X,Y, and Z), the sweep and dihedral angles, and the move
codes. The data are listed primarily for variable-sweep wings to provide a definition of the
planform where the outer panel sweep is different from that of the reference planform. The num-
ber of horseshoe vortices are then described. In this code a maximum of 200 vortices can be
used.
The third group of data presents a detailed description of the horseshoe vortices used to
represent the configuration. These data are listed in two sets of five columns each describing one
elemental panel of the configuration (see Figure 2) in the same order that the twist and/or camber
angles of attack are to be provided.

Friday, November 17, 1995

D-46 Applied Computational Aerodynamics

b/2
y Y

xc/4 x 3c/4

ψ •
Line of symmetry

2s cosφ Control point

• Y
φ z
2s

Figure 2. Nomenclature used to describe the geometry of an elemntal panel.

The following items of data are presented for each elemental panel.
For set one:
1. X C/4 - X location of quarter-chord at the horseshoe vortex midspan.

2. X 3C/4 - X location of three-quarter-chord at the horseshoe vortex midspan. This is the

X location of the control point.

3. Y - Y location of the horseshoe vortex midspan.

4. Z - Z location of the horseshoe vortex midspan.

5. S - Semiwidth of horseshoe vortex.

Set two:

1. X C/4 - X location of quarter-chord at the horseshoe vortex midspan. (same as set one)

2. C/4 SWEEP ANGLE - Sweep angle of the quarter-chord of the elemental panel and
horseshoe vortex.

3. DIHEDRAL ANGLE - Dihedral angle of elemental panel.

4. LOCAL ALPHA IN RADIANS - Local angle of attack in radians at control point (X @

3C/4,Y,Z).

Friday, November 17, 1995

report typos and errors to W.H. Mason Appendix D: Programs D-47

5. DELTA CP AT DESIRED CL - ∆Cp or Net Cp normal to the surface at dihedral for

each elemental panel when the total lift is CL ,d. This is located across the panel as an
average. It corresponds to the incremental lift associated with the bound vortex strength
of the particular panel:
∆Cp × ∆c = ∆Li , where ∆Li = ρU∞ Γi

The fourth group of data presents the following geometric results:

1. REF.CHORD - Reference chord of the configuration.
2. C AVERAGE - Average chord, cav, true configuration area divided by true span.
3. TRUE AREA - True area computed from the configuration listed in second group of
geometry data.
4. REFERENCE AREA - User input reference area.
5. B/2 - Maximum semispan of all planforms listed in second group of geometry data.
6. REF. AR - Reference aspect ratio computed from the reference planform area and true
span.
7. TRUE AR - True aspect ratio computed from the true planform area and true span.
8. MACH NUMBER - Mach number.

AERODYNAMIC DATA
If PTEST = 1. or QTEST = 1. on the configuration card, then either Clp or CL q and Cmq are
computed and printed, followed by program termination. Otherwise, the aerodynamic data are
described by at least two groups of results. The first is always present, but the second depends
on what is requested on the configuration card. The following items of the first group of data are
given in the order that they are found on the printout. Note that CL ALPHA, CL(TWIST),
CM/CL, CMO, CDI/CL**2 are based on the specified reference dimensions. Many of the items
that follow are for the complete configuration.
1. DESIRED CL - Desired lift coefficient, CL, d, specified in Input Data for
complete configuration.
2. COMPUTED ALPHA - Angle of attack at which the desired lift is developed:
CL, d/(CL ALPHA) + ALPHA at CL=O.
3. CL(WB) - That portion of desired lift coefficient developed by the planform with
the maximum span when multiple planforms are specified. When one planform is
specified, this is the desired lift coefficient. (If two planforms have the same
span, and this value is equal to the maximum, the planform used here is the latter
one read in).
4. CDI AT CL(WB) - Induced drag coefficient for lift coefficient in the previous
item. When two or more planforms are specified, this is the induced drag
coefficient of only the planform with the maximum span. This result is based on
the far-field solution.
5. CDI/(CL(WB)**2) - Induced drag parameter computed from the two previous
items.

Friday, November 17, 1995

D-48 Applied Computational Aerodynamics

6. 1/(PI*AR REF) - Induced drag parameter for an elliptic load distribution based on
reference aspect ratio.
7. CL ALPHA - Lift-curve slope per radian, and per degree.

8. CL(TWIST) - Lift coefficient due to twist and/or camber at zero angle of attack
(CL,tc).
9. ALPHA AT CL=O - Angle of attack at zero lift in degrees; nonzero only when
twist and/or camber is specified.
10. Y CP - Spanwise distance in fraction of semispan from root chord to center of
pressure on the left wing panel.
11. CM/CL - Longitudinal stability parameter based on a moment center about the
reference point. This is the negative of the static margin:
∂Cm
CM / CLLamar =
∂CL
 ∂C   ∂C 
and the value of Cmα can be found from Cmα =  m   L  .
 ∂CL   ∂α 
12. CMO - Pitching-moment coefficient at CL=O.
For each spanwise station, the following data are presented; from the left tip towards the
root:
1. 2Y/B - Location of midpoint of each spanwise station in fraction of wing
semispan.
The next two columns of data describe the additional (or angle of attack) wing loading at a lift
coefficient of 1. (based on the total lift achieved and the true configuration area). The third
column is the chord ratio result, and the other columns detail specific kinds of span loadings and
local centers of pressure for the configuration.
2. SL COEF - span-load coefficient, clc/CL cav .
3. CL RATIO - Ratio of local lift to total lift, cl/CL .
4. C RATIO - Ratio of local chord to average chord, c/cav .
5. LOAD DUE TO TWIST - Distribution of span-load coefficient due to twist and
camber at 0° angle of attack for the configuration.
6. ADD. LOAD AT CL= - Distribution of additional span-load coefficient re-
quired to produce zero lift when combined with lift due to twist and camber.
This distribution is computed at CL,tc.
7. BASIC LOAD AT CL=0 - Basic span-load-coefficient distribution at zero lift
coefficient. These data are the difference of the previous two columns of data.
8. SPAN LOAD AT DESIRED CL - Distribution of the combination of the basic
span-load and additional span-load coefficients at the desired CL.
9. AT CL DES - X LOCATION OF LOCAL CENT PR - The X location of the
local center of pressure for the resulting span load at CL,d as a function of 2Y/b.

Friday, November 17, 1995

report typos and errors to W.H. Mason Appendix D: Programs D-49

The other options available as group two aerodynamic data are accessed based on the values of
CLDES and ATPCOD. For instance, with CLDES=11., and ATPCOD=0.0, the program will
produce a drag polar, CDI at CL(WB) versus CL(WB), based on the linear aerodynamics in the
middle of the first part of group one aerodynamic data. This, and other combinations, are given
in the table below, along with their purposes:
Next, the induced drag, leading-edge thrust, and suction coefficient characteristics at each
spanwise station are computed from a near-field solution for the total loading at CL,d and
presented.
1. 2y/b - the spanwise location for these results
2. L.E. SWEEP ANGLE - Leading-edge sweep angle in degrees.
3. CDII C/2B - Nondimensional section induced-drag-coefficient term.
4. CT C/2B - Nondimensional section leading-edge thrust-coefficient term.
5. CS C/2B - Nondimensional section leading-edge suction in coefficient term.
Next, the total coefficients are given:
CDII/CL**2 - Total drag coefficient over (CL,d)**2.
CT - Total leading-edge thrust coefficient.
CS - Total leading-edge suction coefficient.
Additional printout is produced for vortex flows. In particular, Kp and Kv values, and
respective centroids in both chordwise and spanwise directions, and the associated limits of
integration for the leading- edge and side-edge values of Kv. (The item entitled "Sum of the
positive side edge contributions" which appears here on the printout is indicative of the
contribution to the side-edge forces for that particular planform which were oppositely-signed to
those that contributed in a manner to increase Kv,se. The value of Kv,se does contain these posi-
tive contributions provided the sweep angle is positive. They should not be, and therefore are
not added in for the planform with a swept forward leading edge). Furthermore, aerodynamic
performance values for each planform and for the entire configuration will be listed over an
angle of attack range by the use of the Polhamus Suction Analogy. The headings are explained
below: See the references for detailed explanations of these terms.
KP Kp
KVLE Kv,le
KV SE Kv,se
ALPHA α
CN CN,tot
CLP CL,p
CLVLE CL,vle
CLVSE Kv,se |sinα| |sinα| cos α
CMP pitching-moment coefficient due to CL,p
CMVLE pitching-moment coefficient due to CL,vle
CMVSE pitching-moment coefficient due to CL,vse
CM total pitching moment
CD CL,tot x tanα
CL**2/(PI*AR) (CL,tot)2 /(Pi*(Aspect Ratio))

Friday, November 17, 1995

D-50 Applied Computational Aerodynamics

SAMPLE INPUT, - as developed by Bob Narducci to investigate the YF-23.

YF-23 Flaps Down

2. 1. 26.8917 950.0 0.0
6.0 0. 0. 0.
37.80 0.0 0.0 1.
22.73 -4.35 0. 1.
14.69 -4.35 0. 1.
00.11 -21.75 0. 1.
-03.24 -21.75 0. 1.
-14.96 -7.86 0. 1.
-14.96 0.
8. 0. 0. 0.
-14.96 0. 0. 1.
-14.96 -7.86 43. 1.
-22.00 -16.90 0. 1.
-24.51 -16.90 43. 1.
-29.50 -10.71 43. 1.
-27.02 -7.86 0. 1.
-28.36 -6.86 0. 1.
-25.68 -3.85 0. 1.
-29.20 0.
23. 6. 13. .30 .53 0. 0. 0. 0. 1. 0. 0.
.1745 .1745 .1745 .1745 .1745 .1745
.1745 .1745 .1745 .1745 .1745 .1745
.1745 .1745 .1745 .1745 .1745 .1745
.1745 .1745 .1745 .1745 .1745 .1745
.1745 .1745 .1745 .1745 .1745 .1745
.1745 .1745 .1745 .1745 .1745 .1745
.1745 .1745 .1745 .1745 .1745 .1745
.0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000
.0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000
.0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000
.0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000
.0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000
.0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000

SAMPLE OUTPUT: The output is lengthy, but included here to help students check their codes.

This is what shows up on the screen:

enter name of data set: yf23.in

enter name of output file: yf23out.manual

all output is routed to disk file

computing may take quite some time

STOP

Friday, November 17, 1995

report typos and errors to W.H. Mason Appendix D: Programs D-51

The output file yf23out.manual is:

vortex lattice aerodynamic computation program
nasa-lrc no. a2794 by j.e. lamar and b.b. gloss

modified for watfor77 with 72 column output

YF-23 Flaps Down

geometry data

first reference planform has 6 curves

center of gravity = 0.00000

root chord height = 0.00000
variable sweep pivot position x(s) = 0.00000 y(s) = 0.00000

break points for the reference planform

point x y sweep dihedral move

ref ref angle angle code

1 37.80000 0.00000 73.89906 0.00000 1

2 22.73000 -4.35000 90.00000 0.00000 1
3 14.69000 -4.35000 39.96069 0.00000 1
4 0.11000 -21.75000 90.00000 0.00000 1
5 -3.24000 -21.75000 -40.15675 0.00000 1
6 -14.96000 -7.86000 0.00000 0.00000 1
7 -14.96000 0.00000

second reference planform has 8 curves

center of gravity = 0.00000

root chord height = 0.00000
variable sweep pivot position x(s) = 0.00000 y(s) = 0.00000

break points for the reference planform

point x y sweep dihedral move

ref ref angle angle code

1 -14.96000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 1

2 -14.96000 -7.86000 37.91007 43.00000 1
3 -22.00000 -16.90000 90.00000 0.00000 1
4 -24.51000 -16.90000 -38.87364 43.00000 1
5 -29.50000 -10.71000 41.02898 43.00000 1
6 -27.02000 -7.86000 -53.26718 0.00000 1
7 -28.36000 -6.86000 41.68077 0.00000 1
8 -25.68000 -3.85000 -42.43623 0.00000 1
9 -29.20000 0.00000
1

configuration no. 23.

curve 1 is swept 73.89906 degrees on planform 1

curve 1 is swept 0.00000 degrees on planform 2

Friday, November 17, 1995

D-52 Applied Computational Aerodynamics

break points for this configuration

point x y z sweep dihedral move

angle angle code

1 37.80000 0.00000 0.00000 73.89906 0.00000 1

2 24.46218 -3.85000 0.00000 73.89906 0.00000 1
3 22.73000 -4.35000 0.00000 90.00000 0.00000 1
4 14.69000 -4.35000 0.00000 39.96069 0.00000 1
5 12.58679 -6.86000 0.00000 39.96069 0.00000 1
6 9.36076 -10.71000 0.00000 39.96069 0.00000 1
7 4.17397 -16.90000 0.00000 39.96069 0.00000 1
8 0.11000 -21.75000 0.00000 90.00000 0.00000 1
9 -3.24000 -21.75000 0.00000 -40.15676 0.00000 1
10 -14.96000 -7.86000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 1
11 -14.96000 0.00000 0.00000

second planform breakpoints

1 -14.96000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 1

2 -14.96000 -4.35000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 1
3 -14.96000 -7.86000 0.00000 37.91007 43.00000 1
4 -22.00000 -16.90000 -8.42994 90.00000 0.00000 1
5 -24.51000 -16.90000 -8.42994 -38.87364 43.00000 1
6 -29.50000 -10.71000 -2.65767 41.02898 43.00000 1
7 -27.02000 -7.86000 0.00000 -53.26718 0.00000 1
8 -28.36000 -6.86000 0.00000 41.68077 0.00000 1
9 -25.68000 -3.85000 0.00000 -42.43624 0.00000 1
10 -29.20000 0.00000 0.00000

168 horseshoe vortices used on the left half of the configuration

planform total spanwise

1 90 15
2 78 13

6. horseshoe vortices in each chordwise row

1
aerodynamic data

configuration no. 23.

static longitudinal aerodynamic coefficients are computed

panel x x y z s
no. c/4 3c/4

1 0.61276 0.21636 -20.91346 0.00000 0.83654

2 -0.18004 -0.57644 -20.91346 0.00000 0.83654
3 -0.97284 -1.36924 -20.91346 0.00000 0.83654
4 -1.76564 -2.16204 -20.91346 0.00000 0.83654
5 -2.55845 -2.95485 -20.91346 0.00000 0.83654
6 -3.35125 -3.74765 -20.91346 0.00000 0.83654
7 1.89745 1.26658 -19.24039 0.00000 0.83654

Friday, November 17, 1995

report typos and errors to W.H. Mason Appendix D: Programs D-53

8 0.63571 0.00484 -19.24039 0.00000 0.83654

9 -0.62603 -1.25690 -19.24039 0.00000 0.83654
10 -1.88776 -2.51863 -19.24039 0.00000 0.83654
11 -3.14950 -3.78037 -19.24039 0.00000 0.83654
12 -4.41124 -5.04211 -19.24039 0.00000 0.83654
13 3.11717 2.26369 -17.65192 0.00000 0.75192
14 1.41021 0.55673 -17.65192 0.00000 0.75192
15 -0.29675 -1.15023 -17.65192 0.00000 0.75192
16 -2.00371 -2.85719 -17.65192 0.00000 0.75192
17 -3.71067 -4.56415 -17.65192 0.00000 0.75192
18 -5.41763 -6.27110 -17.65192 0.00000 0.75192
19 4.33688 3.26079 -16.06346 0.00000 0.83654
20 2.18470 1.10861 -16.06346 0.00000 0.83654
21 0.03253 -1.04356 -16.06346 0.00000 0.83654
22 -2.11965 -3.19574 -16.06346 0.00000 0.83654
23 -4.27183 -5.34792 -16.06346 0.00000 0.83654
24 -6.42401 -7.50010 -16.06346 0.00000 0.83654
25 5.62157 4.31101 -14.39038 0.00000 0.83654
26 3.00046 1.68990 -14.39038 0.00000 0.83654
27 0.37934 -0.93122 -14.39038 0.00000 0.83654
28 -2.24177 -3.55233 -14.39038 0.00000 0.83654
29 -4.86289 -6.17345 -14.39038 0.00000 0.83654
30 -7.48401 -8.79456 -14.39038 0.00000 0.83654
31 6.90626 5.36123 -12.71731 0.00000 0.83654
32 3.81621 2.27118 -12.71731 0.00000 0.83654
33 0.72616 -0.81887 -12.71731 0.00000 0.83654
34 -2.36390 -3.90892 -12.71731 0.00000 0.83654
35 -5.45395 -6.99897 -12.71731 0.00000 0.83654
36 -8.54400 -10.08903 -12.71731 0.00000 0.83654
37 7.99810 6.25380 -11.29539 0.00000 0.58538
38 4.50950 2.76521 -11.29539 0.00000 0.58538
39 1.02091 -0.72339 -11.29539 0.00000 0.58538
40 -2.46768 -4.21198 -11.29539 0.00000 0.58538
41 -5.95628 -7.70058 -11.29539 0.00000 0.58538
42 -9.44487 -11.18917 -11.29539 0.00000 0.58538
43 9.08994 7.14637 -9.87346 0.00000 0.83654
44 5.20280 3.25923 -9.87346 0.00000 0.83654
45 1.31566 -0.62790 -9.87346 0.00000 0.83654
46 -2.57147 -4.51504 -9.87346 0.00000 0.83654
47 -6.45861 -8.40218 -9.87346 0.00000 0.83654
48 -10.34575 -12.28931 -9.87346 0.00000 0.83654
49 10.18414 8.04087 -8.44846 0.00000 0.58846
50 5.89760 3.75432 -8.44846 0.00000 0.58846
51 1.61105 -0.53222 -8.44846 0.00000 0.58846
52 -2.67549 -4.81876 -8.44846 0.00000 0.58846
53 -6.96203 -9.10530 -8.44846 0.00000 0.58846
54 -11.24857 -13.39184 -8.44846 0.00000 0.58846
55 11.03750 8.77685 -7.36000 0.00000 0.50000
56 6.51620 4.25554 -7.36000 0.00000 0.50000
57 1.99489 -0.26576 -7.36000 0.00000 0.50000
58 -2.52641 -4.78706 -7.36000 0.00000 0.50000
59 -7.04772 -9.30837 -7.36000 0.00000 0.50000
60 -11.56902 -13.82967 -7.36000 0.00000 0.50000
61 12.11076 9.75678 -6.02346 0.00000 0.83654
62 7.40281 5.04883 -6.02346 0.00000 0.83654
63 2.69485 0.34087 -6.02346 0.00000 0.83654
64 -2.01311 -4.36709 -6.02346 0.00000 0.83654
65 -6.72107 -9.07505 -6.02346 0.00000 0.83654

Friday, November 17, 1995

D-54 Applied Computational Aerodynamics

66 -11.42903 -13.78301 -6.02346 0.00000 0.83654

67 13.11855 10.67694 -4.76846 0.00000 0.41846
68 8.23532 5.79371 -4.76846 0.00000 0.41846
69 3.35210 0.91049 -4.76846 0.00000 0.41846
70 -1.53113 -3.97274 -4.76846 0.00000 0.41846
71 -6.41435 -8.85597 -4.76846 0.00000 0.41846
72 -11.29758 -13.73919 -4.76846 0.00000 0.41846
73 21.98959 18.77658 -4.10000 0.00000 0.25000
74 15.56357 12.35056 -4.10000 0.00000 0.25000
75 9.13756 5.92455 -4.10000 0.00000 0.25000
76 2.71154 -0.50147 -4.10000 0.00000 0.25000
77 -3.71447 -6.92748 -4.10000 0.00000 0.25000
78 -10.14049 -13.35350 -4.10000 0.00000 0.25000
79 25.59691 22.07023 -3.01346 0.00000 0.83654
80 18.54354 15.01685 -3.01346 0.00000 0.83654
81 11.49016 7.96347 -3.01346 0.00000 0.83654
82 4.43679 0.91010 -3.01346 0.00000 0.83654
83 -2.61659 -6.14328 -3.01346 0.00000 0.83654
84 -9.66997 -13.19666 -3.01346 0.00000 0.83654
85 31.98795 27.90552 -1.08846 0.00000 1.08846
86 23.82309 19.74066 -1.08846 0.00000 1.08846
87 15.65823 11.57580 -1.08846 0.00000 1.08846
88 7.49337 3.41094 -1.08846 0.00000 1.08846
89 -0.67149 -4.75393 -1.08846 0.00000 1.08846
90 -8.83636 -12.91879 -1.08846 0.00000 1.08846

second planform horseshoe vortex descriptions

91 -21.66854 -21.95851 -16.28819 -7.85942 0.83654

92 -22.24848 -22.53845 -16.28819 -7.85942 0.83654
93 -22.82842 -23.11839 -16.28819 -7.85942 0.83654
94 -23.40836 -23.69833 -16.28819 -7.85942 0.83654
95 -23.98830 -24.27827 -16.28819 -7.85942 0.83654
96 -24.56824 -24.85822 -16.28819 -7.85942 0.83654
97 -20.79644 -21.24802 -15.06458 -6.71838 0.83654
98 -21.69960 -22.15118 -15.06458 -6.71838 0.83654
99 -22.60276 -23.05434 -15.06458 -6.71838 0.83654
100 -23.50591 -23.95749 -15.06458 -6.71838 0.83654
101 -24.40907 -24.86065 -15.06458 -6.71838 0.83654
102 -25.31223 -25.76381 -15.06458 -6.71838 0.83654
103 -19.92434 -20.53753 -13.84097 -5.57735 0.83654
104 -21.15072 -21.76390 -13.84097 -5.57735 0.83654
105 -22.37709 -22.99028 -13.84097 -5.57735 0.83654
106 -23.60347 -24.21665 -13.84097 -5.57735 0.83654
107 -24.82984 -25.44303 -13.84097 -5.57735 0.83654
108 -26.05622 -26.66940 -13.84097 -5.57735 0.83654
109 -19.05225 -19.82704 -12.61736 -4.43631 0.83654
110 -20.60184 -21.37664 -12.61736 -4.43631 0.83654
111 -22.15143 -22.92623 -12.61736 -4.43631 0.83654
112 -23.70102 -24.47582 -12.61736 -4.43631 0.83654
113 -25.25062 -26.02541 -12.61736 -4.43631 0.83654
114 -26.80021 -27.57500 -12.61736 -4.43631 0.83654
115 -18.15451 -19.09567 -11.35778 -3.26173 0.88572
116 -20.03682 -20.97798 -11.35778 -3.26173 0.88572
117 -21.91913 -22.86029 -11.35778 -3.26173 0.88572
118 -23.80145 -24.74260 -11.35778 -3.26173 0.88572
119 -25.68376 -26.62491 -11.35778 -3.26173 0.88572
120 -27.56607 -28.50722 -11.35778 -3.26173 0.88572

Friday, November 17, 1995

report typos and errors to W.H. Mason Appendix D: Programs D-55

121 -17.21404 -18.23609 -10.09819 -2.08715 0.83654

122 -19.25814 -20.28019 -10.09819 -2.08715 0.83654
123 -21.30224 -22.32430 -10.09819 -2.08715 0.83654
124 -23.34634 -24.36839 -10.09819 -2.08715 0.83654
125 -25.39045 -26.41250 -10.09819 -2.08715 0.83654
126 -27.43455 -28.45660 -10.09819 -2.08715 0.83654
127 -16.09888 -17.11008 -8.67319 -0.75832 1.11190
128 -18.12127 -19.13247 -8.67319 -0.75832 1.11190
129 -20.14366 -21.15486 -8.67319 -0.75832 1.11190
130 -22.16605 -23.17725 -8.67319 -0.75832 1.11190
131 -24.18844 -25.19963 -8.67319 -0.75832 1.11190
132 -26.21083 -27.22202 -8.67319 -0.75832 1.11190
133 -15.49042 -16.55125 -7.36000 0.00000 0.50000
134 -17.61208 -18.67292 -7.36000 0.00000 0.50000
135 -19.73375 -20.79458 -7.36000 0.00000 0.50000
136 -21.85542 -22.91625 -7.36000 0.00000 0.50000
137 -23.97708 -25.03792 -7.36000 0.00000 0.50000
138 -26.09875 -27.15958 -7.36000 0.00000 0.50000
139 -15.48730 -16.54190 -6.02346 0.00000 0.83654
140 -17.59650 -18.65109 -6.02346 0.00000 0.83654
141 -19.70569 -20.76029 -6.02346 0.00000 0.83654
142 -21.81489 -22.86949 -6.02346 0.00000 0.83654
143 -23.92408 -24.97868 -6.02346 0.00000 0.83654
144 -26.03328 -27.08788 -6.02346 0.00000 0.83654
145 -15.44074 -16.40222 -4.76846 0.00000 0.41846
146 -17.36370 -18.32518 -4.76846 0.00000 0.41846
147 -19.28666 -20.24814 -4.76846 0.00000 0.41846
148 -21.20962 -22.17110 -4.76846 0.00000 0.41846
149 -23.13258 -24.09406 -4.76846 0.00000 0.41846
150 -25.05555 -26.01703 -4.76846 0.00000 0.41846
151 -15.41594 -16.32782 -4.10000 0.00000 0.25000
152 -17.23971 -18.15159 -4.10000 0.00000 0.25000
153 -19.06347 -19.97536 -4.10000 0.00000 0.25000
154 -20.88724 -21.79912 -4.10000 0.00000 0.25000
155 -22.71100 -23.62289 -4.10000 0.00000 0.25000
156 -24.53477 -25.44665 -4.10000 0.00000 0.25000
157 -15.43854 -16.39561 -3.01346 0.00000 0.83654
158 -17.35267 -18.30974 -3.01346 0.00000 0.83654
159 -19.26681 -20.22388 -3.01346 0.00000 0.83654
160 -21.18095 -22.13802 -3.01346 0.00000 0.83654
161 -23.09509 -24.05216 -3.01346 0.00000 0.83654
162 -25.00923 -25.96630 -3.01346 0.00000 0.83654
163 -15.51187 -16.61560 -1.08846 0.00000 1.08846
164 -17.71934 -18.82308 -1.08846 0.00000 1.08846
165 -19.92681 -21.03055 -1.08846 0.00000 1.08846
166 -22.13429 -23.23802 -1.08846 0.00000 1.08846
167 -24.34176 -25.44550 -1.08846 0.00000 1.08846
168 -26.54923 -27.65297 -1.08846 0.00000 1.08846

panel x c/4 dihedral local delta

no. sweep angle alpha cp at
angle in rad cl=

1 0.61276 37.51921 0.00000 0.00000 1.93466

2 -0.18004 25.99276 0.00000 0.00000 0.80132
3 -0.97284 11.71110 0.00000 0.00000 0.44417
4 -1.76564 -4.17472 0.00000 0.00000 0.26877
5 -2.55845 -19.45708 0.00000 0.00000 0.16716

Friday, November 17, 1995

D-56 Applied Computational Aerodynamics

6 -3.35125 -32.35670 0.00000 0.00000 0.09160

7 1.89745 37.51921 0.00000 0.00000 1.76990
8 0.63571 25.99275 0.00000 0.00000 0.76368
9 -0.62603 11.71110 0.00000 0.00000 0.45451
10 -1.88776 -4.17472 0.00000 0.00000 0.28471
11 -3.14950 -19.45708 0.00000 0.00000 0.17716
12 -4.41124 -32.35670 0.00000 0.00000 0.09637
13 3.11717 37.51921 0.00000 0.00000 1.61448
14 1.41021 25.99276 0.00000 0.00000 0.70163
15 -0.29675 11.71110 0.00000 0.00000 0.42928
16 -2.00371 -4.17472 0.00000 0.00000 0.27496
17 -3.71067 -19.45708 0.00000 0.00000 0.17320
18 -5.41763 -32.35670 0.00000 0.00000 0.09524
19 4.33688 37.51921 0.00000 0.00000 1.47893
20 2.18470 25.99276 0.00000 0.00000 0.65076
21 0.03253 11.71110 0.00000 0.00000 0.40415
22 -2.11965 -4.17472 0.00000 0.00000 0.26327
23 -4.27183 -19.45708 0.00000 0.00000 0.16857
24 -6.42401 -32.35670 0.00000 0.00000 0.09444
25 5.62157 37.51921 0.00000 0.00000 1.35651
26 3.00046 25.99275 0.00000 0.00000 0.60063
27 0.37934 11.71110 0.00000 0.00000 0.37829
28 -2.24177 -4.17472 0.00000 0.00000 0.25096
29 -4.86289 -19.45708 0.00000 0.00000 0.16475
30 -7.48401 -32.35670 0.00000 0.00000 0.09603
31 6.90626 37.51921 0.00000 0.00000 1.25084
32 3.81621 25.99275 0.00000 0.00000 0.55670
33 0.72616 11.71110 0.00000 0.00000 0.35540
34 -2.36390 -4.17472 0.00000 0.00000 0.24065
35 -5.45395 -19.45708 0.00000 0.00000 0.16334
36 -8.54400 -32.35670 0.00000 0.00000 0.10177
37 7.99810 37.51921 0.00000 0.00000 1.17259
38 4.50950 25.99275 0.00000 0.00000 0.52388
39 1.02091 11.71110 0.00000 0.00000 0.33913
40 -2.46768 -4.17472 0.00000 0.00000 0.23444
41 -5.95628 -19.45708 0.00000 0.00000 0.16514
42 -9.44487 -32.35670 0.00000 0.00000 0.11344
43 9.08994 37.51922 0.00000 0.00000 1.10114
44 5.20280 25.99276 0.00000 0.00000 0.49372
45 1.31566 11.71110 0.00000 0.00000 0.32473
46 -2.57147 -4.17472 0.00000 0.00000 0.22932
47 -6.45861 -19.45708 0.00000 0.00000 0.16777
48 -10.34575 -32.35669 0.00000 0.00000 0.13011
49 10.18414 37.51921 0.00000 0.00000 1.03049
50 5.89760 25.99276 0.00000 0.00000 0.46250
51 1.61105 11.71110 0.00000 0.00000 0.31155
52 -2.67549 -4.17472 0.00000 0.00000 0.22487
53 -6.96203 -19.45708 0.00000 0.00000 0.17004
54 -11.24857 -32.35670 0.00000 0.00000 0.15708
55 11.03750 38.76506 0.00000 0.00000 0.99032
56 6.51620 33.55879 0.00000 0.00000 0.44531
57 1.99489 27.64136 0.00000 0.00000 0.30956
58 -2.52641 21.00937 0.00000 0.00000 0.22725
59 -7.04772 13.73368 0.00000 0.00000 0.17350
60 -11.56902 5.97943 0.00000 0.00000 0.18265
61 12.11076 38.76506 0.00000 0.00000 0.95236
62 7.40281 33.55879 0.00000 0.00000 0.43009
63 2.69485 27.64136 0.00000 0.00000 0.31413

Friday, November 17, 1995

report typos and errors to W.H. Mason Appendix D: Programs D-57

64 -2.01311 21.00937 0.00000 0.00000 0.23344

65 -6.72107 13.73368 0.00000 0.00000 0.17482
66 -11.42903 5.97943 0.00000 0.00000 0.20034
67 13.11855 38.76506 0.00000 0.00000 0.88945
68 8.23532 33.55879 0.00000 0.00000 0.42661
69 3.35210 27.64136 0.00000 0.00000 0.33185
70 -1.53113 21.00937 0.00000 0.00000 0.23456
71 -6.41435 13.73368 0.00000 0.00000 0.15684
72 -11.29758 5.97943 0.00000 0.00000 0.21695
73 21.98959 73.23754 0.00000 0.00000 0.21302
74 15.56357 69.96743 0.00000 0.00000 0.38221
75 9.13756 65.21040 0.00000 0.00000 0.38601
76 2.71154 57.79776 0.00000 0.00000 0.29039
77 -3.71447 45.29755 0.00000 0.00000 0.25414
78 -10.14049 23.41484 0.00000 0.00000 0.19888
79 25.59691 73.23754 0.00000 0.00000 0.28844
80 18.54354 69.96743 0.00000 0.00000 0.19152
81 11.49016 65.21040 0.00000 0.00000 0.36631
82 4.43679 57.79776 0.00000 0.00000 0.30348
83 -2.61659 45.29755 0.00000 0.00000 0.23120
84 -9.66997 23.41484 0.00000 0.00000 0.20109
85 31.98795 73.23754 0.00000 0.00000 0.21732
86 23.82309 69.96743 0.00000 0.00000 0.16858
87 15.65823 65.21040 0.00000 0.00000 0.25630
88 7.49337 57.79776 0.00000 0.00000 0.30933
89 -0.67149 45.29755 0.00000 0.00000 0.23234
90 -8.83636 23.41482 0.00000 0.00000 0.19074

second planform horseshoe vortex descriptions

91 -21.66854 35.47837 43.00000 0.17450 2.07234

92 -22.24848 24.15973 43.00000 0.17450 0.86344
93 -22.82842 10.44929 43.00000 0.17450 0.50181
94 -23.40836 -4.55831 43.00000 0.17450 0.31432
95 -23.98830 -18.97688 43.00000 0.17450 0.19781
96 -24.56824 -31.30072 43.00000 0.17450 0.10867
97 -20.79644 35.47836 43.00000 0.17450 1.86622
98 -21.69960 24.15975 43.00000 0.17450 0.79905
99 -22.60276 10.44927 43.00000 0.17450 0.48369
100 -23.50591 -4.55835 43.00000 0.17450 0.31020
101 -24.40907 -18.97688 43.00000 0.17450 0.19537
102 -25.31223 -31.30072 43.00000 0.17450 0.10614
103 -19.92434 35.47837 43.00000 0.17450 1.62276
104 -21.15072 24.15975 43.00000 0.17450 0.69665
105 -22.37709 10.44928 43.00000 0.17450 0.42654
106 -23.60347 -4.55832 43.00000 0.17450 0.27531
107 -24.82984 -18.97687 43.00000 0.17450 0.17295
108 -26.05622 -31.30070 43.00000 0.17450 0.09307
109 -19.05225 35.47837 43.00000 0.17450 1.39650
110 -20.60184 24.15974 43.00000 0.17450 0.60027
111 -22.15143 10.44929 43.00000 0.17450 0.36950
112 -23.70102 -4.55834 43.00000 0.17450 0.23890
113 -25.25062 -18.97689 43.00000 0.17450 0.14921
114 -26.80021 -31.30070 43.00000 0.17450 0.07915
115 -18.15451 35.47837 43.00000 0.17450 1.17860
116 -20.03682 24.15975 43.00000 0.17450 0.50846
117 -21.91913 10.44929 43.00000 0.17450 0.31541
118 -23.80145 -4.55835 43.00000 0.17450 0.20462

Friday, November 17, 1995

D-58 Applied Computational Aerodynamics

119 -25.68376 -18.97689 43.00000 0.17450 0.12671

120 -27.56607 -31.30071 43.00000 0.17450 0.06503
121 -17.21404 38.04567 43.00000 0.17450 1.01268
122 -19.25814 38.58307 43.00000 0.17450 0.44608
123 -21.30224 39.11254 43.00000 0.17450 0.28734
124 -23.34634 39.63417 43.00000 0.17450 0.19345
125 -25.39045 40.14806 43.00000 0.17450 0.12395
126 -27.43455 40.65429 43.00000 0.17450 0.06535
127 -16.09888 38.04567 43.00000 0.17450 0.83667
128 -18.12127 38.58307 43.00000 0.17450 0.39566
129 -20.14366 39.11254 43.00000 0.17450 0.27313
130 -22.16605 39.63417 43.00000 0.17450 0.19673
131 -24.18844 40.14806 43.00000 0.17450 0.13605
132 -26.21083 40.65429 43.00000 0.17450 0.07985
133 -15.49042 -3.19570 0.00000 0.00000 0.56637
134 -17.61208 -15.59796 0.00000 0.00000 0.42340
135 -19.73375 -26.67953 0.00000 0.00000 0.31785
136 -21.85542 -35.97340 0.00000 0.00000 0.23703
137 -23.97708 -43.50610 0.00000 0.00000 0.16547
138 -26.09875 -49.53985 0.00000 0.00000 0.09394
139 -15.48730 2.12462 0.00000 0.00000 0.38372
140 -17.59650 10.50852 0.00000 0.00000 0.33354
141 -19.70569 18.46350 0.00000 0.00000 0.27610
142 -21.81489 25.74715 0.00000 0.00000 0.21449
143 -23.92408 32.23863 0.00000 0.00000 0.15167
144 -26.03328 37.92108 0.00000 0.00000 0.08438
145 -15.44074 2.12462 0.00000 0.00000 0.34990
146 -17.36370 10.50851 0.00000 0.00000 0.29853
147 -19.28666 18.46349 0.00000 0.00000 0.25906
148 -21.20962 25.74714 0.00000 0.00000 0.21134
149 -23.13258 32.23862 0.00000 0.00000 0.15849
150 -25.05555 37.92108 0.00000 0.00000 0.09723
151 -15.41594 2.12462 0.00000 0.00000 0.35024
152 -17.23971 10.50852 0.00000 0.00000 0.28116
153 -19.06347 18.46350 0.00000 0.00000 0.24782
154 -20.88724 25.74714 0.00000 0.00000 0.20712
155 -22.71100 32.23864 0.00000 0.00000 0.16006
156 -24.53477 37.92108 0.00000 0.00000 0.10421
157 -15.43854 -2.18164 0.00000 0.00000 0.32319
158 -17.35267 -10.78430 0.00000 0.00000 0.24905
159 -19.26681 -18.92465 0.00000 0.00000 0.22019
160 -21.18095 -26.34637 0.00000 0.00000 0.18542
161 -23.09509 -32.92787 0.00000 0.00000 0.14319
162 -25.00923 -38.65982 0.00000 0.00000 0.09029
163 -15.51187 -2.18164 0.00000 0.00000 0.29260
164 -17.71934 -10.78430 0.00000 0.00000 0.22016
165 -19.92681 -18.92465 0.00000 0.00000 0.19116
166 -22.13429 -26.34637 0.00000 0.00000 0.15602
167 -24.34176 -32.92787 0.00000 0.00000 0.11287
168 -26.54923 -38.65981 0.00000 0.00000 0.06313

ref. chord c average true area reference area

26.89170 31.36179 1364.23767 950.00000

b/2 ref. ar true ar mach number

21.75000 1.99184 1.38704 0.30000

Friday, November 17, 1995

report typos and errors to W.H. Mason Appendix D: Programs D-59

complete configuration
lift induced drag(far field solution)
cl computed alpha cl(wb) cdi at cl(wb) cdi/(cl(wb)**2)

0.5300 7.6834 0.3851 0.0238 0.1608

complete configuration characteristics

cl alpha cl(twist) alpha y cp cm/cl cmo

per rad per deg at cl=0
3.11731 0.05441 0.11197 -2.05798 -0.42053 0.06834 -0.07080

additional loading
with cl based on s(true) -at cl des-

load add. basic span x loc

dueto load load load of
stat 2y/b sl cl c twist at cl at cl at cl local
coef ratio ratio = = desir cent of
0.112 0 press

1 -0.962 0.310 2.045 0.152 0.003 0.024 -0.021 0.094 -0.162

2 -0.885 0.471 1.950 0.241 0.006 0.037 -0.031 0.143 0.575
3 -0.812 0.588 1.802 0.327 0.008 0.046 -0.038 0.179 1.273
4 -0.739 0.687 1.669 0.412 0.010 0.054 -0.044 0.210 1.949
5 -0.662 0.775 1.545 0.501 0.012 0.060 -0.048 0.238 2.630
6 -0.585 0.850 1.438 0.591 0.016 0.066 -0.051 0.263 3.257
7 -0.519 0.909 1.362 0.667 0.019 0.071 -0.052 0.284 3.709
8 -0.454 0.963 1.295 0.744 0.023 0.075 -0.052 0.303 4.081
9 -0.388 1.011 1.233 0.820 0.028 0.079 -0.051 0.322 4.316
10 -0.338 1.046 1.209 0.865 0.031 0.082 -0.050 0.336 4.526
11 -0.277 1.075 1.193 0.901 0.033 0.084 -0.051 0.346 5.045
12 -0.219 1.092 1.168 0.934 0.034 0.085 -0.052 0.351 5.530
13 -0.189 1.100 0.895 1.229 0.033 0.086 -0.053 0.353 6.950
14 -0.139 1.109 0.822 1.349 0.033 0.086 -0.053 0.356 8.812
15 -0.050 1.117 0.715 1.562 0.033 0.087 -0.054 0.358 11.245

contribution of the second planform to span load distribution

16 -0.749 0.116 1.047 0.111 0.041 0.009 0.032 0.075 -22.261

17 -0.693 0.164 0.948 0.173 0.061 0.013 0.048 0.108 -21.759
18 -0.636 0.189 0.806 0.235 0.073 0.015 0.059 0.129 -21.242
19 -0.580 0.200 0.676 0.296 0.082 0.016 0.066 0.140 -20.719
20 -0.522 0.200 0.555 0.360 0.086 0.016 0.070 0.144 -20.183
21 -0.464 0.187 0.479 0.391 0.084 0.015 0.070 0.139 -19.541
22 -0.399 0.164 0.423 0.387 0.076 0.013 0.063 0.124 -18.709
23 -0.338 0.174 0.429 0.406 0.071 0.014 0.058 0.122 -18.903
24 -0.277 0.148 0.366 0.404 0.054 0.012 0.043 0.097 -19.224
25 -0.219 0.133 0.363 0.368 0.045 0.010 0.035 0.084 -19.037
26 -0.189 0.128 0.366 0.349 0.041 0.010 0.031 0.079 -18.872
27 -0.139 0.124 0.339 0.366 0.038 0.010 0.028 0.074 -19.025
28 -0.050 0.126 0.297 0.422 0.036 0.010 0.027 0.073 -19.428

Friday, November 17, 1995

D-60 Applied Computational Aerodynamics

induced drag,leading edge thrust , suction coefficient characteristics

computed at the desired cl from a near field solution

section coefficients
l.e. sweep
station 2y/b angle cdii c/2b ct c/2b cs c/2b
1 -0.96154 39.96069 0.00412 0.00085 0.00111
2 -0.88462 39.96069 0.00182 0.00507 0.00661
3 -0.81158 39.96069 0.00042 0.00821 0.01071
4 -0.73855 39.96069 0.00101 0.00912 0.01190
5 -0.66163 39.96069 0.00187 0.00962 0.01255
6 -0.58470 39.96069 0.00286 0.00985 0.01285
7 -0.51933 39.96069 0.00392 0.00978 0.01276
8 -0.45395 39.96069 0.00499 0.00967 0.01261
9 -0.38844 39.96069 0.00581 0.00975 0.01272
10 -0.33839 39.96069 0.00675 0.00940 0.01226
11 -0.27694 39.96069 0.00795 0.00872 0.01138
12 -0.21924 39.96069 0.00884 0.00813 0.01389
13 -0.18851 73.89906 0.00974 0.00733 0.02002
14 -0.13855 73.89906 0.01161 0.00557 0.02009
15 -0.05004 73.89906 0.02071 -0.00342 -0.01233

contribution of the second planform to the chord or drag force

16 -0.74888 37.91007 0.00645 0.00292 0.00370

17 -0.69262 37.91007 0.00477 0.00715 0.00906
18 -0.63637 37.91007 0.00430 0.00984 0.01247
19 -0.58011 37.91007 0.00588 0.00953 0.01208
20 -0.52220 37.91007 0.00755 0.00832 0.01054
21 -0.46428 37.91007 0.00901 0.00640 0.00812
22 -0.39877 37.91007 0.00956 0.00324 0.00400
23 -0.33839 0.00000 0.00665 0.00124 0.00128
24 -0.27694 0.00000 0.00449 0.00034 0.00034
25 -0.21924 0.00000 0.00408 0.00003 0.00003
26 -0.18851 0.00000 0.00389 -0.00001 -0.00001
27 -0.13855 0.00000 0.00361 0.00002 0.00002
28 -0.05004 0.00000 0.00331 0.00022 0.00022

total coefficients

cdii/cl**2= 0.15439 ct= 0.04177 cs= 0.05673

1

end of file encountered after configuration 23.

Friday, November 17, 1995

report typos and errors to W.H. Mason Appendix D: Programs D-61

D.7 DesCam User’s Manual

This program provides the camber line required to obtain the user input chord loading distribu-
tion for two-dimensional incompressible flow using thin airfoil theory. Lan’s quasi vortex lattice
method is used.
The program prompts the user for the name of the data set defining the chord load of interest.
The user is also prompted to enter the number of points at which a solution is required. Fifty is
enough for an extremely accurate answer. The maximum is 121.

INPUT DESCRIPTION (all numeric input is in 2F10.5 format)

Card Field Variable Description

1 1 Title Up to 80 characters describing the data set/case (A79)

2 1 FNQ number of x/c, ∆Cp pairs describing design chord load

(the maximum is 101)

3 1 XQ the x/c input station for a given chord load

2 DC the design chord load at this x/c

************ CARD 3 is repeated FNQ times ************

Sample input:

NACA 6 series a = .4 mean line loading

3.0
0.0 1.42857
0.4 1.42857
1.0 0.00000

Sample output:
enter name of input data file
descam.inp

camber line design using quasi-vortex lattice method

case title: NACA 6 series a = .4 mean line loading

design chord load

n x/c Delta Cp
1 0.00000 1.4286
2 0.40000 1.4286
3 1.00000 0.0000

CL = 1.0000 Cm = 0.0357

enter the number of points to be computed:

30.

Design angle of attack = 3.4113 degrees

Friday, November 17, 1995

D-62 Applied Computational Aerodynamics

i x/c z/c dz/dx (z-z0)/c

0 0.00000 0.05961 1.07277 0.000000
1 0.00274 0.06192 0.61767 0.002478
2 0.01093 0.06636 0.46497 0.007398
3 0.02447 0.07203 0.37212 0.013875
4 0.04323 0.07837 0.30444 0.021338
5 0.06699 0.08496 0.25031 0.029344
6 0.09549 0.09144 0.20439 0.037524
7 0.12843 0.09750 0.16374 0.045550
8 0.16543 0.10287 0.12646 0.053125
9 0.20611 0.10730 0.09118 0.059976
10 0.25000 0.11054 0.05671 0.065838
11 0.29663 0.11237 0.02174 0.070447
12 0.34549 0.11252 -0.01581 0.073504
13 0.39604 0.11052 -0.06321 0.074520
14 0.44774 0.10600 -0.11174 0.073080
15 0.50000 0.09932 -0.14406 0.069511
16 0.55226 0.09115 -0.16858 0.064456
17 0.60396 0.08195 -0.18725 0.058341
18 0.65451 0.07213 -0.20102 0.051540
19 0.70337 0.06208 -0.21052 0.044399
20 0.75000 0.05213 -0.21624 0.037228
21 0.79389 0.04259 -0.21864 0.030300
22 0.83457 0.03370 -0.21813 0.023843
23 0.87157 0.02569 -0.21515 0.018032
24 0.90451 0.01868 -0.21016 0.012991
25 0.93301 0.01279 -0.20365 0.008792
26 0.95677 0.00804 -0.19616 0.005459
27 0.97553 0.00443 -0.18831 0.002972
28 0.98907 0.00193 -0.18084 0.001279
29 0.99726 0.00047 -0.17476 0.000311
30 1.00000 0.00000 -0.17179 0.000000

STOP

Note: The data in the z/c column is the surface shape including both angle of attack and camber.
This means that the surface starts at positive (normally) value of z. To obtain a traditional camber
line distribution that starts and stops at z = 0, the shape is rotated “down” by the value of the de-
sign angle of attack. The result is given in the column listed as (z-z0)/c, which is now a pure
camber surface, with the camber at both the leading and trailing edges equal to zero. The equa-
tions are given in Section 6.11 of the text. In particular, see Eq. (6-109) for the details of the “ro-
tation”.

Friday, November 17, 1995

 Appendix E Utility Codes

Several utility programs are useful. This appendix provides the input instructions.

E.1 FOILGEN

Airfoil geometry generation. For airfoils with analytically defined ordinates, this
program produces airfoil definition data sets in the format required for PANELv2.
This includes NACA 4-digit, 4-digit modified and 5-digit airfoils. In addition, the
NACA 6 and 6A camber lines are available. The user can combine any combina-
tion of thickness and camber lines available within these shapes. This provides a
wide range of airfoil definitions.

E.2 LADSON

This is the NASA program that provides a reasonable approximation to the

NACA 6 and 6A series airfoils. It was written by Charles Ladson and Cuyler
Brooks.

E.3 CONCAM

This program provides the NACA conical camber geometry.

E.4 WNGLFT

This program provides detailed wing geometry definition for a straight line wrap
lofted wing.

E.5 BUMP

This code provides a means of making smooth changes to airfoil shapes. This rou-
tine is included in PANELv2.

E.6 POSTp

Post processing of PANELv2 for use in CBL

E.7 STDATM

This is a subroutine that provides the 1976 standard atmosphere used in program
FRICTION.

Tuesday, January 21, 1997 E-1

E-2 Applied Computational Aerodynamics

E.1 FOILGEN

This program is used for airfoil geometry generation. For airfoils with analytically defined ordi-
nates, this program produces airfoil definition data sets in the format required for PANELv2.
This includes NACA 4-digit, 4-digit modified and 5-digit airfoils. In addition, the NACA 6 and
6A camber lines are available. The user can combine any combination of thickness and camber
lines available within these shapes. This provides a wide range of airfoil definitions. The pro-
gram runs interactively, and a sample terminal session is provided here to illustrate its use.

From terminal session:

NACA Airfoil Ordinate Generation
W.H. Mason, March 15, 1992

Thickness Distribution Options:

1 - NACA 4 Digit Series

2 - NACA Modified 4 Digit Series

Select 1 or 2 :2

Input Max Thickness, T/C =.18

X/C Position of Max Thickness =.4

Input leading edge parameter:

Choose values from 0 to 9 -

(6 is the 4 Series value) 7

Leading Edge Radius, rle/C = 0.04859

Trailing Edge Angle is 31.60 degrees

[this is the TOTAL included angle]

Camber Distribution Options:

1 - NACA 4 Digit Series

2 - NACA 5 Digit Series
3 - NACA 6 & 6A Series

Select 1,2 or 3: 3

Design Lift Coefficient = .2

Input X/C for constant loading, A = .8

6A-series camber line ? (Y/N):y

Choose output option :

1 - Point by point
2 - Distribution

Select 1 or 2:2

Select type of distribution:

Tuesday, January 21, 1997

report typos and errors to W.H. Mason Appendix E: Utility Programs E-3

1 - Even Spacing
2 - Full Cosine
(Concentrated at both LE & TE)
3 - Half Cosine
(Concentrated at LE)

Choose 1, 2, or 3 :1

Number of points in distribution,

(131 maximum) =21

I X/C YT/C DYT/X YC/C DYC/C XU/C(%) YU/C(%) XL/C(%) YL/C(%)

1 0.0000 0.0000 99.9999 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
2 0.0500 0.0529 0.3774 0.0036 0.0543 4.7133 5.6407 5.2867 -4.9195
3 0.1000 0.0665 0.2020 0.0060 0.0412 9.7259 7.2420 10.2741 -6.0498
4 0.1500 0.0747 0.1343 0.0078 0.0331 14.7529 8.2487 15.2471 -6.6872
5 0.2000 0.0804 0.0969 0.0093 0.0269 19.7837 8.9702 20.2163 -7.1099
6 0.2500 0.0846 0.0706 0.0105 0.0217 24.8161 9.5086 25.1839 -7.4057
7 0.3000 0.0875 0.0478 0.0115 0.0172 29.8495 9.9018 30.1505 -7.6046
8 0.3500 0.0894 0.0249 0.0122 0.0130 34.8839 10.1599 35.1161 -7.7119
9 0.4000 0.0900 0.0000 0.0128 0.0090 39.9189 10.2786 40.0811 -7.7207
10 0.4500 0.0893 -0.0261 0.0131 0.0051 44.9543 10.2487 45.0457 -7.6202
11 0.5000 0.0874 -0.0518 0.0133 0.0012 49.9894 10.0698 50.0106 -7.4096
12 0.5500 0.0842 -0.0769 0.0133 -0.0028 55.0236 9.7439 54.9764 -7.0915
13 0.6000 0.0797 -0.1017 0.0130 -0.0071 60.0564 9.2725 59.9436 -6.6692
14 0.6500 0.0740 -0.1259 0.0125 -0.0118 65.0871 8.6561 64.9129 -6.1465
15 0.7000 0.0671 -0.1498 0.0118 -0.0172 70.1156 7.8941 69.8844 -5.5287
16 0.7500 0.0591 -0.1731 0.0108 -0.0241 75.1424 6.9835 74.8576 -4.8231
17 0.8000 0.0498 -0.1960 0.0093 -0.0361 80.1796 5.9136 79.8204 -4.0441
18 0.8500 0.0395 -0.2184 0.0072 -0.0469 85.1847 4.6629 84.8153 -3.2200
19 0.9000 0.0280 -0.2404 0.0047 -0.0480 90.1343 3.2641 89.8657 -2.3264
20 0.9500 0.0154 -0.2619 0.0023 -0.0480 95.0740 1.7693 94.9260 -1.3120
21 1.0000 0.0018 -0.2830 0.0000 0.0000 100.0000 0.1800 100.0000 -0.1800
I X/C YT/C DYT/X YC/C DYC/C XU/C(%) YU/C(%) XL/C(%) YL/C(%)

send output to a file? (Y/N):

y

enter file name:

testout.txt

enter file title:

NACA 18% thick, xt=.4, I=7, 6A series cam, CLI = .2

Another case?
n

STOP

The disk file generated from the session shown above is:
NACA 18% thick, xt=.4, I=7, 6A series cam, CLI = .2
21.000000 21.000000
Upper Surface
0.000000 0.000000
0.047133 0.056407
0.097259 0.072420

Tuesday, January 21, 1997

E-4 Applied Computational Aerodynamics
0.147529 0.082487
0.197837 0.089702
0.248161 0.095086
0.298495 0.099018
0.348839 0.101599
0.399189 0.102786
0.449543 0.102487
0.499894 0.100698
0.550236 0.097439
0.600564 0.092725
0.650871 0.086561
0.701156 0.078941
0.751424 0.069835
0.801796 0.059136
0.851847 0.046629
0.901343 0.032641
0.950740 0.017693
1.000000 0.001800
Lower Surface
0.000000 0.000000
0.052867 -0.049195
0.102741 -0.060498
0.152471 -0.066872
0.202163 -0.071099
0.251839 -0.074057
0.301505 -0.076046
0.351161 -0.077119
0.400811 -0.077207
0.450457 -0.076202
0.500106 -0.074096
0.549764 -0.070915
0.599436 -0.066692
0.649129 -0.061465
0.698844 -0.055287
0.748576 -0.048231
0.798204 -0.040441
0.848153 -0.032200
0.898657 -0.023264
0.949260 -0.013120
1.000000 -0.001800

Tuesday, January 21, 1997

report typos and errors to W.H. Mason Appendix E: Utility Programs E-5

E.2 LADSON

This is the NASA program that provides a reasonable approximation to the NACA 6 and 6A se-
ries airfoils. It was written by Charles Ladson and Cuyler Brooks (Ref E.2-1). Originally it ran
on the NASA CDC computer. It has been ported to run on a personal computer (Macintosh).
Only minor modifications were made to produce a program to generate a set of ordinates in the
form required as standard input by the programs described in App. D.

The program is only an approximation to the ordinates because there is no simple algebraic for-
mula available to describe the thickness distribution. I spoke briefly to Charles Ladson some
years ago, and he said that he thought it would be impossible to generate a more accurate pro-
gram. When he was doing this work he investigated the availability of more detailed notes on
these airfoils and discovered that all the records have been destroyed. The only information
available is that contained in the actual NACA reports. However, this program is much more ac-
curate than attempts to simulate the 6 and 6A series thickness envelope by using a modified
NACA 4-digit airfoil formula. The program was developed to handles thicknesses from 6 to 15
percent.

Figure E.2-1 compares the program predictions with the official ordinates - which are given in
Ref E.2-2, for 64-series airfoils. If the thickness distribution could be obtained by scaling a refer-
ence airfoil, each curve would be a straight flat line. Note especially that below thickness of
around six percent the program deviates significantly from the tabulated values.

One other possible problem is the value at the trailing edge. Originally further processing was re-
quired to find the value. The program was modified to linearly extrapolate the values near the
trailing edge to get the final values. This was the approach recommended by Ladson. This is
done in the new routine added to generate the file of points, stdout. The user should check this
approximation if the results appear to be in error at the trailing edge.

References

E.2-1. Ladson, C.L., and Brooks, C.W., Jr., “Development of a Computer Program to Obtain
Ordinates for NACA 6- and 6A-Series Airfoils,” NASA TM X-3069, Sept., 1974.

E.2-2. Patterson, E.W., and Braslow, A.L., “Ordinates and Theoretical Pressure Distribution
Data for NACA 6- and 6A- Series Airfoil Sections with Thicknesses from 2 to 21 and
from 2 to 15 Percent Chord Respectively,” NASA R-84, 1961.

Tuesday, January 21, 1997

E-6 Applied Computational Aerodynamics

0.328 y/t, at x/c = 0.1000 (Tabulated)

0.326 y/t, at x/c = 0.1000 (Pgm value)
y / t 0.324
0.322
0.320
0 5 10 15
Max t/c, %

a. x/c = 0.10
Fig. E.2-1 Comparison of tabulated and computed airfoil ordinate values.

0.292 y/t, at x/c = 0.0750 (Tabulated)

y/t, at x/c = 0.0750 (Pgm value)
0.288
y/t
0.284
0.280
0 5 10 15
Max t/c, %

b. x/c = 0.075

0.245 y/t, at x/c = 0.0500 (Tabulated)

y/t, at x/c = 0.0500 (Pgm value)
0.240
y/t
0.235
0.230
0 5 10 15
Max t/c, %

c. x/c = 0.050

0.174 y/t, at x/c = 0.0250 (Tabulated)

y/t, at x/c = 0.0250 (Pgm value)
0.172
y/t
0.170
0.168
0 5 10 15
Max t/c, %

d. x/c = 0.025

Tuesday, January 21, 1997

report typos and errors to W.H. Mason Appendix E: Utility Programs E-7

y/t, at x/c = 0.0125 (Tabulated)

0.128 y/t, at x/c = 0.0125 (Pgm value)
y/t
0.124

0.120
0 5 10 15
Max t/c, %

e. x/c = 0.0125

Fig. E.2-1 Comparison of tabulated and computed airfoil ordinate values. (continued)

0.100
y/t
0.095
y/t, at x/c = 0.0075 (Tabulated)
y/t, at x/c = 0.0075 (Pgm value)
0.090
0 5 10 15
Max t/c, %

f. x/c = 0.0075

0.090 y/t, at x/c = 0.0050 (Tabulated)

y/t, at x/c = 0.0050 (Pgm value)
y/t
0.080

0.070
0 5 10 15
Max t/c, %

g. x/c = 0.0050
Fig. E.2-1 Comparison of tabulated and computed airfoil ordinate values. (concluded)

Input Description

The user first creates a data file as described below. Then, the program runs interactively. It que-
ries the user for the name of the input data file. After the airfoil ordinates are found, the user is
asked for the name of the output file containing the ordinates in standard format. The file names
can be up to twenty characters long. Because the program was developed in the era of cards, it is
critically important that the input be placed in the specified column.

Tuesday, January 21, 1997

E-8 Applied Computational Aerodynamics

Card Field Variable Description

1. 2-80 TITLE Case title card. Any values can be used, from columns 2 to 80

2. Airfoil and camber line series designations as follows:

NACA airfoil thickness family: card designation column

63-series 63 9,10
64-series 64 9,10
65-series 65 9,10
66-series 66 9,10
67-series 67 9,10
63A-series 63A 8,9,10
64A-series 64A 8,9,10
65A-series 65A 8,9,10

NACA Camber line card designation column

NACA 6-series 63 19,20
64 19,20
65 19,20
66 19,20
NACA 6A-series 63A 18,19,20
64A 18,19,20
65A 18,19,20
Airfoil Parameter card (Note cards 3 to 6 are in floating point mode. Numbers are entered with a
decimal point.
3. 1-10 TOC Thickness to chord ratio of airfoil, i.e., 0.120
11-20 LER Published leading-edge radius may be entered if
desired (not used in program)
21-30 CHD model chord used for listing ordinates in dimensional units
31-40 CLI Design lift coefficient (i.e., 0.20)
set to 0.0 for a symmetrical airfoil
41-50 A mean line chordwise loading (use 0.8 for 6A-series airfoils)
51-60 CMBNMR number of mean lines to be summed, up to a max of nine
(if only one, leave blank or insert 1.0)
and as required:

Card Field Variable Description

4. 1-10 CLI design lift for second mean line
11-20 A loading for second mean line
21-30 CLI design lift for third mean line
31-40 A loading for third mean line
41-50 CLI design lift for fourth mean line
51-60 A loading for fourth mean line
61-70 CLI design lift for fifth mean line
71-80 A loading for fifth mean line

Tuesday, January 21, 1997

report typos and errors to W.H. Mason Appendix E: Utility Programs E-9

Card Field Variable Description

5. 1-10 CLI design lift for sixth mean line
11-20 A loading for sixth mean line
21-30 CLI design lift for seventh mean line
31-40 A loading for seventh mean line
41-50 CLI design lift for eighth mean line
51-60 A loading for eighth mean line
61-70 CLI design lift for ninth mean line
71-80 A loading for ninth mean line
6. 1-10 CLI design lift for tenth mean line
11-20 A loading for tenth mean line

Sample input:
NACA 65(1)213 A=0.5,CL=0.2
65 65
0.130 0.00 1.0 0.2 0.5 1.0

Output
The program files also contain the sample output of the program. Because the program was writ-
ten many years ago, it uses 133 column output, and doesn’t fit on a normal page. The output file
corresponds to the input data set given above and also available in the program files. This case
should be verified before further use of the program.
Eighty values of the upper and lower surface are contained in the disk file. The following is the
file generated from the sample input listed above. All numbers are output in 2F10.6 format.
NACA 65(1)213 A=0.5,CL=0.2
80.000000 80.000000
UPPER SURFACE
0.000000 0.000000
0.000294 0.004049
0.000862 0.005724
0.001472 0.007026
0.002106 0.008120
0.002756 0.009078
0.003416 0.009940
0.004095 0.010729
0.004801 0.011465
0.005750 0.012363
0.006706 0.013187
0.007668 0.013957
0.008635 0.014674
0.009605 0.015351
0.010578 0.015999
0.013509 0.017790
0.018419 0.020432
0.023349 0.022801
0.028292 0.024990
0.033243 0.027041
0.038202 0.028978
0.043167 0.030816
0.048138 0.032564
0.053113 0.034230
0.058093 0.035824
0.063077 0.037355
0.068064 0.038829
0.073053 0.040252
0.078045 0.041628

Tuesday, January 21, 1997

E-10 Applied Computational Aerodynamics
0.083040 0.042963
0.088036 0.044256
0.093035 0.045510
0.098035 0.046725
0.108042 0.049051
0.118054 0.051242
0.138096 0.055281
0.158154 0.058909
0.178228 0.062180
0.198314 0.065122
0.218410 0.067761
0.238517 0.070119
0.258632 0.072209
0.278755 0.074040
0.298885 0.075621
0.319022 0.076953
0.339166 0.078041
0.359316 0.078893
0.379473 0.079505
0.399636 0.079849
0.419807 0.079905
0.439987 0.079653
0.460179 0.079093
0.480389 0.078208
0.500661 0.076988
0.520914 0.075401
0.541078 0.073489
0.561197 0.071293
0.581282 0.068840
0.601339 0.066166
0.621370 0.063297
0.641379 0.060250
0.661367 0.057038
0.681337 0.053682
0.701290 0.050202
0.721229 0.046629
0.741156 0.042982
0.761071 0.039263
0.780978 0.035493
0.800877 0.031693
0.820771 0.027893
0.840662 0.024115
0.860553 0.020383
0.880445 0.016732
0.900341 0.013196
0.920244 0.009825
0.940156 0.006682
0.960082 0.003866
0.980027 0.001528
0.990009 0.000616
1.000000 -0.000015
LOWER SURFACE
0.000000 0.000000
0.001206 -0.003782
0.002138 -0.005234
0.003028 -0.006330
0.003894 -0.007228
0.004744 -0.008000
0.005584 -0.008681
0.006405 -0.009295
0.007199 -0.009859
0.008250 -0.010536
0.009294 -0.011145
0.010332 -0.011704
0.011365 -0.012216
0.012395 -0.012692
0.013422 -0.013143
0.016491 -0.014363

Tuesday, January 21, 1997

report typos and errors to W.H. Mason Appendix E: Utility Programs E-11
0.021581 -0.016110
0.026651 -0.017640
0.031708 -0.019033
0.036757 -0.020325
0.041798 -0.021536
0.046833 -0.022676
0.051862 -0.023751
0.056887 -0.024766
0.061907 -0.025730
0.066923 -0.026652
0.071936 -0.027533
0.076947 -0.028381
0.081955 -0.029197
0.086960 -0.029988
0.091964 -0.030750
0.096965 -0.031487
0.101964 -0.032198
0.111958 -0.033552
0.121946 -0.034818
0.141904 -0.037129
0.161846 -0.039182
0.181772 -0.041014
0.201686 -0.042644
0.221590 -0.044089
0.241483 -0.045366
0.261368 -0.046480
0.281245 -0.047440
0.301115 -0.048251
0.320978 -0.048913
0.340834 -0.049428
0.360684 -0.049806
0.380527 -0.050043
0.400364 -0.050111
0.420192 -0.049996
0.440012 -0.049680
0.459821 -0.049171
0.479611 -0.048463
0.499339 -0.047570
0.519085 -0.046504
0.538922 -0.045258
0.558802 -0.043842
0.578717 -0.042267
0.598660 -0.040559
0.618629 -0.038730
0.638620 -0.036789
0.658632 -0.034743
0.678662 -0.032603
0.698709 -0.030384
0.718770 -0.028110
0.738843 -0.025795
0.758928 -0.023432
0.779021 -0.021039
0.799122 -0.018629
0.819228 -0.016226
0.839337 -0.013846
0.859446 -0.011507
0.879554 -0.009237
0.899658 -0.007062
0.919755 -0.005023
0.939843 -0.003175
0.959916 -0.001603
0.979971 -0.000444
0.989990 -0.000089
1.000000 -0.000015

Tuesday, January 21, 1997

report typos and errors to W.H. Mason Appendix E: Utility Programs E-13

E.5 BUMP

This subroutine illustrates a means of making smooth changes to airfoil shapes. It is included
in PANELv2. It is designed to place a “bump” on the airfoil contour. The shape change
starts gradually with zero curvature at point xb1 . The bump is setup to be asymmetric about
the bump midpoint, xb2 , and to blend back into the baseline shape with zero curvature at
point xb3 . However, if an asymmetric bump is used, the curvature will be discontinuous at
the bump maximum. The following plot defines the nomenclature, as well as plotting the
output of the sample main program presented below.

1.00
dtc = 0.50
0.80 x b1 x b2 x b3
0.60

y mod 0.40
0.20
0.00
-0.20
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
x/c

The related slope and curvature are given in the next graph.

d(y mod )/dx d2 (y mod )/dy2

3 60
2 40
1
d(y mod ) 20
0 d2 y mod
dx 0
-1 dx 2
-20
-2
-3 -40
-4 -60
-5 -80
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
x/c

Tuesday, January 21, 1997

E-14 Applied Computational Aerodynamics

The equation of the bump is:

 t
ymod = −64  ∆  x 3d ( x d −1)
3
 c

d ymod  t
= −64  ∆  3x 2d ( x d −1) (2x d −1)
2
dxd  c

d 2 y mod
dxd2
 t
( )
= −64  ∆  6x d ( x d −1) 5x 2d − 5x d +1
 c
where
( x − x1)
xd = x1 < x < x2
2(x 2 − x1)
or
( x + x3 − 2x2 )
xd = x2 < x < x3
2(x 3 − x2 )

This function is often called a “cubic bump” although it is clearly a sixth order polynomial.
The user should examine the subroutine to understand the transformation between the local
variable xd and the global variable xin.

Listing of subroutine bump.f:

subroutine bump(xb1,xb2,xb3,dtc,xmax,xin,ymod,ymodp,ymodpp)
c
c so-called cubic bump function
c
c used to make mods to aero surfaces
c
c W.H. Mason, December 1989
c
c xb1 - start of bump (dimensional)
c xb2 - location of maximum bump height (dimensional)
c xb3 - end of bump (dimensional)
c
c dtc - magnitude of bump
c xmax - reference length of geometry
c
c xin - input location to get bump value
c ymod - bump height
c ymodp - first derivative of bump wrt xin
c ymodpp - second derivative of bump wrt xin

x = xin/xmax
x1 = xb1/xmax
x2 = xb2/xmax
x3 = xb3/xmax

Tuesday, January 21, 1997

report typos and errors to W.H. Mason Appendix E: Utility Programs E-15
xd = 0.0
dxddx = 0.0
if ( x .ge. x1 .and. x .le. x2) then

xd = (x - x1)/2.0/(x2 - x1)
dxddx = 1./2./(x2 - x1)
endif

if ( x .gt. x2 .and. x .le. x3) then

xd = (x + x3 - 2.0*x2)/2.0/(x3 - x2)
dxddx = 1./2./(x3 - x2)
endif

ymod = -64.*dtc*xd**3*(xd - 1.0)**3

ymodp = -64.*dtc*3.0*dxddx*xd**2*
1 (xd - 1.0)**2*(2.0*xd - 1.0)
ymodpp = -64.*dtc*6.0*dxddx**2*xd*(xd - 1.0)*
1 (5.0*xd**2 - 5.0*xd + 1.0)

return
end

This is a sample main program that can be used to check subroutine bump.

c
c example of use of bump function
c this is one way to modify an airfoil
c w.h. mason, Feb. 12, 1994

c set input parameters

xb1 = 0.1
xb2 = 0.4
xb3 = 0.6

dtc = 0.50

xmax = 1.0

write(6, 90) xb1,xb2,xb3,dtc

90 format(/3x,'bump example'//
1 3x,'xb1 = ',f7.4,3x,'xb2 = ',f7.4,3x,
2 'xb3 = ',f7.4/3x,'dtc = ',f7.4/
3 /4x,'i',7x,'x/c',7x,'delta y',4x,
4 'd(dy)/dx'3x,'d2(dy)/dy2')

do 10 i = 1,101
xc = 0.01*(i-1)
call bump(xb1,xb2,xb3,dtc,xmax,xc,ymod,ymodp,ymodpp)
10 write(6,100) i,xc,ymod,ymodp, ymodpp

100 format(i5,4f12.5)

stop
end

Tuesday, January 21, 1997

E-16 Applied Computational Aerodynamics

sample output from the sample main program and subroutine bump.f
bump example

xb1 = 0.1000 xb2 = 0.4000 xb3 = 0.6000

dtc = 0.5000

i x/c delta y d(dy)/dx d2(dy)/dy2

1 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
2 0.01000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
3 0.02000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
4 0.03000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
5 0.04000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
6 0.05000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
7 0.06000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
8 0.07000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
9 0.08000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
10 0.09000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
11 0.10000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
12 0.11000 0.00014 0.04154 8.02448
13 0.12000 0.00107 0.15505 14.41646
14 0.13000 0.00343 0.32490 19.31666
15 0.14000 0.00771 0.53686 22.86090
16 0.15000 0.01426 0.77803 25.18004
17 0.16000 0.02333 1.03680 26.40000
18 0.17000 0.03502 1.30277 26.64177
19 0.18000 0.04938 1.56676 26.02140
20 0.19000 0.06633 1.82070 24.65000
21 0.20000 0.08573 2.05761 22.63374
22 0.21000 0.10740 2.27156 20.07387
23 0.22000 0.13107 2.45760 17.06667
24 0.23000 0.15645 2.61171 13.70350
25 0.24000 0.18319 2.73077 10.07078
26 0.25000 0.21094 2.81250 6.25000
27 0.26000 0.23931 2.85540 2.31770
28 0.27000 0.26791 2.85872 -1.65453
29 0.28000 0.29635 2.82240 -5.60000
30 0.29000 0.32423 2.74702 -9.45699
31 0.30000 0.35117 2.63374 -13.16873
32 0.31000 0.37679 2.48430 -16.68333
33 0.32000 0.40074 2.30089 -19.95391
34 0.33000 0.42270 2.08618 -22.93848
35 0.34000 0.44237 1.84320 -25.60000
36 0.35000 0.45948 1.57536 -27.90638
37 0.36000 0.47380 1.28635 -29.83045
38 0.37000 0.48515 0.98010 -31.35000
39 0.38000 0.49336 0.66075 -32.44773
40 0.39000 0.49834 0.33259 -33.11131
41 0.40000 0.50000 0.00000 -33.33333
42 0.41000 0.49626 -0.74625 -73.87733
43 0.42000 0.48515 -1.47015 -70.53750
44 0.43000 0.46700 -2.14989 -65.06483
45 0.44000 0.44237 -2.76480 -57.60000
46 0.45000 0.41199 -3.29590 -48.33986
47 0.46000 0.37679 -3.72645 -37.53750
48 0.47000 0.33784 -4.04253 -25.50236
49 0.48000 0.29635 -4.23360 -12.60004
50 0.49000 0.25361 -4.29304 0.74764

Tuesday, January 21, 1997

report typos and errors to W.H. Mason Appendix E: Utility Programs E-17
51 0.50000 0.21094 -4.21875 14.06247
52 0.51000 0.16967 -4.01368 26.81011
53 0.52000 0.13107 -3.68640 38.39995
54 0.53000 0.09630 -3.25169 48.18510
55 0.54000 0.06633 -2.73105 55.46249
56 0.55000 0.04187 -2.15332 59.47264
57 0.56000 0.02333 -1.55520 59.39999
58 0.57000 0.01068 -0.98183 54.37266
59 0.58000 0.00343 -0.48735 43.46253
60 0.59000 0.00046 -0.13547 25.68523
61 0.60000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
62 0.61000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
63 0.62000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
64 0.63000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
65 0.64000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
66 0.65000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
67 0.66000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
68 0.67000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
69 0.68000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
70 0.69000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
71 0.70000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
(rest of the output deleted)

Tuesday, January 21, 1997

E-18 Applied Computational Aerodynamics

E.6 POSTp

This program reads the data set generated by PANELv2, and generates a data file containing the
tables needed to make a boundary layer analysis. Although these tables are designed to be used
by the boundary layer program CBLv2, it does not make the complete data set for CBLv2. The
user has to construct the initial data input. The program is provided to automate the most tedious
aspects of the input preparation.
The program reads the PANELv2 output data file. Recall that the solution is given continu-
ously starting at the lower surface trailing edge, moving forward around the leading edge, and
then moving aft on the upper surface to the trailing edge. Using this data the arc length is calcu-
lated and the stagnation point found. If the stagnation point does not occur at an input point, the
stagnation point value of the arc length is estimated, and a point is added. The user is then asked
to name the output file. The output file is generated as a table of arc length and pressure coeffi-
cient values for the lower surface, followed by a table of arc length and pressure coefficient val-
ues for the upper surface.
As an example, and to verify the code, we give a sample input, the screen output and a listing
of the disk data file. Note that the disk file contains an additional column, set to zero. This is the
value of the surface heat flux for use in the boundary layer calculation. We assume that the wall
is adiabatic, and the heat flux is zero. The arc length is normalized by the chord length, assumed
to be unity. The output format of the tables is 3F10.6.

Sample input:
NACA 2412 with 5 deg flap at .75
Alpha CL cmc4 CD
5.0000 1.2116 -0.1172 -0.0015
98.0000000
X/C Y/C Cp U/UE
1.0000000 -0.0218722 0.4457454 -0.7444828
0.9989193 -0.0218588 0.3699587 -0.7937514
0.9956822 -0.0218183 0.3248610 -0.8216684
0.9903033 -0.0217497 0.2959175 -0.8390962
0.9828073 -0.0216514 0.2764678 -0.8506070
0.9732280 -0.0215215 0.2633044 -0.8583097
0.9616088 -0.0213579 0.2546606 -0.8633304
0.9480022 -0.0211583 0.2494899 -0.8663198
0.9324694 -0.0209209 0.2471926 -0.8676447
0.9150801 -0.0206440 0.2474237 -0.8675116
0.8959120 -0.0203265 0.2500552 -0.8659936
0.8750503 -0.0199681 0.2552201 -0.8630063
0.8525876 -0.0195686 0.2634676 -0.8582147
0.8286229 -0.0191286 0.2764418 -0.8506222
0.8032618 -0.0186488 0.3003036 -0.8364786
0.7766151 -0.0181297 0.3571291 -0.8017923
0.7487994 -0.0176765 0.3026126 -0.8350973
0.7199356 -0.0196039 0.2852925 -0.8454037

Tuesday, January 21, 1997

report typos and errors to W.H. Mason Appendix E: Utility Programs E-19
0.6901487 -0.0215702 0.2705841 -0.8540585
0.6595672 -0.0235606 0.2596269 -0.8604494
0.6283228 -0.0255578 0.2511996 -0.8653325
0.5965492 -0.0275420 0.2446724 -0.8690959
0.5643821 -0.0294907 0.2397471 -0.8719248
0.5319584 -0.0313784 0.2363357 -0.8738789
0.4994153 -0.0331776 0.2345359 -0.8749080
0.4668901 -0.0348579 0.2347106 -0.8748082
0.4345195 -0.0363877 0.2381573 -0.8728360
0.4024391 -0.0377340 0.2431501 -0.8699712
0.3710229 -0.0389221 0.2475556 -0.8674355
0.3401839 -0.0399931 0.2525682 -0.8645414
0.3100253 -0.0409071 0.2589526 -0.8608411
0.2806665 -0.0416239 0.2673756 -0.8559348
0.2522234 -0.0421045 0.2785123 -0.8494043
0.2248088 -0.0423124 0.2930953 -0.8407763
0.1985313 -0.0422143 0.3119721 -0.8294745
0.1734958 -0.0417806 0.3361298 -0.8147823
0.1498030 -0.0409861 0.3667493 -0.7957705
0.1275494 -0.0398104 0.4052571 -0.7711958
0.1068267 -0.0382380 0.4533792 -0.7393381
0.0877222 -0.0362578 0.5131727 -0.6977301
0.0703175 -0.0338633 0.5869251 -0.6427090
0.0546887 -0.0310520 0.6766533 -0.5686358
0.0409059 -0.0278245 0.7823370 -0.4665437
0.0290324 -0.0241841 0.8964363 -0.3218132
0.0191246 -0.0201360 0.9877394 -0.1107275
0.0112310 -0.0156868 0.9593768 0.2015521
0.0053924 -0.0108432 0.5824928 0.6461480
0.0016409 -0.0056122 -0.4040008 1.1849054
0.0000000 0.0000000 -1.7449023 1.6567746
0.0005002 0.0058259 -2.6745226 1.9169044
0.0031628 0.0116941 -2.9049768 1.9761014
0.0079837 0.0175852 -2.7717383 1.9420964
0.0149496 0.0234709 -2.5445025 1.8826849
0.0240374 0.0293150 -2.3239744 1.8231770
0.0352145 0.0350744 -2.1347101 1.7705113
0.0484385 0.0407000 -1.9771560 1.7254437
0.0636571 0.0461390 -1.8458352 1.6869603
0.0808082 0.0513357 -1.7348001 1.6537231
0.0998199 0.0562337 -1.6390182 1.6245055
0.1206108 0.0607775 -1.5545312 1.5982901
0.1430902 0.0649138 -1.4783340 1.5742725
0.1671584 0.0685932 -1.4081639 1.5518260
0.1927072 0.0717714 -1.3423257 1.5304658
0.2196209 0.0744106 -1.2795517 1.5098184
0.2477766 0.0764795 -1.2188853 1.4895923
0.2770449 0.0779549 -1.1595500 1.4695407
0.3072913 0.0788213 -1.1008238 1.4494219
0.3383766 0.0790714 -1.0417638 1.4289030
0.3701580 0.0787058 -0.9795462 1.4069635
0.4024706 0.0777333 -0.9185968 1.3851342
0.4349543 0.0762537 -0.8643457 1.3654104
0.4677068 0.0743547 -0.8154098 1.3473715
0.5005847 0.0720664 -0.7705135 1.3306065
0.5334447 0.0694218 -0.7292154 1.3149964
0.5661440 0.0664560 -0.6915128 1.3005817
0.5985411 0.0632060 -0.6577775 1.2875471
0.6304962 0.0597102 -0.6291239 1.2763714
0.6618723 0.0560078 -0.6085705 1.2682943
0.6925348 0.0521391 -0.6073793 1.2678246
0.7223530 0.0481446 -0.6721267 1.2931074
0.7512006 0.0439604 -0.5213552 1.2334323
0.7789551 0.0374099 -0.4203068 1.1917663

Tuesday, January 21, 1997

E-20 Applied Computational Aerodynamics
0.8054997 0.0309641 -0.3440065 1.1593130
0.8307229 0.0246744 -0.2788006 1.1308407
0.8545192 0.0185923 -0.2196457 1.1043757
0.8767895 0.0127683 -0.1642191 1.0789899
0.8974414 0.0072517 -0.1111093 1.0540917
0.9163895 0.0020905 -0.0593664 1.0292553
0.9335560 -0.0026691 -0.0082251 1.0041041
0.9488706 -0.0069838 0.0429915 0.9782681
0.9622707 -0.0108130 0.0950488 0.9512892
0.9737022 -0.0141200 0.1489126 0.9225440
0.9831185 -0.0168725 0.2061138 0.8910029
0.9904819 -0.0190429 0.2693959 0.8547539
0.9957626 -0.0206093 0.3448462 0.8094157
0.9989396 -0.0215556 0.4457439 0.7444838

Output to screen:
PGM POSTP - POST PROCESS DATA FROM PGM. PANELv2

ECHO OF INPUT DATA:

Enter name of file to be read:

postp.test

Input data:
NACA 2412 with 5 deg flap at .75
Alpha CL cmc4 CD
5.00000 1.21160 -0.11720 -0.00150
98.0000000
X/C Y/C Cp U/UE
1 1.0000000 -0.0218722 0.4457454 -0.7444828
2 0.9989193 -0.0218588 0.3699587 -0.7937514
3 0.9956822 -0.0218183 0.3248610 -0.8216684
4 0.9903033 -0.0217497 0.2959175 -0.8390962
5 0.9828073 -0.0216514 0.2764678 -0.8506070
6 0.9732280 -0.0215215 0.2633044 -0.8583097
7 0.9616088 -0.0213579 0.2546606 -0.8633304
8 0.9480022 -0.0211583 0.2494899 -0.8663198
9 0.9324694 -0.0209209 0.2471926 -0.8676447
10 0.9150801 -0.0206440 0.2474237 -0.8675116
11 0.8959120 -0.0203265 0.2500552 -0.8659936
12 0.8750503 -0.0199681 0.2552201 -0.8630063
13 0.8525876 -0.0195686 0.2634676 -0.8582147
14 0.8286229 -0.0191286 0.2764418 -0.8506222
15 0.8032618 -0.0186488 0.3003036 -0.8364786
16 0.7766151 -0.0181297 0.3571291 -0.8017923
17 0.7487994 -0.0176765 0.3026126 -0.8350973
18 0.7199356 -0.0196039 0.2852925 -0.8454037
19 0.6901487 -0.0215702 0.2705841 -0.8540585
20 0.6595672 -0.0235606 0.2596269 -0.8604494
21 0.6283228 -0.0255578 0.2511996 -0.8653325
22 0.5965492 -0.0275420 0.2446724 -0.8690959
23 0.5643821 -0.0294907 0.2397471 -0.8719248
24 0.5319584 -0.0313784 0.2363357 -0.8738789
25 0.4994153 -0.0331776 0.2345359 -0.8749080
26 0.4668901 -0.0348579 0.2347106 -0.8748082
27 0.4345195 -0.0363877 0.2381573 -0.8728360
28 0.4024391 -0.0377340 0.2431501 -0.8699712
29 0.3710229 -0.0389221 0.2475556 -0.8674355
30 0.3401839 -0.0399931 0.2525682 -0.8645414
31 0.3100253 -0.0409071 0.2589526 -0.8608411
32 0.2806665 -0.0416239 0.2673756 -0.8559348
33 0.2522234 -0.0421045 0.2785123 -0.8494043
34 0.2248088 -0.0423124 0.2930953 -0.8407763

Tuesday, January 21, 1997

report typos and errors to W.H. Mason Appendix E: Utility Programs E-21
35 0.1985313 -0.0422143 0.3119721 -0.8294745
36 0.1734958 -0.0417806 0.3361298 -0.8147823
37 0.1498030 -0.0409861 0.3667493 -0.7957705
38 0.1275494 -0.0398104 0.4052571 -0.7711958
39 0.1068267 -0.0382380 0.4533792 -0.7393381
40 0.0877222 -0.0362578 0.5131727 -0.6977301
41 0.0703175 -0.0338633 0.5869251 -0.6427090
42 0.0546887 -0.0310520 0.6766533 -0.5686358
43 0.0409059 -0.0278245 0.7823370 -0.4665437
44 0.0290324 -0.0241841 0.8964363 -0.3218132
45 0.0191246 -0.0201360 0.9877394 -0.1107275
46 0.0112310 -0.0156868 0.9593768 0.2015521
47 0.0053924 -0.0108432 0.5824928 0.6461480
48 0.0016409 -0.0056122 -0.4040008 1.1849054
49 0.0000000 0.0000000 -1.7449023 1.6567746
50 0.0005002 0.0058259 -2.6745226 1.9169044
51 0.0031628 0.0116941 -2.9049768 1.9761014
52 0.0079837 0.0175852 -2.7717383 1.9420964
53 0.0149496 0.0234709 -2.5445025 1.8826849
54 0.0240374 0.0293150 -2.3239744 1.8231770
55 0.0352145 0.0350744 -2.1347101 1.7705113
56 0.0484385 0.0407000 -1.9771560 1.7254437
57 0.0636571 0.0461390 -1.8458352 1.6869603
58 0.0808082 0.0513357 -1.7348001 1.6537231
59 0.0998199 0.0562337 -1.6390182 1.6245055
60 0.1206108 0.0607775 -1.5545312 1.5982901
61 0.1430902 0.0649138 -1.4783340 1.5742725
62 0.1671584 0.0685932 -1.4081639 1.5518260
63 0.1927072 0.0717714 -1.3423257 1.5304658
64 0.2196209 0.0744106 -1.2795517 1.5098184
65 0.2477766 0.0764795 -1.2188853 1.4895923
66 0.2770449 0.0779549 -1.1595500 1.4695407
67 0.3072913 0.0788213 -1.1008238 1.4494219
68 0.3383766 0.0790714 -1.0417638 1.4289030
69 0.3701580 0.0787058 -0.9795462 1.4069635
70 0.4024706 0.0777333 -0.9185968 1.3851342
71 0.4349543 0.0762537 -0.8643457 1.3654104
72 0.4677068 0.0743547 -0.8154098 1.3473715
73 0.5005847 0.0720664 -0.7705135 1.3306065
74 0.5334447 0.0694218 -0.7292154 1.3149964
75 0.5661440 0.0664560 -0.6915128 1.3005817
76 0.5985411 0.0632060 -0.6577775 1.2875471
77 0.6304962 0.0597102 -0.6291239 1.2763714
78 0.6618723 0.0560078 -0.6085705 1.2682943
79 0.6925348 0.0521391 -0.6073793 1.2678246
80 0.7223530 0.0481446 -0.6721267 1.2931074
81 0.7512006 0.0439604 -0.5213552 1.2334323
82 0.7789551 0.0374099 -0.4203068 1.1917663
83 0.8054997 0.0309641 -0.3440065 1.1593130
84 0.8307229 0.0246744 -0.2788006 1.1308407
85 0.8545192 0.0185923 -0.2196457 1.1043757
86 0.8767895 0.0127683 -0.1642191 1.0789899
87 0.8974414 0.0072517 -0.1111093 1.0540917
88 0.9163895 0.0020905 -0.0593664 1.0292553
89 0.9335560 -0.0026691 -0.0082251 1.0041041
90 0.9488706 -0.0069838 0.0429915 0.9782681
91 0.9622707 -0.0108130 0.0950488 0.9512892
92 0.9737022 -0.0141200 0.1489126 0.9225440
93 0.9831185 -0.0168725 0.2061138 0.8910029
94 0.9904819 -0.0190429 0.2693959 0.8547539
95 0.9957626 -0.0206093 0.3448462 0.8094157
96 0.9989396 -0.0215556 0.4457439 0.7444838

STAGNATION PT. SEARCH

Tuesday, January 21, 1997

E-22 Applied Computational Aerodynamics

J X/C Y/C SARC UE/UINF CP

40 0.087722 -0.036258 0.913194 -0.697730 0.513173

41 0.070317 -0.033863 0.930764 -0.642709 0.586925
42 0.054689 -0.031052 0.946645 -0.568636 0.676653
43 0.040906 -0.027825 0.960803 -0.466544 0.782337
44 0.029032 -0.024184 0.973225 -0.321813 0.896436
45 0.019125 -0.020136 0.983934 -0.110727 0.987739
46 0.011231 -0.015687 0.993005 0.201552 0.959377
47 0.005392 -0.010843 1.000607 0.646148 0.582493
48 0.001641 -0.005612 1.007069 1.184905 -0.404001
49 0.000000 0.000000 1.012945 1.656775 -1.744902
50 0.000500 0.005826 1.018822 1.916904 -2.674523

STAG PT: XSP= 0.016326 YSP=-0.018558 SSP=0.987150 JS=45 JLE=49

E1 = 0.0032163 E2 = 0.0058546
ISTAGP = 1

OUTPUT OF POSTp RESULTS

send output to a file? (Y/N):

y

enter file name:

postp.out

ALPHA = 5.00000
MACH NO. = 0.10000
CL = 1.21160
CMC4 = -0.11720
CD = -0.00150
No. of upper surface values in x/c, Cp table = 52
No. of lower surface values in x/c, Cp table = 46

lower surface

J X/C Y/C S/C U/UINF CP

1 0.016326 -0.018558 0.000000 0.000000 1.000000
2 0.019125 -0.020136 0.003216 -0.110727 0.987739
3 0.029032 -0.024184 0.013925 -0.321813 0.896436
4 0.040906 -0.027825 0.026347 -0.466544 0.782337
5 0.054689 -0.031052 0.040505 -0.568636 0.676653
6 0.070317 -0.033863 0.056386 -0.642709 0.586925
7 0.087722 -0.036258 0.073956 -0.697730 0.513173
8 0.106827 -0.038238 0.093164 -0.739338 0.453379
9 0.127549 -0.039810 0.113946 -0.771196 0.405257
10 0.149803 -0.040986 0.136232 -0.795771 0.366749
11 0.173496 -0.041781 0.159938 -0.814782 0.336130
12 0.198531 -0.042214 0.184977 -0.829475 0.311972
13 0.224809 -0.042312 0.211255 -0.840776 0.293095
14 0.252223 -0.042105 0.238671 -0.849404 0.278512
15 0.280667 -0.041624 0.267118 -0.855935 0.267376
16 0.310025 -0.040907 0.296486 -0.860841 0.258953
17 0.340184 -0.039993 0.326658 -0.864541 0.252568
18 0.371023 -0.038922 0.357516 -0.867436 0.247556
19 0.402439 -0.037734 0.388954 -0.869971 0.243150
20 0.434519 -0.036388 0.421063 -0.872836 0.238157
21 0.466890 -0.034858 0.453470 -0.874808 0.234711
22 0.499415 -0.033178 0.486039 -0.874908 0.234536
23 0.531958 -0.031378 0.518631 -0.873879 0.236336
24 0.564382 -0.029491 0.551110 -0.871925 0.239747
25 0.596549 -0.027542 0.583336 -0.869096 0.244672

Tuesday, January 21, 1997

report typos and errors to W.H. Mason Appendix E: Utility Programs E-23
26 0.628323 -0.025558 0.615171 -0.865332 0.251200
27 0.659567 -0.023561 0.646480 -0.860449 0.259627
28 0.690149 -0.021570 0.677126 -0.854059 0.270584
29 0.719936 -0.019604 0.706978 -0.845404 0.285293
30 0.748799 -0.017677 0.735910 -0.835097 0.302613
31 0.776615 -0.018130 0.763733 -0.801792 0.357129
32 0.803262 -0.018649 0.790385 -0.836479 0.300304
33 0.828623 -0.019129 0.815751 -0.850622 0.276442
34 0.852588 -0.019569 0.839719 -0.858215 0.263468
35 0.875050 -0.019968 0.862186 -0.863006 0.255220
36 0.895912 -0.020327 0.883050 -0.865994 0.250055
37 0.915080 -0.020644 0.902221 -0.867512 0.247424
38 0.932469 -0.020921 0.919613 -0.867645 0.247193
39 0.948002 -0.021158 0.935147 -0.866320 0.249490
40 0.961609 -0.021358 0.948755 -0.863330 0.254661
41 0.973228 -0.021521 0.960376 -0.858310 0.263304
42 0.982807 -0.021651 0.969956 -0.850607 0.276468
43 0.990303 -0.021750 0.977452 -0.839096 0.295918
44 0.995682 -0.021818 0.982832 -0.821668 0.324861
45 0.998919 -0.021859 0.986069 -0.793751 0.369959
46 1.000000 -0.021872 0.987150 -0.744483 0.445745

upper surface

J X/C Y/C S/C U/UINF CP

1 0.016326 -0.018558 0.000000 0.000000 1.000000
2 0.011231 -0.015687 0.005855 0.201552 0.959377
3 0.005392 -0.010843 0.013457 0.646148 0.582493
4 0.001641 -0.005612 0.019919 1.184905 -0.404001
5 0.000000 0.000000 0.025795 1.656775 -1.744902
6 0.000500 0.005826 0.031672 1.916904 -2.674523
7 0.003163 0.011694 0.038141 1.976101 -2.904977
8 0.007984 0.017585 0.045770 1.942096 -2.771738
9 0.014950 0.023471 0.054900 1.882685 -2.544502
10 0.024037 0.029315 0.065711 1.823177 -2.323974
11 0.035214 0.035074 0.078289 1.770511 -2.134710
12 0.048439 0.040700 0.092662 1.725444 -1.977156
13 0.063657 0.046139 0.108826 1.686960 -1.845835
14 0.080808 0.051336 0.126748 1.653723 -1.734800
15 0.099820 0.056234 0.146382 1.624506 -1.639018
16 0.120611 0.060778 0.167665 1.598290 -1.554531
17 0.143090 0.064914 0.190523 1.574273 -1.478334
18 0.167158 0.068593 0.214871 1.551826 -1.408164
19 0.192707 0.071771 0.240618 1.530466 -1.342326
20 0.219621 0.074411 0.267661 1.509818 -1.279552
21 0.247777 0.076480 0.295894 1.489592 -1.218885
22 0.277045 0.077955 0.325200 1.469541 -1.159550
23 0.307291 0.078821 0.355459 1.449422 -1.100824
24 0.338377 0.079071 0.386546 1.428903 -1.041764
25 0.370158 0.078706 0.418330 1.406963 -0.979546
26 0.402471 0.077733 0.450657 1.385134 -0.918597
27 0.434954 0.076254 0.483175 1.365410 -0.864346
28 0.467707 0.074355 0.515983 1.347371 -0.815410
29 0.500585 0.072066 0.548940 1.330606 -0.770513
30 0.533445 0.069422 0.581907 1.314996 -0.729215
31 0.566144 0.066456 0.614740 1.300582 -0.691513
32 0.598541 0.063206 0.647300 1.287547 -0.657777
33 0.630496 0.059710 0.679446 1.276371 -0.629124
34 0.661872 0.056008 0.711040 1.268294 -0.608571
35 0.692535 0.052139 0.741946 1.267825 -0.607379
36 0.722353 0.048145 0.772030 1.293107 -0.672127
37 0.751201 0.043960 0.801185 1.233432 -0.521355
38 0.778955 0.037410 0.829706 1.191766 -0.420307
39 0.805500 0.030964 0.857022 1.159313 -0.344007

Tuesday, January 21, 1997

E-24 Applied Computational Aerodynamics
40 0.830723 0.024674 0.883018 1.130841 -0.278801
41 0.854519 0.018592 0.907579 1.104376 -0.219646
42 0.876790 0.012768 0.930598 1.078990 -0.164219
43 0.897441 0.007252 0.951975 1.054092 -0.111109
44 0.916390 0.002090 0.971613 1.029255 -0.059366
45 0.933556 -0.002669 0.989427 1.004104 -0.008225
46 0.948871 -0.006984 1.005338 0.978268 0.042992
47 0.962271 -0.010813 1.019274 0.951289 0.095049
48 0.973702 -0.014120 1.031175 0.922544 0.148913
49 0.983118 -0.016872 1.040985 0.891003 0.206114
50 0.990482 -0.019043 1.048661 0.854754 0.269396
51 0.995763 -0.020609 1.054170 0.809416 0.344846
52 0.998940 -0.021556 1.057485 0.744484 0.445744
STOP

Output disk data file:

NACA 2412 with 5 deg flap at .75
5.00000 0.10000 1.21160 -0.11720 -0.00150

lower surface
s/c Cp dT/dy
0.000000 1.000000 0.000000
0.003216 0.987739 0.000000
0.013925 0.896436 0.000000
0.026347 0.782337 0.000000
0.040505 0.676653 0.000000
0.056386 0.586925 0.000000
0.073956 0.513173 0.000000
0.093164 0.453379 0.000000
0.113946 0.405257 0.000000
0.136232 0.366749 0.000000
0.159938 0.336130 0.000000
0.184977 0.311972 0.000000
0.211255 0.293095 0.000000
0.238671 0.278512 0.000000
0.267118 0.267376 0.000000
0.296486 0.258953 0.000000
0.326658 0.252568 0.000000
0.357516 0.247556 0.000000
0.388954 0.243150 0.000000
0.421063 0.238157 0.000000
0.453470 0.234711 0.000000
0.486039 0.234536 0.000000
0.518631 0.236336 0.000000
0.551110 0.239747 0.000000
0.583336 0.244672 0.000000
0.615171 0.251200 0.000000
0.646480 0.259627 0.000000
0.677126 0.270584 0.000000
0.706978 0.285293 0.000000
0.735910 0.302613 0.000000
0.763733 0.357129 0.000000
0.790385 0.300304 0.000000
0.815751 0.276442 0.000000
0.839719 0.263468 0.000000
0.862186 0.255220 0.000000
0.883050 0.250055 0.000000
0.902221 0.247424 0.000000
0.919613 0.247193 0.000000
0.935147 0.249490 0.000000
0.948755 0.254661 0.000000
0.960376 0.263304 0.000000
0.969956 0.276468 0.000000

Tuesday, January 21, 1997

report typos and errors to W.H. Mason Appendix E: Utility Programs E-25
0.977452 0.295918 0.000000
0.982832 0.324861 0.000000
0.986069 0.369959 0.000000
0.987150 0.445745 0.000000

upper surface
s/c Cp dT/dy
0.000000 1.000000 0.000000
0.005855 0.959377 0.000000
0.013457 0.582493 0.000000
0.019919 -0.404001 0.000000
0.025795 -1.744902 0.000000
0.031672 -2.674523 0.000000
0.038141 -2.904977 0.000000
0.045770 -2.771738 0.000000
0.054900 -2.544502 0.000000
0.065711 -2.323974 0.000000
0.078289 -2.134710 0.000000
0.092662 -1.977156 0.000000
0.108826 -1.845835 0.000000
0.126748 -1.734800 0.000000
0.146382 -1.639018 0.000000
0.167665 -1.554531 0.000000
0.190523 -1.478334 0.000000
0.214871 -1.408164 0.000000
0.240618 -1.342326 0.000000
0.267661 -1.279552 0.000000
0.295894 -1.218885 0.000000
0.325200 -1.159550 0.000000
0.355459 -1.100824 0.000000
0.386546 -1.041764 0.000000
0.418330 -0.979546 0.000000
0.450657 -0.918597 0.000000
0.483175 -0.864346 0.000000
0.515983 -0.815410 0.000000
0.548940 -0.770513 0.000000
0.581907 -0.729215 0.000000
0.614740 -0.691513 0.000000
0.647300 -0.657777 0.000000
0.679446 -0.629124 0.000000
0.711040 -0.608571 0.000000
0.741946 -0.607379 0.000000
0.772030 -0.672127 0.000000
0.801185 -0.521355 0.000000
0.829706 -0.420307 0.000000
0.857022 -0.344007 0.000000
0.883018 -0.278801 0.000000
0.907579 -0.219646 0.000000
0.930598 -0.164219 0.000000
0.951975 -0.111109 0.000000
0.971613 -0.059366 0.000000
0.989427 -0.008225 0.000000
1.005338 0.042992 0.000000
1.019274 0.095049 0.000000
1.031175 0.148913 0.000000
1.040985 0.206114 0.000000
1.048661 0.269396 0.000000
1.054170 0.344846 0.000000
1.057485 0.445744 0.000000

Tuesday, January 21, 1997

E-26 Applied Computational Aerodynamics

E.7 STDATM

This subroutine computes the 1976 standard atmosphere. It is used in program FRICTION. It
covers an altitude range from sea level to 86 kilometers (282,152 ft.). The results are found in ei-
ther English or metric units depending on the value of one of the input flags. The 1976 and 1962
standard atmospheres are identical for the first 51 kilometers above sea level.

Method of Computation
Given the geometric altitude Zin (in dimensions of either meters or feet), convert to kilom-
eters. The geopotential altitude H is then found from:
Z
H= Z
1+
r0
where r0 = 6356.766 kilometers (the radius of the Earth in kilometers) and Z = C1 Zin, where C1
= 0.001 if Zin is in meters, and C1 = 0.0003048 if Zin is in feet. The 1962 standard atmosphere
used a much more complicated and slightly more accurate relationship.

The inverse relation is given by

H
Z= H
1−
r0 .

Once the geopotential altitude is found, the temperature is computed. The standard day tem-
perature profile is defined by seven layers, where within each layer the temperature is found by
the linear relation (T is given in degrees Kelvin):

(
T = Tbi + Lmi H − H bi )
and Tb , Lm and Hb are the values at the base of the particular layer. The following table de-
i i i
fines these constants, as well as the ratio of pressure to sea level pressure, which is also needed.

i Hbi (Km) Tbi (°K) Lmi (°K/Km) P/Psl Z(ft.)

1 0. 288.15 -6.5 1.0 0
2 11. 216.65 0.0 2.2336x10-1 36,152.
3 20. 216.65 +1.0 5.4032x10-2 65,824
4 32. 228.65 +2.8 8.5666x10-3 105,518
5 47. 270.65 0.0 1.0945x10-3 155,348
6 51. 270.65 -2.8 6.6063x10-4 168,676
7 71. 214.65 -2.0 3.9046x10-5 235,571
- 82. - - - 282,152

Tuesday, January 21, 1997

report typos and errors to W.H. Mason Appendix E: Utility Programs E-27

Once the temperature is determined, the pressure is computed using the hydrostatics equation
and the perfect gas law. The resulting formulas are:
K
P P  Tb  Lm
= b Lm ≠ 0
Psl Psl T 

P Pb −K ( H−Hb )
= e Tb Lm = 0
Psl Psl
where K = go M * = 34.163195
0 in consistent units. The remaining fundamental property is the
R
density, which is found using the equation of state as:

ρ P Psl
=
ρsl T Tsl .

Additional parameters of interest in aerodynamics are:

i) The speed of sound

T
a = asl
Tsl

ii) The coefficient of viscosity, found from Sutherland’s Law:

β ⋅ T3 /2
µ=
T +S

where S = 110.4°K and β depends on the system of units and is defined below.

iii) The Reynolds number per unit length and Mach:

Re ρa
=
M⋅ L µ

iv) The actual temperature, pressure and density:

 T
T = Tsl  
 Tsl 

 P
P = Psl  
 Psl 

Tuesday, January 21, 1997

E-28 Applied Computational Aerodynamics

 ρ 
ρ = ρsl  
 ρsl 
and v) the dynamic pressure normalized by the Mach number:
q γ
2 = 2 P = .7P
M .
The sea level properties and other required constants are defined in the following table.
Metric English
Tsl 288.15 °K 518.67° R
Psl 1.01325x105 N/m2 2116.22 lb/ft2
ρ sl 1.2250 Kg/m3 0.0023769 slugs/ft3
asl 340.294 m/sec 1116.45 ft/sec
µsl 1.7894x10-5 Kg/m/sec 0.37373x10-6 slugs/ft/sec
β 1.458x10-6 Kg/m/sec/K 1/2 3.0450963x10-8 slugs/ft/sec/K1/2

The ratio of specific heats, γ, is defined to be 1.40.

User instructions: the comments in the subroutine define the input and output argument list. If
the maximum altitude is exceeded, the program returns a non zero value of the validity flag.
subroutine stdatm(z,t,p,r,a,mu,ts,rr,pp,rm,qm,kd,kk)
c
c *********** 1976 STANDARD ATMOSPHERE SUBROUTINE **********
c
c Mason's BASIC program, converted to FORTRAN - Sept. 1, 1989
c
c kd - = 0 - metric units
c <> 0 - English units
c
c kk - 0 - good return
c 1 - error: altitude out of table,
c do not use output
c
c z - input altitude, in feet or meters (depending on kd)
c
c output:
c units: metric English
c t - temp. deg K deg R
c p - pressure N/m^2 lb/ft^2
c r - density Kg/m^3 slugs/ft^3
c a - speed of sound m/sec ft/sec
c mu - viscosity Kg/m/sec slug/ft/sec
c
c ts - t/t at sea level
c rr - rho/rho at sea level
c pp - p/p at sea level
c
c rm - Reynolds number per Re/M/m Re/M/ft
c Mach per unit of length
c qm - dynamic pressure/Mach^2 N/m^2 lb/ft^2

Tuesday, January 21, 1997

report typos and errors to W.H. Mason Appendix E: Utility Programs E-29
c
real k, h, mu, ml
KK = 0
K = 34.163195
C1 = 3.048E-04
IF (KD .eq. 0) go to 1240
TL = 518.67
PL = 2116.22
RL = .0023769
AL = 1116.45
ML = 3.7373E-07
BT = 3.0450963E-08
GO TO 1260

1240 TL = 288.15
PL = 101325
RL = 1.225
C1 = .001
AL = 340.294
ML = 1.7894E-05
BT = 1.458E-06

1260 H = C1 * Z / (1 + C1 * Z / 6356.766)
IF (H .gt. 11.0) go to 1290
T = 288.15 - 6.5 * H
PP = (288.15 / T) ** ( - K / 6.5)
GO TO 1420

1290 IF (H .gt. 20.0) go to 1310

T = 216.65
PP = .22336 * EXP ( - K * (H - 11) / 216.65)
GO TO 1420

1310 IF (H .gt. 32.0) go to 1330

T = 216.65 + (H - 20)
PP = .054032 * (216.65 / T) ** K
GO TO 1420

1330 IF (H .gt. 47.0) go to 1350

T = 228.65 + 2.8 * (H - 32)
PP = .0085666 * (228.65 / T) ** (K / 2.8)
GO TO 1420

1350 IF( H .gt. 51.0) go to 1370

T = 270.65
PP = .0010945 * EXP ( - K * (H - 47) / 270.65)
GO TO 1420

1370 IF (H .gt. 71.) go to 1390

T = 270.65 - 2.8 * (H - 51)
PP = .00066063 * (270.65 / T) ** ( - K / 2.8)
GO TO 1420

1390 IF (H .gt. 84.852) THEN

kk = 1
write(6,200) H
return
END IF

Tuesday, January 21, 1997

E-30 Applied Computational Aerodynamics

T = 214.65 - 2 * (H - 71)
PP = 3.9046E-05 * (214.65 / T) ** ( - K / 2)

1420 RR = PP / (T / 288.15)
MU = BT * T**1.5 / (T + 110.4)
TS = T / 288.15
A = AL * SQRT (TS)
T = TL * TS
R = RL * RR
P = PL * PP
RM = R * A / MU
QM = .7 * P

200 format(' Out of Table in StdAtm- too high !'//

1 4x,'H =',f12.3,' > 84.852 km'/)

return
end

The following sample program and output can be used to validate your subroutine:
c main program to check stdatm

c loop is done twice to get output

c suitable to include in text(80 col)

c w.h. mason, Feb. 27, 1994

real mu

kd = 1

write(6,90)

do 10 i = 1,21
z = 5000.*(i-1)

call stdatm(z,t,p,r,a,mu,ts,rr,pp,rm,qm,kd,kk)

if (kk .ne. 0) then

write(6,120)
stop
endif

write(6,100) z,t,p,r,a,mu
10 continue

write(6,110)
do 20 i = 1,21
z = 5000.*(i-1)

call stdatm(z,t,p,r,a,mu,ts,rr,pp,rm,qm,kd,kk)

if (kk .ne. 0) then

write(6,160)
stop
endif

Tuesday, January 21, 1997

report typos and errors to W.H. Mason Appendix E: Utility Programs E-31

write(6,120) z,ts,rr,pp,rm,qm
20 continue

90 format(/3x,'1976 Standard Atmosphere'//

1 3x,' alt T P Rho',
2 2x,' a Mu',
4 /3x,' (ft) (deg R) (psf) (s/ft^3)',
5 2x,' (f/s) (slugs/ft/sec)')
100 format(3x,f9.1,f8.2,f8.2,e12.4,f8.2,e12.4)
110 format(/3x,'1976 Standard Atmosphere'//
1 3x,' alt T/Tsl R/Rsl',
2 2x, 'P/Psl Re/M/ft q/M^2',
4 /3x,' (ft)',34x,'(lb/ft^2)')
120 format(3x,f9.1,3f7.4,e10.3,f10.4)
160 format(/4x,'error in return code from stdatm - pgm stops'/)
stop
end

Sample output:
1976 Standard Atmosphere

alt T P Rho a Mu
(ft) (deg R) (psf) (s/ft^3) (f/s) (slugs/ft/sec)
0.0 518.67 2116.22 0.2377E-02 1116.45 0.3737E-06
5000.0 500.84 1760.88 0.2048E-02 1097.10 0.3637E-06
10000.0 483.03 1455.60 0.1756E-02 1077.40 0.3534E-06
15000.0 465.22 1194.79 0.1496E-02 1057.36 0.3430E-06
20000.0 447.42 973.28 0.1267E-02 1036.93 0.3324E-06
25000.0 429.62 786.34 0.1066E-02 1016.10 0.3217E-06
30000.0 411.84 629.67 0.8907E-03 994.85 0.3107E-06
35000.0 394.06 499.35 0.7382E-03 973.14 0.2995E-06
40000.0 389.97 393.13 0.5873E-03 968.08 0.2969E-06
45000.0 389.97 309.45 0.4623E-03 968.08 0.2969E-06
50000.0 389.97 243.61 0.3639E-03 968.08 0.2969E-06
55000.0 389.97 191.80 0.2865E-03 968.08 0.2969E-06
60000.0 389.97 151.03 0.2256E-03 968.08 0.2969E-06
65000.0 389.97 118.93 0.1777E-03 968.08 0.2969E-06
70000.0 392.25 93.73 0.1392E-03 970.90 0.2984E-06
75000.0 394.97 73.99 0.1091E-03 974.26 0.3001E-06
80000.0 397.69 58.51 0.8571E-04 977.62 0.3018E-06
85000.0 400.42 46.35 0.6743E-04 980.95 0.3035E-06
90000.0 403.14 36.78 0.5315E-04 984.28 0.3052E-06
95000.0 405.85 29.23 0.4196E-04 987.59 0.3070E-06
100000.0 408.57 23.27 0.3318E-04 990.90 0.3087E-06

1976 Standard Atmosphere

alt T/Tsl R/Rsl P/Psl Re/M/ft q/M^2

(ft) (lb/ft^2)
0.0 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.710E+07 1481.3538
5000.0 0.9656 0.8617 0.8321 0.618E+07 1232.6129
10000.0 0.9313 0.7386 0.6878 0.535E+07 1018.9235
15000.0 0.8969 0.6295 0.5646 0.461E+07 836.3538
20000.0 0.8626 0.5332 0.4599 0.395E+07 681.2936
25000.0 0.8283 0.4486 0.3716 0.337E+07 550.4373
30000.0 0.7940 0.3747 0.2975 0.285E+07 440.7683

Tuesday, January 21, 1997

E-32 Applied Computational Aerodynamics
35000.0 0.7598 0.3106 0.2360 0.240E+07 349.5441
40000.0 0.7519 0.2471 0.1858 0.191E+07 275.1887
45000.0 0.7519 0.1945 0.1462 0.151E+07 216.6139
50000.0 0.7519 0.1531 0.1151 0.119E+07 170.5264
55000.0 0.7519 0.1205 0.0906 0.934E+06 134.2600
60000.0 0.7519 0.0949 0.0714 0.736E+06 105.7186
65000.0 0.7519 0.0747 0.0562 0.579E+06 83.2541
70000.0 0.7563 0.0586 0.0443 0.453E+06 65.6079
75000.0 0.7615 0.0459 0.0350 0.354E+06 51.7925
80000.0 0.7668 0.0361 0.0276 0.278E+06 40.9574
85000.0 0.7720 0.0284 0.0219 0.218E+06 32.4446
90000.0 0.7772 0.0224 0.0174 0.171E+06 25.7445
95000.0 0.7825 0.0177 0.0138 0.135E+06 20.4621
100000.0 0.7877 0.0140 0.0110 0.107E+06 16.2903

STOP

Tuesday, January 21, 1997

 Appendix F Code and Electronic Information
Sources
This appendix collects a few useful sources of information. Special thanks to Philippe-Andre Tetrault for adding
the actual links to the information sources. We include general numerical analysis programs, sources of
aerodynamics codes, and places to look on the net for additional information.

F.1 Numerical Analysis Software

A number of sources of numerical analysis subroutines are available at reasonable prices. Some are even free.
Other numerical methods subroutines are expensive.

The standard source for numerical algorithms is netlib. The following information should help you get started
using this resource:

Finding Numerical Analysis Software on the Web (from Tony Giunta)

The Netlib software repository is maintained by the Department of Energy's Oak Ride National Lab and the
University of Tennessee at Knoxville. The software libraries in Netlib, provide computational tools, in the form
of subroutines, to perform various mathematical and numerical analysis operations. Some of the packages of
particular interest to engineers are LAPACK (linear algebra) and EISPACK (eigenvalue, eigenvector analysis).
The software libraries come in a variety of languages. For example, LAPACK and CLAPACK libraries contain
the same linear algebra routines in FORTRAN and C, respectively. Also, there are a number of libraries for C++,
High-Performance FORTRAN (HPF), and FORTRAN90 subroutines, as well as parallel processing routines
such as PVM and MPI.

The web site for Netlib provides a useful search tool which is the second item listed on the Netlib homepage. The
directions on this home page indicate how to search for items of interest.

Note: Often, a particular subroutine uses a number of other Netlib routines in its calculations. Netlib gives the
user the choice of downloading only the single subroutine or the subroutine and its dependencies. Usually it is a
good idea to download all of the files unless the user is sure that only the single routine is needed.

Numerical Methods and Software, by David Kahaner, Cleve Moler and Stephen Nash, Prentice Hall, Englewood
Cliffs, 1989.

This book comes with a disk containing a good collection of subroutines. These are actually comprehensive
commercial grade subroutines that come from the standard public domain libraries. They are much larger
routines than those in the Numerical Recipes book. Because they are much more comprehensive, I've found them
to be slightly harder to use because they rely on numerous other subroutines, and collecting them sometimes
takes more time. However, they also work very well. Because they are based on public domain programs, as far
as I can tell, they can be distributed with your own programs without getting permission.

Numerical Recipes in FORTRAN, The Art of Scientific Computing, Second Edition by William H. Press, Saul A
Teukolsky, William T. Vetterling, and Brian P. Flannery, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1992.

This is the book most students use. It is available online in PostScript or Adobe Acrobat format. It contains
listings of subroutines implementing the methods (recipes). The routines are brief, intended to illustrate the

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 methods, and are not necessarily meant to be general purpose subroutines. However, my experience with them is
good. Professional numerical analysts don't approve of using these routines, so be careful. Also, you cannot use
them in codes you distribute. This is probably because the authors know the routines are not really a professional
programming product. A disk with the programs is available for an additional cost, as is a small paperback book
containing examples of the use of the programs. An edition of the book with the routines in the C language is
also available, as well as an example book and disk. I have found these sources to be easy to use.

Elementary Numerical Analysis, by S.D. Conte and Carl de Boor, McGraw-Hill, New York, 2nd Ed., 1972.

This book has a number of good computer routines, including root finding, solution of equations, systems of
linear algebraic equations, ordinary differential equations, quadrature and interpolation (splines).

SLATEC

This is a library of programs available electronically that are public domain. The authors of Numerical Recipes
recommend the use of these routines for distribution. Once again, all the public domain libraries are closely
related. However, there are not directly interchangeable, and you must be careful to not get them mixed up.
SLATEC is very large.

>From the Numerical Recipes people: "If you are looking for public domain numerical software that can be
redistributed freely (as Numerical Recipes *cannot*), you should look at the collections that can be obtained
from NETLIB. We also recommend SLATEC as a good alternative to the commercial, and therefore restrictively
licensed IMSL and NAG libraries."

• You can get the same information from the web page at http://netlib.bell-labs.com/netlib/master/readme.html

The SLATEC library, a comprehensive collection of over 1400 mathematical and statistical routines, may be of
particular interest.t

Also from the Numerical Recipes gopher site, by W. Press:

The SLATEC Common Mathematical Library is an extensive public-domain FORTRAN source code library
consisting of 1400 routines and 300,000 lines of code and documentation. It is developed and maintained by a
consortium of Department of Energy and Department of Defense national laboratories. Version 4.0 of the library
was released in December, 1992. It incorporates within itself several other public domain packages, including
EISPACK, FFTPACK, QUADPACK, FNLIB, BSPLINE, SLAP, and others. It is distributed by

National Energy Software Center

9700 Cass Ave
Argonne, Illinois 60439

All questions about the library should be directed there.

SLATEC's size is a problem. The routines are interconnected. To use a single routine, between 6 and 20
subsidiary routines may be required. As a public service, Numerical Recipes has put together a multiply cross-
linked gopher tree. The tree allows the routines and their documentation to be located using gopher, either by
subject or name. Most importantly, it allows a routine and its required subsidiary routines to be efficiently
downloaded in source code form.

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 Once in SLATEC, there are several things to remember: (1) Almost all the routines require at least several of the
subroutines that have been collected in the file on the top level of the SLATEC directory called "slatec-util.f". Be
sure to download this file, compile and link it with any other routines. (2) Documentation for each file (each .f
file) is in a similarly-named .hdr file, in the same subject classified subdirectory of the tree. In the SLATEC
library as released, the documentation is embedded in each FORTRAN file. (3) When a routine requires
additional subsidiary routines, there are links to these routines in a dependencies directory, visible at the same
level as the .f file. Example: to use the routine CBESJ (Bessel function of complex argument), you must
download the files slatec-util.f (from the top directory), cbesj.f and cbesj.hdr (from the subject directory C10A4),
and all the routines in "cbesj_dependencies" (also in C10A4).

F.2 Aerodynamics Codes

See a software review for general codes useful in aerodynamics.

I also have a small set of codes available online.

F.2.1 Textbooks

Many text books contain listings illustrating the methods. They can be a valuable learning tool, although many of
the codes were not written by computer scientists, and do not reflect good programming practice (remember they
are included with the cost of the book, and thus are essentially free - remember you get what you pay for). In
some cases graduate or even undergraduates wrote the programs. Textbooks with code listings:

Joseph A. Schetz, Boundary Layer Analysis, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, 1993.

• WALZ: The Thwaites-Walz integral method for laminar boundary layer flows
• ILBLE: Explicit 2D Incompressible Laminar Boundary Layer Flows
• ILBLI: Implicit 2D Incompressible Laminar Boundary Layer Flows
• CLBL: Implicit numerical method, 2D Compressible Laminar Boundary Layer Flows
• MOSES: The Moses integral method for 2D incompressible turbulent flows
• ITBL: Incompressible Turbulent Boundary Layer, three turbulence models available:
o 1. mixing length model,
o 2. eddy viscosity model,
o 3. TKE model.
• ITBLS: Incompressible Turbulent Boundary Layers with stretched normal grid spacing. The Reichardt-
Clauser eddy viscosity combination is used for the turbulence model.
• JETWAKE: Implicit numerical method for turbulent jets and wakes. Either a mixing length or TKE
model are available for modeling turbulence.

Tuncer Cebeci and Peter Bradshaw, Momentum Transfer in Boundary Layers, Hemisphere Publishing Corp,
New York, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1977.

This book contains FORTRAN programs for:

• solution of Falkner-Skan equations

• Thwaites' method
• Head's method
• block elimination meth. to solve 3rd order ODEs (linear or nonlinear) or parabolic PDE
• thin shear layer equation solution for 2D lam. and turb. incompressible boundary layers

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 Tuncer Cebeci and Peter Bradshaw, Physical and Computational Aspects of Convective Heat Transfer, Springer-
Verlag, New York, 1984

• laminar and turbulent flows with fully developed velocity profile

• solution of mass, momentum and energy equations for boundary layer flows
• coupled boundary layer flows
• free convection between two vertical parallel plates
• wall jet and film heating
• turbulent free jet
• Head's method

There is also a paperback book which provides supplemental comments on these programs, as well as solutions
obtained using them:

Tuncer Cebeci, Solutions Manual and Computer Programs for Physical and Computational Aspects of
Convective Heat Transfer by Tuncer Cebeci and Peter Bradshaw, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1989

Jack Moran, An Introduction to Theoretical and Computational Aerodynamics, John Wiley & Sons, New York,
1984.

• RANKIN Rankine oval

• DUBLET symmetric airfoil at zero angle of attack by doublet distribution JOUKOWQ shape & pressure
distribution on symmetric Joukowski airfoil at zero a
• PANEL Hess-Smith panel method solution for incompressible inviscid airfoil flow
• VORLAT vortex lattice method for flat unswept wing
• INTGRL integral boundary layer calculation
o Thwaites' method for laminar flow
o Michel's method for transition estimation
o Head's method for turbulent boundary layer
• LINBVP finite difference method solution of the Sturm-Liouville problem
• THINAIR finite difference solution via SOR of Laplace's Eqn. over a biconvex airfoil
• HEATX explicit solution of 1-D heat equation
• CRAKN Crank-Nicolson solution of 1-D heat equation
• FALKSK finite difference solution of similarity solution of Falkner-Skan equation
• FSKBOX Keller box method solution of the Falkner-Skan equation
• BDYLAY laminar boundary layer equations for arbitrary pressure gradient.
• TSDE finite difference solution of the transonic small disturbance equation

Joseph Katz and Allen Plotkin, Low-Speed Aerodynamics: From Wing Theory to Panel Methods, McGraw-Hill,
Inc., 1991 Fourteen programs are in an appendix:

Two-dimensional panel methods

• 1. Grid Generator for van de Vooren airfoil shapes, includes velocity and pressure distributions

Two-dimensional panel methods based on Neumann BC

• 2. constant strength source method

• 3. constant strength doublet method
• 4. constant strength vortex method

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 • 5. linear strength source method
• 6. linear strength vortex method

Two-dimensional panel methods based on Dirichlet BC

• 7. constant strength doublet method

• 8. constant strength source/doublet method
• 9. linear strength doublet method
• 10. quadratic strength doublet method

Three-dimensional programs

• 11. Influence of a 3D constant strength source/doublet element

• 12. 3D vortex lattice method for rectilinear lifting surfaces (with ground effect)

Time Dependent Programs:

• 13. sudden acceleration of a flat plate at angle of attack

• 14. unsteady motion of a thin rectangular lifting surface (extension to program 12)

C.B. Stribling, BASIC aerodynamics, Butterworths, London, 1984.

This book has listings of programs in BASIC, from the days way when BASIC was the primary language
available on personal computers.

• ATMOS:atmospheric calculations
• AIRSPEED: calculation of true airspeed and other related parameters
• SPHDRAG: drag of a sphere
• BALCAL: calibration of a three component wind tunnel balance
• STRFUNC: evaluation of a streamfunction
• STRCOORDS: streamlines of a source in a uniform stream
• CYLCIRC: cylinder with circulation in a uniform stream
• TRANSTRIP: positioning of wind tunnel transition strip
• BOUNCALC: the reduction of experimental measurements of a boundary layer velocity profile
• PLATEDRAG: the investigation of conditions in a flat plate boundary layer which is partly laminar and
partly turbulent
• POHLHAUSEN: use of a Pohlhausen velocity profile to calculate conditions in a laminar boundary layer
with a specified external velocity gradient
• TUNRESULT: the reduction of wind tunnel lift, pitching moment and incidence results
• JOUVELPRE: the calculation of fluid speeds and pressure coefficients on the surface of a Joukowski
aerofoil with circulation at zero incidence
• SOURPANL: the representation of a cylinder by a regular polygon of source panels.
• THINAERO: the use of thin aerofoil theory to determine the aerodynamic properties of aerofoil sections
with prescribed camber lines
• BIRDDRAG: calculation of the induced drag of birds flying in formation
• DOWNWASH: investigation of the downwash field behind an aircraft wing in the wing's plane of
symmetry
• MONOPLEQN: calculation of the lift and induced drag coefficients, and the spanwise loading
distribution of a specified wing, using the monoplane equation
• VORLAT: application of the vortex lattice method to the calculation of lifting properties of a swept wing

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 • DELTAWING: an investigation of the lift and drag characteristics of a slender delta wing at low Mach
number
• FLOWDUCT: calculation of gas properties in compressible isentropic flow duct
• MACHMETER: tabulation of corresponding values of Mach number and pressure ratio in the calibration
equation of the Machmeter
• DOUBLEWED: a comparison of supersonic aerofoil theories
• TIPEFFECT: calculations on the pressure distribution within the tip Mach triangle of a rectangular wing
at supersonic speeds

Joe F. Thompson, Z.U.A. Warsi, and C. Wayne Mastin, Numerical Grid Generation: Foundations and
Applications, Elsevier Science Publishing Co., New York, 1985.

Model programs are included for:

• vertical interpolation
• horizontal interpolation
• tensor product interpolation
• transfinite interpolation
• hermite cubic interpolation
• hyperbolic tangent interpolation
• elliptic grid generation
• attraction to coordinates

Patrick Knupp and Stanly Steinberg, Fundamentals of Grid Generation, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1993.

This book comes with a disk containing examples of the methods covered in the book.

C.A.J. Fletcher, Computational Techniques for Fluid Dynamics, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1988.

Volume I, Fundamental and General Techniques

• DIFF: transient heat conduction (diffusion) problem

• FIVOL: finite volume method applied to Laplace's equation
• STURM: computation of the Sturm-Liouville equation
• DUCT: viscous flow in a rectangular duct
• NEWTON: flat-plate collector temperature analysis
• NEWTBU: two-dimensional steady Burgers' equation
• FACT/SOLVE solution of dense systems
• BANFAC/BANSOL narrowly banded Gauss elimination
• DIFEX numerical results for explicit schemes
• DIFIM: numerical results for implicit schemes
• TWDIF: generalized finite difference/finite element implementation
• TRAN: convection of a temperature front
• THERM: thermal entry problem
• BURG numerical comparison
• TWBURG: numerical solution

Volume II, Specific Techniques for Different Flow Categories

• LAGEN: generalized coordinate Laplace's equation

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 • ALGEM: grid generation for a streamlined body
• PANEL: numerical implementation of a panel method
• SHOCK: propagating shock wave computation
• FCT: propagating shockwave by an FCT algorithm
• LAMBL: laminar boundary layer flow
• DOROD: turbulent boundary layer flow
• THRED: thermal entry problem

Arnold M. Kuethe and Chuen-Yen Chow, Foundations of Aerodynamics, John Wiley & Sons, New York, Fourth
Edition, 1986. The fourth edition of this book has two listings of programs, in FORTRAN.

• AIRFOIL: a linearly varying vortex panel code method

• FNTWING: solution of the monoplane equation of lifting line theory

R.I. Lewis, Vortex Element Methods for Fluid Dynamic Analysis of Engineering Systems, Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge. These routines are in Pascal:

• 1.1 flow Past a circular cylinder including surface velocity, comparison with exact solution
• 1.2 flow past a circular cylinder by the Douglas-Neumann source panel method
• 1.3 flow past an ellipse, including surface velocity comparison with exact solution and streamline pattern
• 2.1 calculation of flow past a cylinder with bound circulation
• 2.2 flow past an ellipse with prescribed bound circulation
• 2.3 potential flow past an airfoil
• 2.4 potential flow through a turbomachine cascade
• 4.1 calculation of complete elliptic integrals of the first and second kinds
• 4.2 flow past a body of revolution
• 4.3 flow past an axisymmetric cowl or duct
• 4.4 flow through a contraction or diffuser
• 4.5 flow past a body of revolution in a uniform stream
• 5.1 potential flow through an engine intake sucked from downstream by a cylindrical duct and located in
a uniform stream (pipe flow test rig).
• 5.2 potential flow through a free-vortex ducted propeller in a uniform stream
• 8.1 program for experimentation with convection of vortex clouds.
• 9.1 program to generate a set of random numbers and sort them.
• 9.2 diffusion of a point vortex

F.2.2 Commercial vendors

This is a short list of vendors. Future versions of this appendix will contain more listings. Students should realize
that some of these codes are not student programs and are (very) expensive by student standards.

AeroSoft, Inc.
1872 Pratt Drive, Suite 1275
Blacksburg, VA 24060-6363
Phone (540) 231-6125, FAX (540) 231-6137

AeroSoft sells GASP (General Aerodynamic Simulation Program), a general purpose flow solver. Primarily
developed for hypersonic analysis, a particular strength is the capability to handle finite rate chemistry. However,
the code can treat steady and unsteady flows across the Mach range.

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 Analytical Methods, Inc.
2133 - 152nd Avenue N.E.
Redmond, WA, 98052
Phone (206) 643-9090, FAX (206) 746-1299

AMI sells a number of codes. They include

• VSAERO, a panel method that has been developed over many years
• USAERO, an extension of VSAERO, computes unsteady aero for arbitrary motion
• ICE, calculates particle trajectories near aircraft for use in icing and sand-ingestion
• HOVER and ROTAIR, helicopter rotor hover and climb aerodynamic performance
• MGAERO, a 3D Euler method for arbitrary configurations
• OMNIPLOT, OMNI3D, post processing programs for use with AMI codes
• RANSTERN, 3D Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes code, incompressible (Iowa)
• XFOIL and ISES, Mark Drela's airfoil design and analysis codes. (MIT)
• ZAP2D, potential flow/Navier-Stokes code for 2D airfoil analysis (uses ARC2D)

Desktop Aeronautics
P.O. Box 9937
Stanford, CA 94305
Phone (415) 424-8588

These are the codes by Ilan Kroo. Currently they run on Macintosh computers, but some are available for IBM
PCs. Programs currently available include:

• LinAir 1.4 - Multiple Lifting Surface Analysis Program ($200), LinAir Pro ($950). These codes treat
complete configurations in subsonic flow, using a discrete Weissinger method. They include profile drag
integration and Trefftz-plane induced drag calculation. They handle wing canard, aft tail, and winglet
configurations. The Pro version includes asymmetric aircraft or sideslip, roll, pitch, and yaw rates, and
nearfield drag calculations.
• PANDA: Program for Analysis and Design of Airfoils ($175). Subsonic, including compressibility
effects via Karman-Tsien rule. Includes an integral boundary layer calculation for laminar and turbulent
flow. A design option permits interactive change of airfoil geometry and display of the new pressure
distribution.
• Wing Design ($50), for quick computation and plotting of lift and Cl distributions on swept, tapered,
twisted wings. Wing geometry changes effects on lift, drag, moment, and load distribution are found
rapidly.
• SAND-Simulation of Aircraft Nonlinear Dynamics($200). Six degree of freedom time history
computation. Interactive specification of control deflections, time and position dependent wind, and built
in plotting are included. User supplied subroutines for computation of nonlinear aerodynamics and/or
control laws can be included (requires Absoft FORTRAN). Linear dynamics analysis displays root-locus
plots.
• Aircraft Design Workshop ($295). Developed as an interactive museum exhibit, using a simple expert
system to help the user meet field length, climb, range, and thrust constraints. University site licenses are
available.

Public Domain Aeronautical Software

300 Potrero St.
Santa Cruz, CA 95060

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 (408) 454-9754
e-mail: [email protected]

Ralph Carmichael, who was there at the beginning as a NASA Engineer, is selling a number of programs
developed under NASA funding on a CD rom. They are ready to run under MS-DOS or Windows, and come
with complete source codes, descriptions, and sample cases (both input and output. The latest release is version
2.0, and sells for $150. I have used version 1.0, and had no problem running the codes on a Mac. This is a very
good deal. The Applied Computational Aerodynamics Text discusses the basic theory used in these programs.
Version 2.0 contains:

• Low order panel code aerodynamics (Woodward)

• High order panel code aerodynamics (PanAir)
• Supersonic wave drag by the area rule (Harris)
• Fluid mechanis programs for Education (Benson)
• Induced drag from sparse span loading (Lundry)
• Wing shape for minimum induced drag (VLMD, Lamar)
• Characterisitcs of the standard atmosphere (U.S. Std. 1976)
• Turbulent skin friction (Sommer & Short)
• Coordinates of NACA Airfoils (Ladson & Brooks)
• Perspective views with hidden line removal (Hedgley)

AeroLogic
1613 Altivo Way
Los Angeles, CA 90026
(213) 665-1397
(213) 953-8378 fax

AeroLogic sells the Personal Skunk Works system of codes. There are three principal components, Loftsman/P,
Cmarc, and Postmarc. Loftsman is the lofting program used to develop the geometry. Cmarc is a low order panel
method. It is based on the NASA Ames program PMARK, but re-written in C and setup for use on PCs.
Postmark is the graphics postprocessor for Cmarc (or PMARC). This system is designed for professional use, but
educational rates are available.

DARcorporation
120 East 9th Street, Suite 2
Lawrence, KS 66044
1-800-327-7144
(913) 832-0524
(913) 832-0524 fax

Although Professor Roskam's company is mainly known for aircraft design and stability and control materials,
they are now selling a number of aerodynamics oriented programs, including stability and control derivative
estimation software, and drag estination software. These codes are available for the Windows operating system. I
have not run these codes personally, but I have seen their aircraft design code, AAA, demonstrated on unix
systems, and it suggests that these codes would be good.

CFD Research Corporation

3325 Triana Blvd
Huntsville, AL 35805
Phone (205) 536-6576, FAX (205) 536-6590

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 F.3 Key Web Sites
• NASA Tech Report Server
• Ilan Kroo's Applied Aerodynamics Textbook
• Numerical Aerodynamics Simulation (NAS) at NASA Ames
• CFD Online resources: A remarkable collection

Several books are available online:

• Numerical methods for 1D compressible flows, an interactive book, by M. Manzini, CRS4, Cagliari, Italy.
• Modern Numerical Methods for Fluid Flow, by Phillip Colella UC Berkeley, and Elbridge Gerry Puckett,
UC Davis
o This book is available through at ftp://watt.berkeley.edu/e266/. The .ps files are standard
postscript

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G-2 Applied Computational Aerodynamics

G-1 Program THINFOIL

THINFOIL solves Laplace’s Equation by finite differences using a variety of iteration meth-
ods. It was written by Valery Razgonyaev. The iteration options include SOR, SLOR, AF1 and
AF2 to solve the algebraic equations. An unevenly spaced grid is used to concentrate grid points
near the airfoil surface, and near the leading and trailing edges of the airfoil. Notes describing the
detailed procedures and program terminology are provided after the sample terminal session.
The definitions of the input values are given in the following figure. Make sure that the value
of Xmin is negative, and that the order of input requested by the program is followed. Note that
the grid dimensions are real numbers and the number of grid points are integers. Some compilers
are very strict about this. These errors are the source of most problems encountered running the
code. Note that the airfoil is defined from x = 0 to x = 1 on y = 0. At the farfield boundaries, the
potential is set to zero, while on the plane of symmetry, y = 0, the normal velocity is set to zero
or to the value given by the thin airfoil theory boundary conditions. Running the program, maxit
is the number of iterations requested, and RELAX is the value of the over-relaxation factor, ω.

Y
Ymax

NABOVE

NUP NON NDOWN

Xmin 0 1 Xmax X

The maximum number of x grid points is 90, however, the program automatically adds points
around the boundary, so the user is prevented from exceeding 86. Similarly, the maximum num-
ber of y points is 40, but the user is limited to requesting 36. The grid is output, together with the
difference between grid points. This is done to see how the grid spacing is changing. The conver-
gence criteria is set internally. In addition, the iteration history is output every three iterations.
Study the code to find out how to change this value.

Thursday, April 4, 1996

report typos and errors to W.H. Mason Appendix G: Programs G-3

The program creates a copy of the results sent to the screen on a disk file, THINAIR.OUT.
This file can then be used to make plots of the results or the convergence history.

Sample terminal session:

Program THINFOIL

Finite difference solution of

the Laplace Eqn. over a biconvex airfoil

INPUT grid boundary locations; Xmin, Xmax, Ymax:-2.6,3.6,2.6

INPUT number of points upstream of airfoil, Nup:18

downstream of airfoil, Ndown:18
on the airfoil, NON:38
above the airfoil, NABOVE:24

X GRID and slope BC, fp

i x(i) x(i)-x(i-1) fp(i)

1 -0.28266E+01 0.00000E+00
2 -0.26000E+01 0.22660E+00 0.00000E+00
3 -0.23734E+01 0.22660E+00 0.00000E+00
4 -0.21485E+01 0.22488E+00 0.00000E+00
5 -0.19271E+01 0.22144E+00 0.00000E+00
6 -0.17107E+01 0.21632E+00 0.00000E+00
7 -0.15012E+01 0.20956E+00 0.00000E+00
8 -0.13000E+01 0.20119E+00 0.00000E+00
9 -0.11087E+01 0.19130E+00 0.00000E+00
10 -0.92875E+00 0.17995E+00 0.00000E+00
11 -0.76152E+00 0.16723E+00 0.00000E+00
12 -0.60828E+00 0.15324E+00 0.00000E+00
13 -0.47020E+00 0.13808E+00 0.00000E+00
14 -0.34833E+00 0.12187E+00 0.00000E+00
15 -0.24360E+00 0.10473E+00 0.00000E+00
16 -0.15680E+00 0.86801E-01 0.00000E+00
17 -0.88593E-01 0.68206E-01 0.00000E+00
18 -0.39500E-01 0.49093E-01 0.00000E+00
19 -0.98938E-02 0.29606E-01 0.00000E+00
20 0.00000E+00 0.98938E-02 0.10000E+00
21 0.17078E-02 0.17078E-02 0.99658E-01
22 0.68193E-02 0.51116E-02 0.98636E-01
23 0.15300E-01 0.84805E-02 0.96940E-01
24 0.27091E-01 0.11792E-01 0.94582E-01
25 0.42113E-01 0.15022E-01 0.91577E-01
26 0.60263E-01 0.18150E-01 0.87947E-01
27 0.81417E-01 0.21154E-01 0.83717E-01
28 0.10543E+00 0.24013E-01 0.78914E-01
29 0.13214E+00 0.26708E-01 0.73572E-01
30 0.16136E+00 0.29221E-01 0.67728E-01
31 0.19289E+00 0.31534E-01 0.61421E-01
32 0.22653E+00 0.33632E-01 0.54695E-01
33 0.26203E+00 0.35500E-01 0.47595E-01
34 0.29915E+00 0.37126E-01 0.40170E-01
35 0.33765E+00 0.38498E-01 0.32470E-01
36 0.37726E+00 0.39607E-01 0.24549E-01

Thursday, April 4, 1996

G-4 Applied Computational Aerodynamics

37 0.41770E+00 0.40445E-01 0.16459E-01

38 0.45871E+00 0.41008E-01 0.82579E-02
39 0.50000E+00 0.41290E-01 -0.15705E-08
40 0.54129E+00 0.41290E-01 -0.82579E-02
41 0.58230E+00 0.41008E-01 -0.16459E-01
42 0.62274E+00 0.40445E-01 -0.24549E-01
43 0.66235E+00 0.39607E-01 -0.32470E-01
44 0.70085E+00 0.38498E-01 -0.40170E-01
45 0.73797E+00 0.37126E-01 -0.47595E-01
46 0.77347E+00 0.35500E-01 -0.54695E-01
47 0.80711E+00 0.33632E-01 -0.61421E-01
48 0.83864E+00 0.31534E-01 -0.67728E-01
49 0.86786E+00 0.29221E-01 -0.73572E-01
50 0.89457E+00 0.26708E-01 -0.78914E-01
51 0.91858E+00 0.24013E-01 -0.83717E-01
52 0.93974E+00 0.21154E-01 -0.87947E-01
53 0.95789E+00 0.18150E-01 -0.91577E-01
54 0.97291E+00 0.15022E-01 -0.94582E-01
55 0.98470E+00 0.11792E-01 -0.96940E-01
56 0.99318E+00 0.84805E-02 -0.98636E-01
57 0.99829E+00 0.51116E-02 -0.99658E-01
58 0.10000E+01 0.17078E-02 -0.10000E+00
59 0.10099E+01 0.98938E-02 0.00000E+00
60 0.10395E+01 0.29606E-01 0.00000E+00
61 0.10886E+01 0.49093E-01 0.00000E+00
62 0.11568E+01 0.68206E-01 0.00000E+00
63 0.12436E+01 0.86801E-01 0.00000E+00
64 0.13483E+01 0.10473E+00 0.00000E+00
65 0.14702E+01 0.12187E+00 0.00000E+00
66 0.16083E+01 0.13808E+00 0.00000E+00
67 0.17615E+01 0.15324E+00 0.00000E+00
68 0.19288E+01 0.16723E+00 0.00000E+00
69 0.21087E+01 0.17995E+00 0.00000E+00
70 0.23000E+01 0.19130E+00 0.00000E+00
71 0.25012E+01 0.20119E+00 0.00000E+00
72 0.27107E+01 0.20956E+00 0.00000E+00
73 0.29271E+01 0.21632E+00 0.00000E+00
74 0.31485E+01 0.22144E+00 0.00000E+00
75 0.33734E+01 0.22488E+00 0.00000E+00
76 0.36000E+01 0.22660E+00 0.00000E+00

Y GRID

j y(j) y(j)-y(j-1)
1 -0.55668E-02
2 0.00000E+00 0.55668E-02
3 0.55668E-02 0.55668E-02
4 0.22243E-01 0.16677E-01
5 0.49958E-01 0.27715E-01
6 0.88593E-01 0.38635E-01
7 0.13798E+00 0.49389E-01
8 0.19791E+00 0.59932E-01
9 0.26813E+00 0.70218E-01
10 0.34833E+00 0.80203E-01
11 0.43818E+00 0.89845E-01
12 0.53728E+00 0.99102E-01
13 0.64522E+00 0.10794E+00
14 0.76152E+00 0.11631E+00

Thursday, April 4, 1996

report typos and errors to W.H. Mason Appendix G: Programs G-5

15 0.88570E+00 0.12418E+00
16 0.10172E+01 0.13152E+00
17 0.11555E+01 0.13830E+00
18 0.13000E+01 0.14448E+00
19 0.14500E+01 0.15005E+00
20 0.16050E+01 0.15497E+00
21 0.17643E+01 0.15923E+00
22 0.19271E+01 0.16281E+00
23 0.20928E+01 0.16569E+00
24 0.22606E+01 0.16787E+00
25 0.24300E+01 0.16932E+00
26 0.26000E+01 0.17005E+00

Iterative Scheme Options:

1 - SOR
2 - SLOR
3 - AF-1
4 - AF-2
Select option:3

Iterative Scheme Selected: - AF-1

INPUT relaxation factor:

Suggested values for the ADI Relaxation Factors:
AF-1 - 2.0
AF-2 - 1.333 :2

INPUT number of iterations, maxit:60

Convergence History
Residual Correction
------------------------------- -------------------------------
ITER IMAX JMAX MAX AVRG IMAX JMAX MAX AVRG
1 20 2 0.3593E+02 0.3711E+01 2 2 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
2 22 2 0.1337E+02 0.1484E+01 22 2 0.3769E-03 0.3945E-04
3 54 3 0.5960E+01 0.7183E+00 23 2 0.4242E-03 0.5228E-04
4 53 2 0.4705E+01 0.5773E+00 24 3 0.7004E-03 0.1018E-03
5 26 3 0.1822E+01 0.2557E+00 52 2 0.1256E-02 0.2001E-03
6 50 2 0.1881E+01 0.2363E+00 27 3 0.1949E-02 0.3720E-03
7 48 2 0.5231E+00 0.1102E+00 28 2 0.2974E-02 0.6784E-03
8 50 2 0.6676E+00 0.9420E-01 29 3 0.3860E-02 0.1109E-02
9 58 2 0.2509E+00 0.3698E-01 50 2 0.3971E-02 0.1458E-02
10 65 2 0.1228E+00 0.1216E-01 17 4 0.3054E-02 0.1308E-02
11 69 2 0.4270E-01 0.4370E-02 12 2 0.1963E-02 0.8412E-03
12 2 2 0.2911E-01 0.2657E-02 7 4 0.1477E-02 0.7429E-03
13 2 2 0.8172E-02 0.7845E-03 2 2 0.2889E-06 0.2579E-07
14 2 3 0.2018E-02 0.3537E-03 2 2 0.1939E-06 0.2348E-07
15 2 2 0.2251E-02 0.3438E-03 2 5 0.2281E-06 0.5201E-07
16 2 8 0.9842E-03 0.2974E-03 2 8 0.5469E-06 0.1551E-06
17 2 2 0.2147E-02 0.3181E-03 2 8 0.1539E-05 0.4865E-06
18 2 3 0.9461E-03 0.2754E-03 2 26 0.4705E-05 0.1523E-05
19 76 2 0.2082E-02 0.2908E-03 2 26 0.1504E-04 0.4714E-05
20 2 3 0.8731E-03 0.2511E-03 2 26 0.4639E-04 0.1455E-04

Thursday, April 4, 1996

G-6 Applied Computational Aerodynamics

21 2 2 0.1618E-02 0.2593E-03 2 26 0.1288E-03 0.4477E-04

22 2 3 0.5327E-03 0.1972E-03 2 26 0.3090E-03 0.1293E-03
23 2 2 0.7191E-03 0.1381E-03 2 26 0.6491E-03 0.3123E-03
24 2 2 0.3744E-03 0.1247E-03 76 2 0.8472E-08 0.2005E-08
25 76 3 0.2757E-03 0.1209E-03 76 2 0.1530E-07 0.6149E-08
26 2 2 0.2809E-03 0.1218E-03 76 3 0.4273E-07 0.1975E-07
27 2 3 0.2541E-03 0.1202E-03 2 2 0.1338E-06 0.6388E-07
28 2 2 0.2690E-03 0.1209E-03 2 3 0.4245E-06 0.2065E-06
29 2 3 0.2494E-03 0.1193E-03 2 2 0.1365E-05 0.6678E-06
30 2 2 0.2632E-03 0.1194E-03 2 3 0.4378E-05 0.2152E-05
31 76 3 0.2396E-03 0.1156E-03 2 2 0.1392E-04 0.6873E-05
32 76 2 0.2413E-03 0.1102E-03 2 3 0.4324E-04 0.2143E-04
33 2 3 0.1930E-03 0.9282E-04 2 2 0.1262E-03 0.6244E-04
34 2 2 0.1223E-03 0.5565E-04 2 4 0.3006E-03 0.1480E-03
35 76 2 0.1144E-03 0.5498E-04 76 2 0.1834E-08 0.8544E-09
36 2 3 0.1122E-03 0.5505E-04 76 2 0.5671E-08 0.2763E-08
37 2 2 0.1125E-03 0.5494E-04 2 3 0.1826E-07 0.8962E-08
38 2 3 0.1120E-03 0.5503E-04 2 24 0.5920E-07 0.2907E-07
39 2 2 0.1124E-03 0.5491E-04 2 24 0.1920E-06 0.9428E-07
40 2 3 0.1118E-03 0.5493E-04 2 25 0.6223E-06 0.3056E-06
41 2 2 0.1117E-03 0.5459E-04 2 26 0.2013E-05 0.9883E-06
42 2 3 0.1096E-03 0.5387E-04 2 26 0.6467E-05 0.3175E-05
43 76 2 0.1047E-03 0.5121E-04 2 26 0.2032E-04 0.9979E-05
44 2 3 0.8895E-04 0.4380E-04 2 26 0.5953E-04 0.2927E-04
45 2 2 0.5280E-04 0.2587E-04 2 26 0.1414E-03 0.6957E-04
46 2 2 0.5261E-04 0.2589E-04 2 2 0.8166E-09 0.4005E-09
47 2 3 0.5256E-04 0.2584E-04 2 2 0.2643E-08 0.1300E-08
48 2 2 0.5256E-04 0.2588E-04 2 3 0.8569E-08 0.4216E-08
49 2 3 0.5254E-04 0.2584E-04 2 2 0.2779E-07 0.1367E-07
50 76 2 0.5253E-04 0.2586E-04 2 3 0.9014E-07 0.4435E-07
51 2 3 0.5244E-04 0.2579E-04 2 2 0.2921E-06 0.1437E-06
52 2 2 0.5221E-04 0.2570E-04 2 3 0.9448E-06 0.4649E-06
53 2 3 0.5142E-04 0.2529E-04 2 2 0.3035E-05 0.1493E-05
54 2 2 0.4897E-04 0.2411E-04 2 3 0.9538E-05 0.4693E-05
55 76 3 0.4178E-04 0.2055E-04 2 2 0.2797E-04 0.1376E-04
56 2 2 0.2471E-04 0.1218E-04 2 3 0.6648E-04 0.3271E-04
57 2 2 0.2471E-04 0.1215E-04 2 2 0.3829E-09 0.1884E-09
58 76 3 0.2471E-04 0.1216E-04 76 2 0.1242E-08 0.6109E-09
59 76 2 0.2470E-04 0.1215E-04 76 3 0.4028E-08 0.1982E-08
60 76 3 0.2470E-04 0.1216E-04 2 25 0.1307E-07 0.6429E-08

PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION ON THE AIRFOIL

I x/c U Cp
21 0.00085 -0.10158 0.20316
22 0.00426 -0.08440 0.16880
23 0.01106 -0.06486 0.12972
24 0.02120 -0.04688 0.09376
25 0.03460 -0.03086 0.06171
26 0.05119 -0.01676 0.03352
27 0.07084 -0.00431 0.00861
28 0.09342 0.00679 -0.01357
29 0.11878 0.01670 -0.03340
30 0.14675 0.02556 -0.05111
31 0.17713 0.03344 -0.06687
32 0.20971 0.04039 -0.08078
33 0.24428 0.04644 -0.09289

Thursday, April 4, 1996

report typos and errors to W.H. Mason Appendix G: Programs G-7

34 0.28059 0.05162 -0.10324

35 0.31840 0.05593 -0.11186
36 0.35745 0.05938 -0.11876
37 0.39748 0.06196 -0.12393
38 0.43821 0.06369 -0.12738
39 0.47936 0.06455 -0.12910
40 0.52064 0.06455 -0.12910
41 0.56179 0.06369 -0.12738
42 0.60252 0.06196 -0.12393
43 0.64255 0.05938 -0.11876
44 0.68160 0.05593 -0.11186
45 0.71941 0.05162 -0.10324
46 0.75572 0.04644 -0.09289
47 0.79029 0.04039 -0.08078
48 0.82287 0.03344 -0.06687
49 0.85325 0.02556 -0.05111
50 0.88122 0.01670 -0.03340
51 0.90658 0.00679 -0.01357
52 0.92916 -0.00431 0.00861
53 0.94881 -0.01676 0.03352
54 0.96540 -0.03086 0.06171
55 0.97880 -0.04688 0.09376
56 0.98894 -0.06486 0.12972
57 0.99574 -0.08440 0.16880
58 0.99915 -0.10158 0.20316

Additional iteration? (Y/N):n

STOP

Details of THINFOIL procedures: by Valery Razgonyaev

Basic notation: The standard or delta form of the iterative scheme is:

NCi,nj +ωLφ i,n j = 0 ,

where

Ci,nj = φi,n+1 n
j −φ i,j

Finite difference representation of the Laplace’s operator and residual is given by:
n n
Lφi, j = δ xxφi,j + δ yyφi,j =0

δ xxφi,n j = Ax i, j φi−1,
n n n
where j + Bx i,jφi, j + Cxi, jφ i+1,j

δ yyφi,n j = Ayi,j φi,j−1

n
+ Byi,jφi,n j + Cyi, jφi,n j+1
2
Axi,j =
[( xi+1, j − x i−1,j ) (xi, j − x i−1,j )]

Thursday, April 4, 1996

G-8 Applied Computational Aerodynamics

2
Cxi,j =
[(x i+1, j − xi−1, j )(xi+1, j − x i, j )]
(
Bxi,j = − Axi,j + Cxi,j )
and Ayi,j, Byi,j, Cyi,j are defined in similar manner. Other definitions:

E x±1φi,j
n n
= φi±1, j

E y±1φi,j
n n
= φ i,j±1
1
δ x+φi,n j = E x+1φi,j
n
( xi+1,j − xi,j )
1
δ x−φi,n j = E x−1φi,j
n
( xi, j − x i−1,j )
and δ y± is defined in similar manner.

NX+1, NY+1 - numbers of points in x and y directions respectively.

NLE, NTE - values of the i index corresponding to LE and TE respectively.

Boundary Conditions: The boundary condition

∂φ df
=
∂n dx ,
where
t x  x
f (x) = 1 − 
c c c
is applied on the line y = 0 for 0 < x/c < 1, while on all other boundaries:
∂φ
=0
∂n .
The implementation of the bondary condition using so-called “dummy rows“ is discussed in the
text, and in our case we define:
 t
− ( yi,3 − yi,1)  (1 − 2xi,2 )
n n
φi,1 = φ i,3 for NLE< i <NTE
 c
n n
φi,1 = φ 3,j for 2 < i < NLE and NTE < i < NX
n n
φi,NY +1 = φi,NY−1 for 2 < i < NX

Thursday, April 4, 1996

report typos and errors to W.H. Mason Appendix G: Programs G-9

n n
and φ nNX+1,j = φ NX−1,
n
φ1,j = φ3,j j for 2< j <NY

Since we use the standard or delta form for the iterative scheme expressions we need to have our
B.C. expressed in terms of Ci,nj . The simplest way to accomplish this is to define:

 t
φ1i,1 = − (yi,3 − yi,1)  (1 − 2xi,2 ) for NLE < i < NTE
 c

1
φi,j = 0 elsewhere
Then B.C. for Ci,nj can be written as:

n n n n
Ci,1 = Ci,3 and Ci,NY +1 = Ci, NY−1 for 2 < i < NX

n n n n
C1,j = C3, j and CNX+1, j = C NX−1, j for 2 < j < NY

n n+1 n
Note that Ci,1 = φi,1 − φi,1 =
 n+1  t   n t 
 φ i,1 − (yi,3 − yi,1 ) (1 − 2xi,2 ) −  φ i,3 − ( yi,3 − yi,1 ) (1− 2xi,2 ) =
  c     c  

n+1 n n
= φ i,3 − φi,3 = Ci,3

Point Gauss-Seidel Iterative Scheme (SOR): Scheme definition:

n+1
φˆi,j ( n+1
= − Axi,jφ i−1,j n
+ Cxi, jφi+1,j n+1
+ Ayi, jφ i,j−1 )(
/ Bx i,j + Byi,j )
n+1
φi,j n
= φi,j (
+ ω φˆi,n+1 n
j −φ i, j )
or
( Bxi,j + Byi, j )Ci,n j = −ω ( Lφi,j + Axi,jCi−1,j
n n
+ Ayi,j Ci,j−1 )
n
Values Ci−1,j and Ci,n j−1 are already known at the time Ci,nj is computed. Note, that at the
n n
beginning of each iteration, when i = j = 2, values C1,2 and C2,1 are undefined yet and, thus,
should be set to 0.
Operator N is defined by:

( ) (
N = Bxi,j + Byi,j I + ω Axi, j E x−1 + Ayi,j E y−1 )

Thursday, April 4, 1996

G-10 Applied Computational Aerodynamics

Line Gauss-Seidel Iterative Scheme (SLOR): Scheme definition:

φˆ n+1 =-(Ax φ n+1 1 +Cx φ n 1 +Ay ˆ n+ 1 1+Cy ˆ n+ 1 1 )/(Bx +By )

i,j i,j* i- ,j i,j* i+ ,j i,j* φ i,j- i,j* φ i,j+ i,j i,j

n+1
φi,j n
= φi,j (
+ ω φˆi,n+1 n
j −φ i, j )
or

Ayi,j*Cni,j-1 +(Bxi,j+Byi,j)*Cni,j+Cyi,j*Cni,j+1=-ω(Lφ i,j+Axi,j*Cni-1,j )

Value Cni-1,j is already known at the time Ci,nj is computed and, thus, update in i-th column is

found by inverting tridiagonal matrix. At the beginning of each iteration, when i=2, value Cn1 ,j is

undefined yet and, thus, should be set to 0, but at the end, when i=NX, from the B.C.
CnNX+1,j=CnNX-1 ,j. Exploitation of the B.C. for j=2 and j=NY defines Cni, 1=Cni,3 and

Cni,NY+1=Cni,NY- 1.
Operator N is defined by:
N=(Bxi,j+Byi,j)I+Ay i,j*Ey-1 +Cyi,j*Ey+ 1+ωAxi,j*Ex- 1

Approximate Factorisation AF-1 Iterative Scheme (ADI): Scheme definition:

(δxx-α)(δyy-α)Cni,j=ωαLφ i,j

where α is a parameter.
Operator N is defined by:
1
N = L − αI − δ δ
α xx yy

The required equations are solved in two steps:

1) Invertion of the outer operator Nout=δxx -αI or sweep along i direction by letting Fni,j=(δyy-

α)Cni,j and solving directly for Fni,j the tridiagonal matrix equation:

Axi,j*Fni-1 ,j+(Bxi,j-α)*Fni,j+Cxi,j*Fni+1,j =ωαLφi,j

It can be shown that B.C. for function Fni,j are the same as for Cni,j, thus, Fn1 ,j=Fn3 ,j and

FnNX+1 ,j=FnNX- 1,j .

2) Invertion of the inner operator Nin=δyy -αI or sweep along j direction by solving directly for

Cni,j the tridiagonal matrix equation:

Thursday, April 4, 1996

report typos and errors to W.H. Mason Appendix G: Programs G-11

Ayi,j*Cni,j-1 +(Byi,j-α)*Cni,j+Cyi,j* Cni,j+1 =Fni,j

with B.C. Cni, 1=Cni,3 and Cni,NY+ 1=Cni,NY- 1.

For uniform Cartesian grid and periodic B.C. the optimal value of ω is 2. To speed up
convergence Ballhaus suggests to use a sequence of parameters αk=αl(α h)(M-k)/(M-1) , αl=1,

α h=4/ ∆y 2 k=1,...,M instead of one parameter α. In the code M=11 and ∆y =Y(3)-Y(2).

Approximate Factorisation AF-2 Iterative Scheme (ADI): Scheme definition:

(α -δ+ )(δ -αδ - )Cn =-ωαLφ

x yy x i,j i,j
where α is a parameter.
Operator N is defined by:
1 −
N = L − αδ +x − δ δ
α x yy

The required equations are solved in two steps:

1) Invertion of the outer operator Nout=αI-δ+x or sweep along i direction by letting Fni,j=(δyy-

αδ-x)Cni,j and solving directly for Fni,j the bidiagonal matrix equation:

(α+1/(xi+1 ,j-xi,j))*Fni,j-1/(xi+ 1,j-xi,j))*Fni+1 ,j=-ωαLφi,j

It can be shown that B.C. for function Fni,j are the same as for Cni,j, thus, FnNX+ 1,j=F nNX-1 ,j.

2) Invertion of the inner operator Nin=δyy -αδ -x or sweep along j direction by solving directly

for Cni,j the tridiagonal matrix equation:

Ayi,j*Cni,j-1 +(Byi,j-α/(xi,j-xi-1,j ))*Cni,j+Cyi,j*Cni,j+1 =Fni,j-α/(x i,j-xi- 1,j)*Cni-1 ,j

with B.C. Cni, 1=Cni,3 , Cni,NY+ 1 =Cni, NY-1.

Value Cni-1,j becomes available before Cni,j is computed, except for the case i=2, when it should

be set to 0.
Suggested value of ω is 4/3. Similarly to AF-1 scheme a sequence of parameters

α k=α l(αh)(M-k)/(M-1) , αl=1, αh=2/ ∆y k=1,...,M recommended by Ballhaus is used with M=11

and ∆y =Y(3)-Y(2).

Thursday, April 4, 1996

report typos and errors to W.H. Mason Appendix G: Programs G-13

G.3 CBL User’s Manual

CBLv2 is the Cebeci Boundary Layer Program. The program computes the two-dimensional
compressible laminar and/or turbulent boundary layer. This code is described (with a listing) in
the reference. Dr. Tuncer Cebeci (Dept. of Aerospace Engineering, California State University -
Long Beach) makes it available for $50. The current version has been modified slightly, and the
output has been redesigned for WATFOR to limit output to 80 columns.

The code uses the Keller Box Scheme to obtain efficient solutions to the compressible boundary
layer equations. It uses the Cebeci-Smith turbulence model, an algebraic eddy viscosity model,
and can handle heat transfer cases. Some compilers will require the use of SAVE statements in
each routine.

The program will prompt you for the name of the input file. The output is written to the screen in
the version provided. This is not an interactive code and the output can be redirected to a file
once the input file is defined. Note that the boundary layer is computed at each input x station,
and no others. Make sure your input is closely spaced where details are important.

The boundary layer computation should start at the stagnation point, and follow the flow along
the upper or lower surface toward the trailing edge. This requires identifying the stagnation point
in the inviscid solution and using the geometry points x,y at each solution station to compute the
arc length along the surface from the stagnation point, which is the surface length X in the
boundary layer calculation. The utility program POSTp can be used to convert the output file
generated by PANELv2 to a form easily modified to use as input to CBLv2.

Reference

Tuncer Cebeci and Peter Bradshaw, Physical and Computational Aspects of Convective Heat
Transfer, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1984.

Note: This program is representative of standard programs used in industry. Experience by stu-
dents indicates that successful use of this program requires more patience than some students are
willing to use. It is very important to put the data in the proper column. When the program is
near separation the numerical iteration sometimes breaks down and the program stops with an
error message. This does not necessarily mean that the solution is invalid at previous steps.
When the pressure is specified, the boundary layer equations are singular at separation, and any

Monday, January 27, 1997

G-14 Applied Computational Aerodynamics

numerical iteration will diverge. The program attempts to identify this situation and stop with a
message suggesting that separation has been encountered. Sometimes the solution blows up be-
fore the code message is printed. One of the most important input parameters is the initial dimen-
sionaless pressure gradient. The values of the pressure gradient should be examined to make sure
that the distribution is smooth. The code interpolates the user specified pressures to get the pres-
sure gradient using a second order polynomial which can poor estimates of the gradient if the
input data is not smooth.

INPUT FORMAT

Card 1: A80: - Data set title

Card 2: 2I3, 3F10.5
NXT - total number of x stations input (60 max)
NTR - transition location station (must be > 2)
x dUe
P2(1) - dimensionless pressure gradient at 1st x station,
Ue dx
Note: for zero pressure gradient case, P2(1) is zero, for flow that starts at a
stagnation point, the local stagnation point solution assumes that the velocity
increases linearly from zero, and the value of this parameter should be one.

[good values of DETA(1), VGP:

Laminar Turbulent & Lam/Turb]
DETA(1) - h1, wall grid spacing: 0.2 0.01
VGP - K, ratio of spacings 1.0 1.14

Card 3: 7F10.5
RMI - freestream Mach number
T0 - freestream stagnation temperature (deg. K)
XLL - reference length, L
RELM - Reynolds number per unit length, in millions
PR - Prandtl number (.72 for air)

heat transfer control codes [values of alpha0,alpha1], for

specified: wall temp heat transfer]
ALFA0 - alpha0: 1 0
ALFA1 - alpha1: 0 1

Card 4: 3F10.5, repeat card 4 NXT times

X(I) - x/L nondimensional distance along surface

CP(I) - pressure coefficient
WW(I) - dimensionless wall temp, gw, or the heat flux given by the dimensionless wall
temperature gradient of pw (depending on ALFA0, and ALFA1 values).

Monday, January 27, 1997

report typos and errors to W.H. Mason Appendix G: Programs G-15

Example of cblv2.f input (cblv2ref.inp on the disk)

upper surf. Cps from GA(W)-1 at M = .15 and 2 deg AOA
43 9 1.000 0.01 1.14
.150 200.00 1.000 6.0 .72 0.0 1.0
0.000000 1.005642 0.000000
0.004614 0.936635 0.000000
0.013224 0.549866 0.000000
0.024531 -0.084785 0.000000
0.036161 -0.708135 0.000000
0.048151 -1.025962 0.000000
0.061727 -1.198553 0.000000
0.077307 -1.272074 0.000000
0.094830 -1.240493 0.000000
0.114472 -1.187699 0.000000
0.136324 -1.137414 0.000000
0.160324 -1.082872 0.000000
0.186394 -1.042838 0.000000
0.214456 -1.010707 0.000000
0.244340 -0.977603 0.000000
0.275907 -0.950920 0.000000
0.308993 -0.927588 0.000000
0.343418 -0.908177 0.000000
0.378998 -0.891323 0.000000
0.415537 -0.873235 0.000000
0.452835 -0.857548 0.000000
0.490691 -0.845519 0.000000
0.528899 -0.831693 0.000000
0.567257 -0.813231 0.000000
0.605569 -0.785736 0.000000
0.643650 -0.732378 0.000000
0.681338 -0.660691 0.000000
0.718408 -0.579180 0.000000
0.754647 -0.493191 0.000000
0.789814 -0.408020 0.000000
0.823666 -0.331905 0.000000
0.855952 -0.257680 0.000000
0.886487 -0.187632 0.000000
0.915043 -0.124057 0.000000
0.941433 -0.067627 0.000000
0.965482 -0.019300 0.000000
0.987046 0.023179 0.000000
1.006006 0.062768 0.000000
1.022249 0.096355 0.000000
1.035669 0.123776 0.000000
1.046187 0.162320 0.000000
1.053742 0.228643 0.000000
1.058293 0.319797 0.000000

Monday, January 27, 1997

G-16 Applied Computational Aerodynamics

Description of Output
The output corresponding to the sample input is in the file cblv2ref.out on the disk. First, the
input is echoed, [P2(1) is given with the distribution of values with X(I)]. After the Mach num-
ber is repeated, the computed reference temperature, static pressure, velocity, density, total en-
thalpy and pressure in atmospheres are output.
The edge velocity distribution, converted using the input pressure coefficient distribution, is out-
put together with other computed values in two sets to meet the 80 column output limitation. The
first set is:
X(I) - distance along surface, in physical units
UE(I) - edge velocity in meters/sec.
WW(I) - dimensionless temperature or temperature gradient input
TE(I) - edge static temperature
RHOE(I) - edge density
The second output set is:
X(I) - distance along surface, in physical units
RMUE - edge viscosity
P1 - edge parameter

1 x d (ρeµ e) 
1+ P2 + 
2 ρeµ e dx 
P2 - edge parameter
x dUe
Ue dx

The computations are then output one station at a time, first giving the station number, the X
value of the station, and the convergence history (IT is the iteration count, and is reset if an extra
grid point is added during the calculation).
After convergence, the profiles at each station are given at every third grid point in two sets. The
first set is:
J - grid line index
ETA - computational normal coordinate
Y - physical coordinate
F - transformed streamfunction
U - U/Ue = F'
V - U' the gradient of the velocity distribution
The second set is:
J - grid line index
ETA - computational normal coordinate
Y - physical coordinate
G - H/He
O - G' the gradient of the enthalpy distribution
B - effective viscosity distribution, C[1 + ε m+ ]

Monday, January 27, 1997

report typos and errors to W.H. Mason Appendix G: Programs G-17

and then the rest of the parameters of interest are given:

RX - local running length Reynolds number

DELS - displacement thickness
THETA - momentum thickness
q˙w x
NUSSELT NO - Nux =
( Tw − Te) k
H - shape factor, DELS/THETA
CF/2 - skin friction
RDELS - Reynolds number based on displacement thickness
RTHETA - Reynolds number based on momentum thickness
q˙ w
STANTON NO - St x =
ρ eue( Hw − He )

At the finish of the calculation the distributions of the computed quantities given above are re-
peated in two sets in summary form.

The first set is:

X RX DELS THETA H CF/2

The second set is:

X RDELS RTHETA NUSSELT NO STANTON NO.

It is likely that separation will occur. When this happens the programs halts. When possible, sep-
aration is flagged in the output, and the summary of results up to separation are printed out in the
summary.

Monday, January 27, 1997

G-18 Applied Computational Aerodynamics

G.4 TRANFOIL/TSFOIL2
These programs solve the transonic small disturbance equation. The disk contains the source
codes, sample input, and sample output.

TSDE is from Moran’s book. This program uses SLOR to solve the algebraic equations
using an evenly spaced grid for flow over a biconvex airfoil at zero angle of attack at a specified
Mach number and thickness ratio.
The input values are essentially the same as those used in program THINAIR, and are de-
fined in the following figure. Make sure that the value of XW is negative, and that the order of
input requested by the program is followed. Unlike THINAIR, where this was the source of most
problems encountered running the code, TSDE may diverge if the value of the relaxation factor
is too high, or the Mach number is too close to one. The user also specifies the Mach number,
thickness ratio, number of iterations, MAXTRY, and the relaxation factors for locally subsonic
flow (RLXSUB > 1), and supersonic flow (RLXSUP < 1).
The airfoil is defined from x = 0 to x = 1 on y = 0. At the farfield boundaries the potential is
set to zero. On the plane of symmetry, y = 0, the normal velocity is set to zero.

Y
YN

NABOVE

NUP NON NDOWN

XW 0 1 XE X

The maximum number of x grid points is 80. However, the program automatically adds
points around the boundary, so the user is prevented from exceeding 77. Similarly, the maximum
number of y points is 38. The convergence criteria is set internally. The iteration history is output
every ten iterations, and includes the number of supersonic points in the flowfield, NUMSUP.

Monday, January 27, 1997

report typos and errors to W.H. Mason Appendix G: Programs G-19

Sample execution:
MORAN: PROGRAM TSDE

INPUT DX,DY: .05,.05

INPUT XW,XE,YN: -1,2,1.8

NX= 62 NY= 38 ILE= 22 ITE= 42

INPUT MACH, TAU: .82,.1

INPUT MAXTRY, RLXSUB, RLXSUP: 1000,1.8,1.0

TRIAL RMS CHANGE CHANGE RATIO XMAX YMAX MAX CHANGE NUMSUP
10 0.330E-02 0.9638 -0.2500 0.1000 0.227E-01 9
20 0.152E-02 0.9497 -0.5500 0.1000 0.657E-02 16
30 0.828E-03 0.9530 0.7500 0.0500 0.220E-02 19
40 0.647E-03 0.9849 0.7500 0.0500 0.167E-02 21
50 0.582E-03 0.9936 0.7500 0.0500 0.143E-02 22
60 0.544E-03 0.9942 0.7500 0.0500 0.114E-02 22
70 0.515E-03 0.9950 0.7500 0.0500 0.998E-03 23
80 0.490E-03 0.9949 0.7500 0.0500 0.891E-03 23
90 0.466E-03 0.9948 0.7500 0.0500 0.813E-03 23
100 0.442E-03 0.9947 0.7500 0.0500 0.753E-03 24
.
.
.
900 0.539E-05 0.9945 0.8000 0.0500 0.953E-05 34
910 0.510E-05 0.9943 0.8000 0.0500 0.893E-05 34
920 0.483E-05 0.9944 0.8000 0.0500 0.845E-05 34
930 0.457E-05 0.9943 0.8000 0.0500 0.807E-05 34
940 0.433E-05 0.9943 0.8000 0.0500 0.762E-05 34
950 0.410E-05 0.9944 0.8000 0.0500 0.716E-05 34
960 0.388E-05 0.9947 0.8000 0.0500 0.679E-05 34
970 0.367E-05 0.9941 0.8000 0.0500 0.660E-05 34
980 0.348E-05 0.9950 0.8000 0.0500 0.613E-05 34
990 0.329E-05 0.9945 0.8000 0.0500 0.582E-05 34
1000 0.311E-05 0.9945 0.8000 0.0500 0.553E-05 34

Monday, January 27, 1997

G-20 Applied Computational Aerodynamics

PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION ON AIRFOIL

I X CP

23 0.02500 0.23445
24 0.07500 0.05530
25 0.12500 -0.07965
26 0.17500 -0.18781
27 0.22500 -0.27958
28 0.27500 -0.36014
29 0.32500 -0.45224
30 0.37500 -0.52386
31 0.42500 -0.58545
32 0.47500 -0.64134
33 0.52500 -0.69270
34 0.57500 -0.73978
35 0.62500 -0.78178
36 0.67500 -0.81499
37 0.72500 -0.80487
38 0.77500 -0.27178
39 0.82500 -0.07417
40 0.87500 -0.02823
41 0.92500 0.08152
42 0.97500 0.24863

INPUT MAXTRY, RLXSUB, RLXSUP: 0,0,0

STOP

TSFOIL2 is also a solution of the transonic small disturbance theory. It was written by Earll
Murman, Frank Bailey and Margaret Johnson.1 However, it has significantly more capability
than TSDE. It is also bigger. It may not run on all personal computers. For comparison, consider:

TSDE TSFOIL2
• 80 col. output • 133 col. output
• non-lifting biconvex sections • arbitrary airfoils
• evenly spaced grid points • unevenly spaced grid points
• interactive input and execution • input file using NAMELIST

The input to the program is descrbed in subroutine READIN, which asks the user for the
name of the input file. The following description is from READIN. Note the default values. Two
input data sets are included to illustrate the procedure. TSFOIL was documented in NASA CR
3064, by Stephen S. Stahara, “Operational Manual for Two-Dimensional Transonic Code
TSFOIL, Decf. 1978.

1. Murman, E.M., Bailey, F.R., and Johnson, M.L., “TSFOIL — A Computer Code for Two-
Dimensional Transonic Calculations, Including Wind-Tunnel Wall Effects and Wave Drag
Evaluation,” NASA SP-347, March 1975.

Monday, January 27, 1997

report typos and errors to W.H. Mason Appendix G: Programs G-21

INPUT EXPLANATION

ALL INPUT IS READ IN THIS SUBROUTINE. THE ORDER IS AS DESCRIBED

BELOW.
1.) ONE CARD OF TITLE INFORMATION. AN ?A? (ALPHANUMERIC) FORMAT
IS USED TO READ AND WRITE THIS INFORMATION. MULTIPLE CASES
MAY BE RUN WITH THIS PROGRAM AND THE DATA FOR EACH CASE
MUST START WITH THIS CARD. THE LAST CARD OF THE INPUT MUST
BE A CARD WITH THE WORD ?FINISHED? IN THE FIRST 8 COLUMNS.
2.) NAMELIST CONTAINING THESE PARAMETERS IS NOW READ. (SEE
FORTRAN MANUAL FOR DESCRIPTION OF NAMELIST INPUT). THE
BLOCK DATA SUBROUTINE SETS A DEFAULT VALUE, AS NOTED BELOW,
FOR ALL OF THESE PARAMETERS.
ONLY THE VALUES WHICH ARE DIFFERENT FROM THE PREVIOUS CASE
(OR DEFAULT) MUST BE INCLUDED, ALTHOUGH AT LEAST ONE VALUE
MUST BE INPUT BY NAMELIST FOR EACH CASE.
* (F) = FLOATING POINT *
* (I) = INTEGER *
* (L) = LOGICAL *
* (E) = EXPONENTIAL *
DEFAULT
VALUE
AMESH (L) OPTION FOR ANALYTICAL MESH CALC. .F.
.TRUE. X AND Y MESH VALUES ARE COMPUTED
WHEN AMESH = T, IMAXI AND JMAXI
SHOULD ALSO BE SUPPLIED. IMAXI AN
ODD NO. AND JMAXI AN EVEN NO.
(81 AND 40 HAVE BEEN USED).
.FALSE. X AND Y POINTS ARE THE DEFAULT
VALUES OR THE VALUES SUPPLIED
BY THE USER THRU NAMELIST.
EMACH (F) FREESTREAM MACH NUMBER. .75
NOTE****EMACH MAY NOT BE = 1.0
DELTA (F) BODY THICKNESS RATIO. .115
ALPHA (F) ANGLE OF ATTACK (DEGREES IF PHYS=T) .12
AK (F) TRANSONIC SIMILARITY PARAMETER. 0.0
(INPUT REQUIRED ONLY IF PHYS = .F. )
GAM (F) RATIO OF SPECIFIC HEATS. 1.4
SIMDEF (I) SIMILARITY DEFINITION. 3
=1 COLE
=2 SPREITER
=3 KRUPP
=4 USER
PRTFLO (I) OPTION FOR PRINT OF FINAL FLOW FIELD. 1
=1 NO FLOW FIELD PRINT.
=2 ALL J LINES PRINTED.
=3 PRINT 3 J LINES AROUND MAXIMUM ERROR
PSTART (I) OPTION FOR INITIALIZING P ARRAY. 1
=1 SET TO ZERO.
=2 READ P FROM UNIT 7
=3 USE P IN CORE (PREVIOUS CASE).

Monday, January 27, 1997

G-22 Applied Computational Aerodynamics

DEFAULT
VALUE
PSAVE (L) OPTION FOR SAVING RESTART BLOCK OF .F.
VALUES ON UNIT 3.
=.TRUE. SAVE FOR RESTART.
=.FALSE. DO NOT SAVE.
FCR (L) FULLY CONSERVATIVE RELAXATION OPTION .T.
=.TRUE. DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS ARE
FULLY CONSERVATIVE FORM.
=.FALSE. DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS NOT
CONSERVATIVE AT SHOCK WAVES.
KUTTA (L) KUTTA CONDITION OPTION. .T.
=.TRUE. KUTTA CONDITION IS ENFORCED
=.FALSE. LIFT COEFFICIENT SPECIFIED BY USER.
CLSET (F) LIFT COEFFICIENT, USED IF KUTTA .0
IS FALSE.
BCFOIL (I) OPTION FOR FOIL OR BODY GEOMETRY. 3
=1 NACA00XX
=2 PARABOLIC ARC.
=3 ORDINATES (READ LATER IN NAMELIST
IF DIFFERENT FROM DEFAULT VALUES WHICH
ARE FOR THE KORN AIRFOIL).
=4 JAMESON'S AIRFOIL INPUT FORMAT
BCTYPE (I) DESCRIBES THE TYPE OF FLOW TO BE COMPUTED. 1
=1 FREE AIR.
=2 SOLID WALL.
=3 FREE JET.
=4 SLOTTED WALL.
=5 POROUS WALL.
F (F) TUNNEL SLOT PARAMETER. 0.
H (F) TUNNEL HALF HEIGHT/CHORD RATIO. 0.
POR (F) WALL POROSITY FACTOR. .0
PHYS (L) TYPE OF SCALING TO USE FOR I/O. .T.
=.TRUE. PHYSICALLY SCALED VALUES.
=.FALSE. TRANSONICALLY SCALED VALUES
FOR PHYS = .F., ALSO INPUT VALUE FOR AK.
IMAXI (I) NUMBER OF X-MESH POINTS(.LE. 100) 77
JMAXI (I) NUMBER OF Y-MESH POINTS(.LE. 100) 56
IMIN (I) X MESH POINT WHERE CALC IS TO START 1
JMIN (I) Y MESH POINT WHERE CALC IS TO START 1
ICUT (I) CONTROL FOR MESH CUT AND REFINEMENT. 2
= 0 INPUT MESH IS USED TO CONVERGENCE.
= 1 INPUT MESH MAY BE CUT ONCE.
= 2 INPUT MESH MAY BE CUT TWICE.
WE (F) 3 VALUES FOR RELAXATION FACTOR FOR 1.8
ELIPTIC PTS. 1-ST FOR COARSE MESH, 1.9
2-ND FOR MED. MESH AND 3-RD FOR 1.95
FINE MESH. DEFAULT VALUES ARE SUGGESTED
VALUES, IN ORDER. IF SPECIFIED IN INPUT
ALL THREE VALUES MUST BE GIVEN.
WCIRC (F) RELAXATION FACTOR FOR CIRCULATION. 1.0
MAXIT (I) MAXIMUM NUMBER OF ITERATION CYCLE ALLOWED. 500

Monday, January 27, 1997

report typos and errors to W.H. Mason Appendix G: Programs G-23

DEFAULT
VALUE

CVERGE (F) CONVERGENCE CRITERION FOR RESIDUALS OF P. .00001

DVERGE (F) DIVERGENCE CRITERION FOR RESIDUALS OF P. 10.
RIGF (F) REIGLES RULE FOR BODY SLOPE. 0.0
EPS (F) COEFFICIENT OF PXT .2
IPRTER (I) CONTROL FOR FREQUENCY OF PRINT OF 10
LINE IN MESH WHERE ERROR IS LARGEST.
I.E. IPRTER=10 , LINE WILL BE PRINTED
EVERY 10-TH ITERATION
NWDGE (I) CONTROL FOR VISCOUS WEDGE INCLUSION 0
= 0 NO WEDGE
= 1 MURMAN BUMP
= 2 YOSHIHARA WEDGE
REYNLD (E) REYNOLDS NUMBER BASED ON CHORD. 4.0E+6
USED WHEN NWDGE = 1
WCONST (F) WEDGE CONSTANT. USED WHEN NWDGE=1 4.0
IFLAP (I) CONTROL FOR FLAP DEFLECTION. 0
FLAP INCLUDED WHEN IFLAP .NE. 0
DELFLP (F) FLAP DEFLECTION ANGLE. 5.0
POSITIVE DEGREES T.E. DOWN
FLPLOC (F) LOCATION OF FLAP H.L., X/C 0.77

NOTE**WHEN ARRAYS ARE READ BY NAMELIST THE FULL ARRAY MUST BE

SET, I.E. IF ALL VALUES ARE NOT REQUIRED THE ARRAY MAY
BE FILLED USING MULTIPLE ZEROS. (N*0.0)
XU (F) ARRAY - X VALUES FOR UPPER BODY. USED
IF BCFOIL = 3. KORN AIRFOIL USING ALL
100 PTS.(UPPER) AND 75 (LOWER) IS DEFAULT.
XL (F) ARRAY - X VALUES FOR LOWER BODY.
YU (F) ARRAY - Y VALUES FOR UPPER BODY.
YL (F) ARRAY - Y VALUES FOR LOWER BODY.
NU (I) NUMBER OF POINTS TO USE FOR UPPER BODY 100
NL (I) NUMBER OF POINTS TO USE FOR LOWER BODY 75

** NOTE THIS PROGRAM USES A MESH REFINEMENT METHOD FOR DECREASING

COMPUTER TIME. FOLLOW THE RULES BELOW FOR CONSTRUCTING THE
X AND Y MESH TO TAKE FULL ADVANTAGE OF THIS FEATURE.
IMAXI - ITE SHOULD BE A MULTIPLE OF 4.
ITE - IMIN SHOULD BE A MULTIPLE OF 4.
JMAXI - JUP + 1 SHOULD BE A MULTIPLE OF 4
JLOW - JMIN + 1 SHOULD BE A MULTIPLE OF 4
(WHERE JLOW IS LAST POINT BELOW SLIT AND
JUP IS FIRST POINT ABOVE SLIT.)
WHERE ITE = I FOR X = 1.0 (OR POINT ON BODY CLOSEST TO X = 1.0).
SUBROUTINE CKMESH INSPECTS THE X AND Y MESHES TO SEE IF
THIS IS TRUE AND, IF NOT, WILL MODIFY INPUT MESH IN SOME CASES.

XIN (F) ARRAY - X MESH POINTS. LIMIT 100 PTS.

YIN (F) ARRAY - Y MESH POINTS. LIMIT 100 PTS.
X AND Y MESH DEFAULT VALUES ARE KRUPP BASIC GRID.

Monday, January 27, 1997

G-24 Applied Computational Aerodynamics

The following are two sample inputs for TSFOIL2:

This dataset provides the solution to the biconvex airfoil (BCFOIL=2) that corresponds to the so-
lution provided by TSDE:
TEST OF TSFOIL2, 10% thick biconvex airfoil
$INP
ALPHA=0.0,DELTA=0.10,EMACH=0.82
BCFOIL=2,MAXIT=1500
$END

This dataset is used to obtain the solution for the flow over an NACA 2412 airfoil at zero alpha
and a Mach number of .75.

TEST OF DATA POINT INPUT CASE , NACA2412

$INP
ALPHA=0.0,DELTA=0.12,EMACH=0.75
BCFOIL=3,NU=21,NL=26,MAXIT=1500
XU = 0.00000,
0.04738, 0.09730, 0.14745, 0.19772,
0.24805, 0.29842, 0.34882, 0.39923, 0.44963,
0.50000, 0.55032, 0.60059, 0.65078, 0.70090,
0.75094, 0.80089, 0.85076, 0.90055, 0.95027,1.0,
YU = 0.00000,
0.03430, 0.04896, 0.05959, 0.06760,
0.07363, 0.07786, 0.08037, 0.08123, 0.07988,
0.07686, 0.07246, 0.06690, 0.06033, 0.05293,
0.04483, 0.03619, 0.02722, 0.01818, 0.00919,0.0 ,
XL = 0.00000, 0.00662, 0.00931, 0.01455, 0.02736,
0.05262, 0.07771, 0.10270, 0.15255, 0.20228,
0.25195, 0.30158, 0.35118, 0.40077, 0.45037,
0.50000, 0.54968, 0.59941, 0.64922, 0.69910,
0.74906, 0.79911, 0.84924, 0.89945, 0.94973,1.0 ,
YL = 0.00000,-0.00864,-0.01025,-0.01262,-0.01649,
-0.02166,-0.02535,-0.02828,-0.03267,-0.03576,
-0.03783,-0.03898,-0.03917,-0.03839,-0.03608,
-0.03274,-0.02866,-0.02406,-0.01913,-0.01405,
-0.00903,-0.00435,-0.00038, 0.00250, 0.00345,0.0 ,
$END

These files are contained on the disk as bicon.inp and N2412.inp. The corresponding output is
contained in the files bicon.out and n2412.out.

Monday, January 27, 1997

H-2 Applied Computational Aerodynamics

H.1 TRIDAG: Solution of tridiagonal systems of equations

The Thomas Algorithm is a special form of Gauss elimination that can be used to solve tridiago-
nal systems of equations. When the matrix is tridiagonal, the solution can be obtained in O(n) op-
erations, instead of O(n3/3). The form of the equation is:

ai xi−1 + bi xi + ci xi+1 = di i = 1,K ,n

where a1 and cn are zero. The solution algorithm (Ref. E.7-1) starts with k = 2,....,n:

ak
m=
bk −1
bk′ = bk − mck −1
dk′ = dk − mdk−1 .
Then:
d′
xn = n
bn
and finally, for k = n - 1,...,1:
d′ − c x
xk = k k k+1
bk .
In CFD methods this algorithm is usually coded directly into the solution procedure, unless
machine optimized subroutines are employed on a specific computer. A sample FORTRAN pro-
gram to implement this algorithm is given here as:

subroutine tridag(a,b,c,d,nn)

c solves a tridiagonal system using the Thomas Algorithm

c there are nn equations, in the tridiagonal form:
c a(i)*x(i-1) + b(i)*x(i) + c(i)*x(i+1) = d(i)
c here, a(1) and c(nn) are assumed 0, and ignored
c x is returned in d, b is altered
c code set up to run on WATFOR-77
c w.h. mason, April 10, 1992
dimension a(nn),b(nn),c(nn),d(nn)
if(nn .eq. 1) then
d(1)=d(1)/b(1)
return
end if
do 10 k = 2,nn
km1 = k - 1
if(b(k-1) .eq. 0.0) then
write(6,100) km1
stop
end if
xm = a(k)/b(km1)
b(k) = b(k) - xm*c(km1)
d(k) = d(k) - xm*d(km1)
10 continue

Friday, November 17, 1995

report typos and errors to W.H. Mason Appendix H: Utility Programs H-3

d(nn) = d(nn)/b(nn)
k = nn
do 20 i = 2,nn
k = nn + 1 - i
d(k) = (d(k) - c(k)*d(k+1))/b(k)
20 continue
return
100 format(/3x,'diagonal element .eq. 0 in tridag at k = ',i2/)
end

A check can be made using the following main program and resulting output:

c main program to check the Tridiagonal system solver

dimension a(20),b(20),c(20),d(20)
n = 10
do 10 i = 1,n
a(i) = -1.
b(i) = 2.
c(i) = -1.
10 d(i) = 0.
d(1) = 1.
call tridag(a,b,c,d,n)
write(6,610) (i,d(i), i = 1,n)
610 format(i5,e15.7)
stop
end
The results are:
1 0.9090909E+00
2 0.8181819E+00
3 0.7272728E+00
4 0.6363637E+00
5 0.5454546E+00
6 0.4545454E+00
7 0.3636363E+00
8 0.2727273E+00
9 0.1818182E+00
10 0.9090909E-01

Reference

H.1-1 Conte, S.D., and deBoor, C., Elementary Numerical Analysis, McGraw-Hill, New York,
1972.

Friday, November 17, 1995