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Reserve Questions and Problems

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Reserve Questions and Problems

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Reserve Questions and Problems

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

Reserve Problem 01a (question pool) simultaneously related to structure, properties, and
Materials Science and Engineering is the study of processing. Which of the following is the best example
material behavior & performance and how this is of material structure?
simultaneously related to structure, properties, and (a) Single-phase
processing. Which of the following is the best example (b) Elastic Modulus
of a material property?
(c) Sintering
(a) Density
(d) Magnetic Permeability
(b) Annealing
(e) Brittle
(c) Forging
(d) Single-crystal Reserve Problem 04a (question pool)
(e) Crystalline Which class of material is generally associated with
the highest density values at room temperature?
Reserve Problem 02a (question pool) (a) Composites
Materials Science and Engineering is the study of (b) Ceramics
material behavior & performance and how this is
(c) Metals
simultaneously related to structure, properties, and
processing. Which of the following is the best example (d) Polymers
of material processing?
Reserve Problem 05a (question pool)
(a) Extrusion
By how many orders of magnitude (powers of ten,
(b) Crystalline approximately) does density vary for metals?
(c) Amorphous (a) 0.13
(d) Glassy (b) 1.3
(e) Elastic Modulus (c) 13
Reserve Problem 03a (question pool) (d) 130
Materials Science and Engineering is the study of
material behavior & performance and how this is

CHAPTER 2 ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND INTERATOMIC BONDING

Reserve Question 01: Atomic mass Reserve Question 02: Atomic nucleus
The atomic mass of an atom may be expressed as the The nucleus of an atom contains
sum of the masses of • Electrons
• Electrons • Neutrons
• Neutrons • Protons
• Protons Choose all that apply.
Choose all that apply.

• R-1
R-2 • Reserve Questions and Problems

Reserve Question 03: Atomic number (c) Electron subshells—L shell

The atomic number of an electrically neutral atom is • s
equal to the number of: • p
• protons • d
• electrons • f
• neutrons (d) Electron subshells—N shell
Choose all that apply. • s
• p
Reserve Problem 04
• d
Hafnium has six naturally occurring isotopes: 0.16%
• f
of 174Hf, with an atomic weight of 173.940 amu;
5.26% of 176Hf, with an atomic weight of 175.941 amu; Reserve Problem 08: The number of electrons in
18.60% of 177Hf, with an atomic weight of 176.943 subshells M, K, L, N
amu; 27.28% of 178Hf, with an atomic weight of
177.944 amu; 13.62% of 179Hf, with an atomic weight What is the maximum number of electrons that each
of 178.946 amu; and 35.08% of 180Hf, with an atomic of the following shells can contain?
weight of 179.947 amu. Calculate the average atomic (a) M shell ______ electrons
weight of Hf. Give your answer to three decimal (b) K shell ______ electrons
places.
(c) L shell ______ electrons
(d) N shell ______ electrons
Reserve Problem 05
Bromium has two naturally occurring isotopes: 79Br, Reserve Question 09: The electrons that occupy
with an atomic weight of 78.918 amu, and 81Br, with the outermost…
an atomic weight of 80.916 amu. If the average atomic The electrons that occupy the outermost filled shell
weight for Br is 79.903 amu, calculate the fraction-of- are called ______ electrons.
occurrences of these two isotopes. Give your answer
to three decimal places. Reserve Question 10: When all the electrons in an
Fraction-of-occurrence for 79Br: ______ atom occupy…
Fraction-of-occurrence for 81Br: ______ When all the electrons in an atom occupy the lowest
possible energy states, the atom is said to be in its:
Reserve Problem 06: Electron configuration • ground state
An element that has the electron configuration • ionized state
1s22s22p6 has how many electrons? Enter numeric • cold state
values only.
• regular state
Reserve Problem 07: The four electron subshells
Reserve Problem 11
M, K, L, N
How many p electrons at the outermost orbital do the
Which subshells are found in each of the following Group VIIA elements have?
shells?
(a) Electron subshells—M shell Reserve Problem 12
• s To what group in the periodic table would an element
• p with atomic number 119 belong?
• d • Group 0 (or 18)
• f • Group IA (or 1)
(b) Electron subshells—K shell • Group IIA (or 2)
• s • Group VIIA (or 17)
• p Reserve Problem 13
• d Ideally speaking, bonds tend to form between two
• f particles such that they are separated by a distance
Reserve Questions and Problems • R-3

where ______ net force is exerted on them, and their Reserve Problem 17
overall energy is ______. ______ bonds are the only primary bonds that are
(a) a positive, maximized directionally dependent.
(b) a negative, maximized (a) Covalent (c) Ionic
(c) a positive, minimized (b) Metallic (d) Van der Waals
(d) a negative, minimized
Reserve Problem 18
(e) zero, maximized
______ bonds are responsible for binding atoms
(f) zero, minimized together within a molecule of propane, whereas ______
bonds bind separate propane molecules together in a
Reserve Problem 14: Attraction energy condensed state (liquid or crystal).
Calculate the energy of attraction between a cation (a) Covalent, Ionic
with a valence of +2 and an anion with a valence of
−2, the centers of which are separated by a distance (b) Ionic, Covalent
of 3.7 nm. (c) Covalent, Metallic
(d) Metallic, Covalent
Reserve Problem 15: Attraction force (e) Covalent, Van der Waals
Calculate the force of attraction (in N) between a (f) Van der Waals, Covalent
cation with a valence of +2 and an anion with a va-
lence of −3, the centers of which are separated by a (g) Ionic, Van der Waals
distance of 8.6 nm. (h) Van der Waals, Ionic

Reserve Problem 16 Reserve Problem 19

______ bonding is similar to ionic bonding, except Materials whose constituent particles are bound by
there are no high-electronegativity atoms present to which type of bond are generally expected to have the
accept any electrons that the present atoms are will- lowest melting temperatures?
ing to donate. (a) Covalent (d) Van der Waals
(a) Ionic (c) Metallic (b) Metallic (e) Hydrogen
(b) Covalent (d) Hydrogen (c) Ionic

Reserve Problem 20: Ionic character

Using the figure below, calculate the percent ionic character of the interatomic bonds for the following materials:
(a) CaCl2
(b) CsBr
IA 0
1 2
H He
2.1 IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA –
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 –
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg VIII Al Si P S Cl Ar
0.9 1.2 IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB IB IIB 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.5 3.0 –
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
0.8 1.0 1.3 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.6 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.4 2.8 –
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 1.9 2.2 2.2 2.2 1.9 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.1 2.5 –
55 56 57–71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba La–Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
0.7 0.9 1.1–1.2 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.4 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.2 –
87 88 89–102
Fr Ra Ac–No
0.7 0.9 1.1–1.7
R-4 • Reserve Questions and Problems

Reserve Problem 21 (b) On the basis of this result, what type of intera-
(a) Calculate %IC of the interatomic bonds for tomic bonding would you expect to be found
the intermetallic compound TiAl3. in TiAl3?
• Van der Waals • metallic
• ionic • covalent

CHAPTER 3 STRUCTURES OF METALS AND CERAMICS

Reserve Problem 01a (question pool) Reserve Problem 02a (question pool)
Which structure is most consistent with a polycrystal- Which structure is most consistent with an amorphous
line structure? structure?
(a) (a)

(b) (b)

(d) (d)
Reserve Questions and Problems • R-5

Reserve Problem 03 Reserve Problem 07a (question pool)

Which of the following microstructures is expected to Which of the following partial lattices does not exhibit
be most similar to a single crystal in terms of structure 6-fold symmetry?
and properties? Assume all of the options offer the
(a)
same volumes and only consider grain boundaries as a
crystalline defect for this question.
(a) Textured polycrystal with about 10,000 grains
(b) Random polycrystal with about 1,000,000
grains
(c) Random polycrystal with about 1,000,000,000
grains
(d) Amorphous

Reserve Problem 04a (question pool)

Which of the following is the primitive unit cell for the
lattice that is depicted? (b)

Reserve Problem 05a (question pool)

Which of the following candidate unit cells is invalid?
(c)

(d)
Reserve Problem 06a (question pool)
Which of the following unit cells exhibits the highest
symmetry?
R-6 • Reserve Questions and Problems

Reserve Problem 08 Reserve Problem 09c-1 (question pool)

Using atomic weight, crystal structure, and atomic Which of the following options is consistent with the
radius data tabulated inside the front cover, compute unit cell plane depicted below?
the theoretical densities of lead, chromium, copper,
and cobalt, and then compare these values with the
measured densities listed in this same table. The c/a
ratio for cobalt is 1.623.

Reserve Problem 09a-1 (question pool)

Which of the following options is consistent with the
unit cell plane depicted below?

(a) SC {100}
(b) BCC {100}
(c) FCC {100}
(d) SC {110}
(e) BCC {110}
(f) FCC {110}
(g) SC {111}
(a) SC {100}
(h) BCC {111}
(b) BCC {100}
(i) FCC {111}
(c) FCC {100}
(d) SC {110} Reserve Problem 09d-1 (question pool)
(e) BCC {110} Which of the following options is consistent with the
(f) FCC {110} unit cell plane depicted below?
(g) SC {111}
(h) BCC {111}
(i) FCC {111}

Reserve Problem 09b-1 (question pool)

Which of the following options is consistent with the
unit cell plane depicted below?

(a) SC {100}
(b) BCC {100}
(c) FCC {100}
(d) SC {110}
(e) BCC {110}
(f) FCC {110}
(g) SC {111}
(a) SC {100} (f) FCC {110}
(h) BCC {111}
(b) BCC {100} (g) SC {111}
(i) FCC {111}
(c) FCC {100} (h) BCC {111}
(d) SC {110} (i) FCC {111}
(e) BCC {110}
Reserve Questions and Problems • R-7

Reserve Problem 10a-1 (question pool) Reserve Problem 10c-1 (question pool)
Which of the following options is consistent with the Which of the following options is consistent with the
unit cell plane depicted below? unit cell plane depicted below?

(a) SC {100} (a) SC {100}

(b) BCC {100} (b) BCC {100}
(c) FCC {100} (c) FCC {100}
(d) SC {110} (d) SC {110}
(e) BCC {110} (e) BCC {110}
(f) FCC {110} (f) FCC {110}
(g) SC {111} (g) SC {111}
(h) BCC {111} (h) BCC {111}
(i) FCC {111} (i) FCC {111}

Reserve Problem 10b-1 (question pool) Reserve Problem 10d-1 (question pool)
Which of the following options is consistent with the Which of the following options is consistent with the
unit cell plane depicted below? unit cell plane depicted below?

(a) SC {100} (a) SC {100}

Reserve Problem 11a-1 (question pool) Reserve Problem 11c-1 (question pool)
Which of the following options is consistent with the Which of the following options is consistent with the
unit cell plane depicted below? unit cell plane depicted below?

(a) SC {100}
(a) SC {100}
(b) BCC {100}
(b) BCC {100}
(c) FCC {100}
(c) FCC {100}
(d) SC {110}
(d) SC {110}
(e) BCC {110}
(e) BCC {110}
(f) FCC {110}
(f) FCC {110}
(g) SC {111}
(g) SC {111}
(h) BCC {111}
(h) BCC {111}
(i) FCC {111}
(i) FCC {111}

Reserve Problem 11b-1 (question pool)

Reserve Problem 11d-1 (question pool)
Which of the following options is consistent with the
unit cell plane depicted below? Which of the following options is consistent with the
unit cell plane depicted below?

(a) SC {100}
(a) SC {100} (b) BCC {100}
(b) BCC {100} (c) FCC {100}
(c) FCC {100} (d) SC {110}
(d) SC {110} (e) BCC {110}
(e) BCC {110} (f) FCC {110}
(f) FCC {110} (g) SC {111}
(g) SC {111} (h) BCC {111}
(h) BCC {111} (i) FCC {111}
(i) FCC {111}
Reserve Questions and Problems • R-9

Reserve Problem 12a-1 (question pool) Reserve Problem 12c-1 (question pool)
Which of the following options is consistent with the Which of the following options is consistent with the
unit cell plane depicted below? unit cell plane depicted below?

(a) SC {100} (a) SC {100}

Reserve Problem 12b-1 (question pool) Reserve Problem 12d-1 (question pool)
Which of the following options is consistent with the Which of the following options is consistent with the
unit cell plane depicted below? unit cell plane depicted below?

(a) SC {100} (a) SC {100}

Reserve Problem 13a-1 (question pool) Reserve Problem 13c-1 (question pool)
Which of the following options is consistent with the Which of the following options is consistent with the
unit cell plane depicted below? unit cell plane depicted below?

(a) SC {100} (a) SC {100}

Reserve Problem 13b-1 (question pool) Reserve Problem 13d-1 (question pool)
Which of the following options is consistent with the Which of the following options is consistent with the
unit cell plane depicted below? unit cell plane depicted below?

(a) SC {100} (a) SC {100}

Reserve Problem 14a-1 (question pool) Reserve Problem 14c-1 (question pool)
Which of the following options is consistent with the Which of the following options is consistent with the
unit cell plane depicted below? unit cell plane depicted below?

(a) SC {100} (a) SC {100}

Reserve Problem 14b-1 (question pool) Reserve Problem 14d-1 (question pool)
Which of the following options is consistent with the Which of the following options is consistent with the
unit cell plane depicted below? unit cell plane depicted below?

(a) SC {100} (a) SC {100}

Reserve Problem 15a-1 (question pool) Reserve Problem 15d-1 (question pool)
Which of the following options is consistent with the Which of the following options is consistent with the
unit cell plane depicted below? unit cell plane depicted below?

(a) SC {100} (d) FCC {100}

(b) SC {110} (e) FCC {110} (a) SC {100}
(c) SC {111} (f) FCC {111} (b) SC {110}
Reserve Problem 15b-1 (question pool) (c) SC {111}
Which of the following options is consistent with the (d) FCC {100}
unit cell plane depicted below? (e) FCC {110}
(f) FCC {111}

Reserve Problem 16a-1 (question pool)

Which of the following options is consistent with the
unit cell plane depicted below?

(a) SC {100} (d) FCC {100}

(b) SC {110} (e) FCC {110}
(c) SC {111} (f) FCC {111}

Reserve Problem 15c-1 (question pool)

Which of the following options is consistent with the
unit cell plane depicted below?

(a) FCC {100}

(b) FCC {110}
(c) FCC {111}
(d) SC {100}
(e) SC {110}
(f) SC {111}

(a) SC {100} (d) FCC {100}

(b) SC {110} (e) FCC {110}
(c) SC {111} (f) FCC {111}
Reserve Questions and Problems • R-13

Reserve Problem 16b-1 (question pool) Reserve Problem 16d-1 (question pool)
Which of the following options is consistent with the Which of the following options is consistent with the
unit cell plane depicted below? unit cell plane depicted below?

(a) FCC {100} (d) SC {100}

(a) FCC {100}
(b) FCC {110} (e) SC {110}
(b) FCC {110}
(c) FCC {111} (f) SC {111}
(c) FCC {111}
(d) SC {100} Reserve Problem 17a (question pool)
(e) SC {110} Certain crystal structures are sometimes similar to
(f) SC {111} other crystal structures in a variety of ways. This prob-
lem demonstrates one of the similarities that exists
Reserve Problem 16c-1 (question pool) between two of the cubic crystal structures discussed
in Chapter 3. Specifically, a family of planes in one
Which of the following options is consistent with the of these crystal structures is equivalent to a family of
unit cell plane depicted below? planes in the other crystal structure.
For now, we are just considering how equal-sized
spheres, but you may also consider this as atoms of the
same element packing together to form two crystals,
each of which exhibits one of these different crystal
structures.
The figure below depicts a plane of atoms of radius
R in some crystal. The plane intersects the atoms
through their centers. Therefore, we do not see atoms
above and below this plane. We just see the circular
cross-sections of the atoms that lie within the plane.

(a) FCC {100}

(b) FCC {110}
(c) FCC {111}
(d) SC {100}
(e) SC {110}
(f) SC {111}
R-14 • Reserve Questions and Problems

If we consider only simple cubic (SC), body-centered From the list below select all possible sets of indices
cubic (BCC), and face-centered cubic (FCC) crystal for this plane.
structures as options, and we have no more informa- (a) (001)
tion to rely on, what are the two possible identities for
(b) (11–1)
the plane shown above?
(c) (111)
Select all that apply.
(d) (–1–1–1)
(a) SC {100}
(e) (101)
(b) BCC {100}
(f) (100)
(c) FCC {100}
(d) SC {110} Reserve Problem 22: BCC unit cell volume
(e) BCC {110} If the atomic radius of a metal that has the body-
(f) FCC {110} centered cubic crystal structure is 0.181 nm, calculate
the volume of its unit cell.
(g) SC {111}
(h) BCC {111} Reserve Problem 23: FCC unit cell volume
(i) FCC {111} If the atomic radius of a metal that has the face-
centered cubic crystal structure is 0.123 nm, calculate
Reserve Problem 18: Atomic radius–simple cubic
the volume of its unit cell.
For a metal that has the simple cubic crystal structure,
calculate the atomic radius if the metal has a density of Reserve Problem 24: Hexagonal close-packed
2.05 g/cm3 and an atomic weight of 77.84 g/mol. structure
Reserve Problem 19: Cubic unit cell For the hexagonal close-packed crystal structure:
Some metal is known to have a cubic unit cell with an (a) How many atoms are associated with the unit
edge length of 0.437 nm. In addition, it has a density cell?
of 4.37 g/cm3 and an atomic weight of 54.85 g/mol. (b) What is the coordination number?
Indicate the letter of the metal listed in the following (c) What is the atomic packing factor?
table that has these characteristics.

Metal Crystal Structure Atomic Radius (nm)

Reserve Problem 25: Orthorhombic unit cell
A hypothetical metal has an orthorhombic unit cell
A BCC 0.219
for which the a, b, and c lattice parameters are 0.472,
B FCC 0.309 0.732, and 0.826 nm, respectively.
C FCC 0.155 (a) If there are 8 atoms per unit cell and the
D HCP 0.125 atomic packing factor is 0.549, then determine
the atomic radius.
Reserve Problem 20: Crystal Lengths III
(b) If the density is 6.04 g/cm3, then calculate the
In terms of the atomic radius, R, determine the dis- metal’s atomic weight.
tance between the centers of adjacent atoms for the
BCC crystal structure along the [110] direction. Reserve Problem 26: Rhodium structure
√2 Rhodium has an atomic radius of 0.1345 nm, a density
4*R* of 12.41 g/cm3 and an atomic weight of 102.91 g/mol.
√3
What is rhodium’s crystal structure?
Reserve Question 21: Miller indices III (a) Simple cubic
Below is shown the atomic packing of a plane for the (b) BCC
simple cubic crystal structure; atoms drawn to full size (c) FCC
are represented by the circles.
Reserve Problem 27: Unit cell length
A hypothetical metal has a cubic unit cell, a density of
6.79 g/cm3, a coordination number of 6, and an atomic
weight of 78.57 g/mol. Calculate the unit cell edge
length for this material.
Reserve Questions and Problems • R-15

Reserve Problem 28 Reserve Problem 34a (question pool)

Iron has a BCC crystal structure, an atomic radius Consider the ideal barium titanate (BaTiO3) struc-
of 0.124 nm, and an atomic weight of 55.85 g/mol. ture. What is the coordination number of the Ti4+ ion
Compute and compare its theoretical density with the in terms of surrounding O2– ions?
experimental value found inside the front cover of the (a) 1 (e) 5
book.
(b) 2 (f) 6
Reserve Problem 29 (c) 3 (g) 7
Niobium (Nb) has a BCC crystal structure, an atomic (d) 4 (h) 8
radius of 0.143 nm and an atomic weight of 92.91 g/mol.
Calculate the theoretical density for Nb. Reserve Problem 35
Consider the ideal barium titanate (BaTiO3) struc-
Reserve Problem 30 ture. What is the coordination number of the Ba2+ ion
Rhenium has an HCP crystal structure, an atomic in terms of surrounding Ti4+ ions?
radius of 0.137 nm, and a c/a ratio of 1.615. Compute (a) 4 (d) 10
the volume of the unit cell for Re.
(b) 6 (e) 12
Reserve Problem 31 (c) 8
The unit cell for MgFe2O4 (MgO-Fe2O3) has cubic
symmetry with a unit cell edge length of 0.836 nm. If Reserve Problem 36
the density of this material is 4.52 g/cm3, compute its Which of the following options correctly depicts a
atomic packing factor. For this computation, you will {110} plane from a diamond cubic unit cell?
need to use ionic radii listed in Table 3.4.
(a)
Reserve Problem 32
For each statement below, choose the bonding type
that best completes each phrase.
(a) The crystal structures of ______ ceramics are
constrained by bond angles associated with
the locations of shared electrons within the
material.
(b) The coordination number of ______ ceramics
are constrained by the relative sizes of the
compound’s component species.
(b)
(c) The crystal structures of ______ ceramics are
constrained by the relative charges of the
compound’s component species.
(d) The crystal structures of ______ ceramics
are constrained by ratio of the compound’s
charged component species such that the
structure maintains charge neutrality.

Reserve Problem 33
Consider the fluorite (CaF2) crystal structure. The
coordination number of Ca2+ ions is __[a]__, and the (c)
coordination number of F– ions is __[b]__.
R-16 • Reserve Questions and Problems

(d) Reserve Problem 37

Compute the PPF of {110} planes for the diamond
cubic crystal structure.
(a) 0.29
(b) 0.34
(c) 0.42
(d) 0.56
(e) 0.68
(f) 0.71
(e) (g) 0.74
(h) 0.82

Reserve Problem 38
Compute the planar density of atoms, in atoms per
square centimeter, on a {110} plane of a defect-free
diamond cubic crystal, whose atoms have a radius of
[R] nanometers.

Reserve Problem 39
Compute the PPF of {100} planes for the diamond cubic
(f) crystal structure.
(a) 0.29
(b) 0.34
(c) 0.42
(d) 0.56
(e) 0.68
(f) 0.71
(g) 0.74
(h) 0.82
(g)
Reserve Problem 40
Compute the planar density of atoms, in atoms per
square centimeter, on a {100} plane of a defect-free
diamond cubic crystal, whose atoms have a radius of
[R] nanometers.

Reserve Question 41: Lattice parameters I

Which crystal system(s) listed below has (have) the
following relationship for the unit cell edge lengths?
a=b=c
(h)
(a) Cubic
(b) Hexagonal
(c) Tetragonal
(d) Rhombohedral
(e) Orthorhombic
(f) Monoclinic
(g) Triclinic
Reserve Questions and Problems • R-17

Reserve Question 42: Lattice parameters II Reserve Question 46: Unit cell geometries III
Which crystal system(s) listed below has (have) the Which crystal system(s) listed below has (have) the
following relationship for the unit cell edge lengths? following interaxial angle relationship?
a=b≠c α = β = 90°, γ = 120°
(a) Cubic (a) Cubic
(b) Hexagonal (b) Hexagonal
(c) Tetragonal (c) Tetragonal
(d) Rhombohedral (d) Rhombohedral
(e) Orthorhombic (e) Orthorhombic
(f) Monoclinic (f) Monoclinic
(g) Triclinic (g) Triclinic
Reserve Question 43: Lattice parameters III
Reserve Question 47: Unit cell geometries IV
Which crystal system(s) listed below has (have) the
Which crystal system(s) listed below has (have) the
following relationship for the unit cell edge lengths?
following interaxial angle relationship?
a≠b≠c
α = β = γ ≠ 90°
(a) Cubic
(a) Cubic
(b) Hexagonal
(b) Hexagonal
(c) Tetragonal
(c) Tetragonal
(d) Rhombohedral
(d) Rhombohedral
(e) Orthorhombic
(e) Orthorhombic
(f) Monoclinic
(f) Monoclinic
(g) Triclinic
(g) Triclinic
Reserve Question 44: Unit cell geometries I
Which crystal system(s) listed below has (have) the Reserve Question 48: Unit cell geometries V
following interaxial angle relationship? Which crystal system(s) listed below has (have) the
α ≠ β ≠ γ ≠ 90° following interaxial angle relationship?
(a) Cubic α = γ = 90° ≠ β
(b) Hexagonal (a) Cubic
(c) Tetragonal (b) Hexagonal
(d) Rhombohedral (c) Tetragonal
(e) Orthorhombic (d) Rhombohedral
(f) Monoclinic (e) Orthorhombic
(g) Triclinic (f) Monoclinic
(g) Triclinic
Reserve Question 45: Unit cell geometries II
Which crystal system(s) listed below has (have) the Reserve Problem 49
following interaxial angle relationship?
Sketch a tetragonal unit cell, and within that cell indi-
α = β = γ = 90° 1 1 1 1 3
cate locations of the 2 1 2 and 4 2 4 point indices.
(a) Cubic
(b) Hexagonal Reserve Problem 50
(c) Tetragonal Sketch an orthorhombic unit cell, and within that cell
1 1 1 1
(d) Rhombohedral indicate locations of the 1 2 0 and 4 3 4 point indices.
(e) Orthorhombic
(f) Monoclinic
(g) Triclinic
R-18 • Reserve Questions and Problems

Reserve Problem 51: Crystal lengths II Reserve Question 55: Cubic direction indices 03
In terms of the atomic radius, R, determine the dis- What are the indices for the direction represented by
tance between the centers of adjacent atoms for the the vector that has been drawn within a unit cell?
BCC crystal structure along the [111] direction. A negative index is indicated with a minus sign (“–”)
2*R in front of (rather than over) the index number.
Reserve Problem 52: SC indices z
For the simple cubic crystal structure, in terms of the
atomic radius, R, determine the distance between the
centers of adjacent atoms along the [120] direction.
2 * R * √5 c

Reserve Question 53: Cubic direction indices 01

y
What are the indices for the direction represented by
a
the vector that has been drawn within a unit cell?
A negative index is indicated with a minus sign (“–”) b
in front of (rather than over) the index number. x

(a) [111]
c
(b) [1–11]
y (c) [11–1]
a (d) [–111]
b
x
Reserve Question 56: Cubic direction indices 04
What are the indices for the direction represented by
(a) [–102] the vector that has been drawn within a unit cell?
(b) [120] A negative index is indicated with a minus sign (“–”)
(c) [121] in front of (rather than over) the index number.
(d) 102
z

Reserve Question 54: Cubic direction indices 02

What are the indices for the direction represented by
the vector that has been drawn within a unit cell?
A negative index is indicated with a minus sign (“–”) c

in front of (rather than over) the index number.

z y
a

b
x
c

(a) [0–11]
y
(b) [1–11]
a
(c) [01–1]
b
(d) [–111]
x

(a) [–002] (c) [101]

(b) [120] (d) [012]
Reserve Questions and Problems • R-19

Reserve Question 57: Cubic direction indices 05 A negative index is indicated with a minus sign (“–”)
What are the indices for the direction represented by in front of (rather than over) the index number.
z
the vector that has been drawn within a unit cell?
A negative index is indicated with a minus sign (“–”)
in front of (rather than over) the index number.
z c

y
a
c
b
1 x
2 y
a (a) [–0–2–1] (c) [–0–1–1]
b (b) [–1–1–1] (d) [–0–0–2]
x
Reserve Question 60: Cubic direction indices 08
(a) [210] What are the indices for the direction represented by
the vector that has been drawn within a unit cell?
(b) [200]
A negative index is indicated with a minus sign (“–”)
(c) [–210]
in front of (rather than over) the index number.
(d) [2–11] z

Reserve Question 58: Cubic direction indices 06

1, 1
What are the indices for the direction represented by 2 2

the vector that has been drawn within a unit cell? c

A negative index is indicated with a minus sign (“–”)
in front of (rather than over) the index number.
y
a
z
b
x

Reserve Question 61: Cubic direction indices 09

c
What are the indices for the direction represented by
the vector that has been drawn within a unit cell?
y
a A negative index is indicated with a minus sign (“–”)
in front of (rather than over) the index number.
b z
x

1
(a) [0–21] 3
1
(b) [001] 2
c

Reserve Question 59: Cubic direction indices 07 b

What are the indices for the direction represented by x
the vector that has been drawn within a unit cell? (a) [–321] (c) [–431]
(b) [–420] (d) [–430]
R-20 • Reserve Questions and Problems

Reserve Question 62: Cubic direction indices 10 Reserve Problem 64

What are the indices for the direction represented by Select the orthorhombic unit cell illustrating a [12– 1]
the vector that has been drawn within a unit cell? direction. Note: all angles are 90°.
A negative index is indicated with a minus sign (“–”) z
(a)
in front of (rather than over) the index number.

z
c

O
y
1, 1 c A a
2 2 B
b
x
2 y
3 a

b
x C

z
(b)
(a) [1–5–3] O
(b) [1–4–2]
B
A
(c) [1–6–3] c

(d) [1–6–4]
y
Reserve Question 63: Cubic direction indices 11 C a
What are the indices for the direction represented by b
the vector that has been drawn within a unit cell? x

A negative index is indicated with a minus sign (“–”) z

in front of (rather than over) the index number. (c)

z
c

O
y
A a
1, 1 c B
2 2
b
x
y
2, 2
a
3 3
C
b
x z
(d)

(a) [–1– 43] C

(b) [1–42] c
(c) [0–43]
(d) [0–41] O y
A B a
b
x
Reserve Questions and Problems • R-21

Reserve Problem 65 Reserve Problem 67

Select a monoclinic unit cell illustrating a [0–11] direction. Determine the indices for the directions shown in the
(a) z following cubic unit cell:
P
+z
c 1
1 2
O 2 3
  3 A 1
y 3
 b
C
a
2
B D
3
x

z
(b) +y
2
3 1, 1 1
O 2 2 3

c +x


 P
y Reserve Problem 68
 b
a (a) What are the direction indices for a vector
1 1 1
that passes from point 10 3 to point 2 1 2 in a
x tetragonal unit cell?
(c) z (b) Repeat part (a) for a rhombohedral unit cell.

Reserve Problem 69
P For tetragonal crystals, cite the indices of directions
c
that are equivalent to each of the following directions:
  (a) [001]
O
(b) [110]
y  b
a (c) [010]

x Reserve Problem 70
Reserve Problem 66 Convert the [100] and [111] directions into the four-
What are the indices for the directions indicated by index Miller–Bravais scheme for hexagonal unit cells.
the two vectors in the sketch below?
+z

Direction 1

0.4 nm

+y
0.3 nm

+x 0.5 nm

Direction 2
R-22 • Reserve Questions and Problems

Reserve Problem 71 Reserve Problem 72

Determine indices for the directions shown in the fol- 1. Select the orthorhombic unit cell with a (210)
lowing hexagonal unit cells. plane identified:
(a) z
(a) z

a2
c
a3

(b) z y

b
x
a2 (b) z

z c
(c)

a2 b
x
a3
(c) z
a1

(d) z

a2
y
a3

a1 a

b
x
Reserve Questions and Problems • R-23

2. Select the monoclinic unit cell with a (002) plane Reserve Problem 75
identified. Determine the Miller indices for the planes shown in
(a) z the following unit cell:

+z
c



 a
b 1
2
x
B

z A
(b)
+y

2
c 3
+x


 a Reserve Problem 76
b
Find the indices of the direction that results from the
x intersection of each of the following pairs of planes
within a cubic crystal:
(c) z (a) The (100) and (010) planes
(b) The (111) and (11–1) planes
(c) The (10–1) and (001) planes
c
Reserve Problem 77

 Consider the reduced-sphere unit cell shown in the
 a figure, having an origin of the coordinate system posi-
b tioned at the atom labeled O. For the following sets of
planes, determine which are equivalent:
x
+z

Reserve Problem 73
What are the indices for the two planes drawn in the
sketch below? 90°

+z
Plane 1
Plane 2
0.40 nm
O
+y
90° 90°

0.30 nm
+y
0.30 nm
0.2 nm

0.4 nm (a) (00–1), (010), and (–100)

0.4 nm (b) (1–10), (10–1) and (–1–10)
+x
(c) (–1–1–1), (–11–1), (–111) and (1–11)
R-24 • Reserve Questions and Problems

Reserve Problem 78 Reserve Problem 81

The accompanying figure shows three different crys- Identify the (a) (1−101) and (b) (11−20) planes in
tallographic planes for a unit cell of a hypothetical hexagonal unit cell.
metal. The circles represent atoms: (a) 1. z
0.40 nm

0.46 nm
0.50 nm
a2

0.30 nm
0.40 nm
0.35 nm a1
(001) (110) (101)
a3
(a) To what crystal system does the unit cell
belong? 2. z

(b) What would this crystal structure be called?

Reserve Problem 79
Convert the (a) (010) and (b) (101) planes into the a2
four-index Miller–Bravais scheme for hexagonal unit
cells. a3

Reserve Problem 80
a1
Determine the indices for the planes shown in the fol-
lowing hexagonal unit cells:
3. z

(a) z (c) z

a2 a2 a2
a3 a3

a1 a1
a1

(b) z (d) z
a3

4. z

a2 a2
a3 a3
a1 a1

a1
Reserve Questions and Problems • R-25

(b) 1. z Reserve Question 82: Cubic plane indices 01

What are the Miller indices for the plane shown below?
A negative index is indicated with a minus sign (“–”)
in front of (rather than over) the index number.
z

a3
c

a1
y
a
2. z
b
x
(a) (–100)
(b) (–110)
(c) (011)
a2
(d) (010)

a1 Reserve Question 83: Cubic plane indices 02

What are the Miller indices for the plane shown below?
a3
A negative index is indicated with a minus sign (“–”)
z
in front of (rather than over) the index number.
3.
z

c
a2

y
a3 a

b
a1
x

4. z
(a) (110)
(b) (–110)
(c) (010)
(d) (111)
a2

a3
R-26 • Reserve Questions and Problems

Reserve Question 84: Cubic plane indices 03 Reserve Question 87: Cubic plane indices 06
What are the Miller indices for the plane shown below? What are the Miller indices for the plane shown below?
A negative index is indicated with a minus sign (“–”) A negative index is indicated with a minus sign (“–”)
in front of (rather than over) the index number. in front of (rather than over) the index number.
z
z

c
c
1
2 y
y a
a b
x
b
x (a) (022) (c) (012)
(a) (110) (c) (010) (b) (013) (d) (103)
(b) (–110) (d) (111)
Reserve Question 88: Cubic Plane indices 07
Reserve Question 85: Cubic plane indices 04 What are the Miller indices for the plane shown below?
What are the Miller indices for the plane shown below? A negative index is indicated with a minus sign (“–”)
A negative index is indicated with a minus sign (“–”) in front of (rather than over) the index number.
in front of (rather than over) the index number.
z
z

2 c
c 3

1
y
y 2 a
a
b
b x
x
(a) (40–3) (c) (41–2)
(a) (1–20) (c) (0–02)
(b) (41–3) (d) (40–2)
(b) (1–10) (d) (0–10)
Reserve Question 89: Cubic plane indices 08
Reserve Question 86: Cubic plane indices 05
What are the Miller indices for the plane shown below?
What are the Miller indices for the plane shown below?
A negative index is indicated with a minus sign (“–”) A negative index is indicated with a minus sign (“–”)
in front of (rather than over) the index number. in front of (rather than over) the index number.
z
z
1
3

c
c 1
1 3
2
y y
a a

b b
x x

(a) (102) (c) (112) (a) (1–13) (c) (–1–23)

(b) (1–13) (d) (103) (b) (–1–13) (d) (1–23)
Reserve Questions and Problems • R-27

Reserve Question 90: Cubic plane indices 09 Reserve Question 93: Hexagonal plane indices
What are the Miller indices for the plane shown below? What are the Miller-Bravais indices for the plane
shown below?
A negative index is indicated with a minus sign (“–”)
in front of (rather than over) the index number. A negative index is indicated with a minus sign (“–”)
in front of (rather than over) the index number.
z
z

2
3
c

y a2
a

b
a3
x
a1
(a) (2–23) (c) (0–12)
(b) (1–23) (d) (2–32) (a) (000–1)
Reserve Question 91: Cubic plane indices 10 (b) (0010)
What are the Miller indices for the plane shown below? (c) (0101)
A negative index is indicated with a minus sign (“–”) (d) (0100)
in front of (rather than over) the index number.
Reserve Question 94: Miller indices I
z
Below is shown the atomic packing of a plane for the
simple cubic crystal structure; atoms drawn to full size
are represented by the circles.
c
2
3
1 y
2 a

b
x 2
3

(a) (42–2) (c) (43–3)

(b) (31–3) (d) (24–3) From the list below select all possible sets of indices
for this plane.
Reserve Question 92: Cubic plane indices 11 (a) (011)
What are the Miller indices for the plane shown below? (b) (1–10)
A negative index is indicated with a minus sign (“–”) (c) (10–1)
in front of (rather than over) the index number. (d) (–110)
z (e) (0–11)
(f) (110)

Reserve Problem 95
2 c
3 (a) Derive linear density expressions for FCC
y
[100] and [111] directions in terms of the
1 a atomic radius R.
2

b (b) Compute and compare linear density values

x for these same two directions for silver.

(a) (13–3) (c) (14–1)

(b) (24–3) (d) (15–4)
R-28 • Reserve Questions and Problems

Reserve Problem 96
Figure 3.39 shows the first four peaks of the x-ray diffraction pattern for copper, which has an FCC crystal
structure; monochromatic x-radiation having a wavelength of 0.1542 nm was used.
(a) Index (i.e., give h, k, and l indices) for each of these peaks.
(b) Determine the interplanar spacing for each of the peaks.
(c) For each peak, determine the atomic radius for Cu and compare these with the value presented in
Table 3.1.

Reserve Problem 97
Below are listed diffraction angles for the first three peaks (first-order) of the x-ray diffraction pattern for some
metal. Monochromatic x-radiation having a wavelength of 0.1254 nm was used.

(a) Determine whether this metal’s crystal structure is FCC, BCC, or neither FCC or BCC.
(b) If the crystal structure is either BCC or FCC, identify which of the metals in Table 3.1 gives this
diffraction pattern.

Peak Number Diffraction Angle (2θ)

1 31.2°
2 44.6°
3 55.4°

Reserve Question 98: Noncrystalline: anisotropic

The properties of noncrystalline materials are anisotropic.
(a) True
(b) False

CHAPTER 4 POLYMER STRUCTURES

Reserve Question 01: Double/triple bonds Reserve Question 02: Hydrocarbon bonding
Hydrocarbon molecules that contain double and/or Which type(s) of bonding is (are) found within hydro-
triple bonds are called carbon molecules?
(a) unsaturated. (a) Ionic bonding
(b) saturated. (b) Hydrogen boning
(c) Covalent bonding
(d) Van der Waals bonding
(e) Metallic bonding
Reserve Questions and Problems • R-29

Reserve Question 03: Hydrocarbon groups Reserve Question 06: Repeat unit structures
Select the correct name of each hydrocarbon group From the pull-down menus, select the correct name
that is shown below. for each repeat unit structure that is shown below.
A. R A. F F
C O
C C
H
F F
B. R O R′
B. H CH3
C. R OH
C C
D. R
H C O

CH3
E. OH
C. H H
R C
O C C

H Cl
Group A ______
Group B ______
D. H H
Group C ______
Group D ______ C C
Group E ______ H

Reserve Question 04: Isomers

Hydrocarbon compounds that have the same com-
position but different atomic arrangements are E. H H
called ____.
C C
Reserve Question 05: Crystallinity comparisons
H H
For the following two polymers:
Linear polyethylene
Lightly branched isotactic polypropylene F. H H

Is it possible to determine if one is more likely to C C

crystallize than the other?
H CH3
(a) Yes. Linear polyethylene
(b) Yes. Lightly branched isotactic polypropylene Repeat unit A ______
(c) No Repeat unit B ______
Repeat unit C ______
Repeat unit D ______
Repeat unit E ______
Repeat unit F ______
R-30 • Reserve Questions and Problems

Reserve Problem 07: Substitution of group Reserve Question 11: Cis/trans identification
Polyethylene may be fluorinated by inducing the ran- Indicate which structure has the cis configuration and
dom substitution of fluorine atoms for hydrogen. which has the trans configuration.
For this polymer, determine the following:
H H H
(a) The concentration of F (in wt%) that must be
added if this substitution occurs for 18.6% of C C C C
all of the original hydrogen atoms.
H H H ______
(b) The concentration of F (in wt%) that must
be added to completely fluorinate the mate-
rial, i.e. to produce polytetrafluoroethylene H H H H
(PTFE). C C C C
Atomic weights for several elements are included in H H ______
the following table:
Carbon 12.01 g/mol
Reserve Question 12: Isotactic/syndiotactic/atactic
Chlorine 35.45 g/mol
Match the description of each stereoisomer with the
Fluorine 19.00 g/mol name of its configuration classification.
Hydrogen 1.008 g/mol
All R groups are on the same side. ______
Oxygen 16.00 g/mol
R groups are alternate sides of the chain. ______
Reserve Question 08: Linear polymers R groups are randomly positioned along the
Which of the following may form linear polymers? chain. ______
(a) Rubber
(b) Epoxy Reserve Question 13: Polymer configuration
For most polymers, which configuration predominates?
(c) Polyethylene
(a) Head-to-head
(d) Phenol-formaldehyde
(b) Head-to-tail
(e) Polystyrene
(f) Nylon
Reserve Problem 14
Reserve Question 09: Network polymers Five pieces of plastic, each one made of a different
polymer, feature the same degree of polymerization.
Which of the following form network polymers? Which one will feature, on average, the shortest mol-
(a) Rubber ecules when fully extended?
(b) Epoxy (a) PVC
(c) Polyethylene (b) PE
(d) Phenol-formaldehyde (c) PTFE
(e) Polystyrene (d) PP
(f) Nylon (e) PS
(f) They are equal lengths.
Reserve Question 10: Cis/Trans
Match the geometrical isomer descriptions with their
names.
Groups bonded to adjacent doubly-bonded chain
atoms are positioned on the same chain side. ______
Groups bonded to adjacent doubly-bonded chain
atoms are positioned on opposite chain sides. ______
Reserve Questions and Problems • R-31

Reserve Problem 15a (question pool) Reserve Problem 16a (question pool)
Which of the following schematics is consistent with Which of the following schematics is consistent with
a polymer architecture featuring PE grafted onto a a polymer architecture featuring PE grafted onto a
PTFE-PVC block-copolymer primary chain? Each PP primary chain? Each circle is considered to be a
circle is considered to be a repeat unit. repeat unit.
(a) (d) (a) (d)

(b) (e) (b) (e)

Reserve Problem 17a (question pool) Reserve Problem 18a (question pool)
Which of the following schematics is consistent with Which of the following schematics is consistent with
a polymer architecture featuring PE grafted onto a a polymer architecture featuring PE grafted onto a
PP primary chain? Each circle is considered to be a PP-PVC alternating-copolymer primary chain? Each
repeat unit. circle is considered to be a repeat unit.
(a) (d) (a) (d)

(b) (e) (b) (e)

Reserve Problem 19a (question pool) Reserve Problem 20a (question pool)
Which of the following schematics is consistent with Which of the following schematics is consistent with a poly-
a polymer architecture featuring PP grafted onto a mer architecture featuring PP-PVC grafted onto a PP pri-
PP-PVC alternating-copolymer primary chain? Each mary chain? Each circle is considered to be a repeat unit.
circle is considered to be a repeat unit. (a) (d)
(a) (d)

(b) (e)
(b) (e)

(c)

Reserve Question 21: Polymer crystallinity

Is it possible to produce a polymer that is 100%
crystalline?
(a) True (b) False
R-34 • Reserve Questions and Problems

CHAPTER 5 IMPERFECTIONS IN SOLIDS

Reserve Problem 01a (question pool) Reserve Problem 02a (question pool)
Consider the schematic nanostructure depicted below. Consider the schematic nanostructure depicted below.
Which of the following statements is FALSE regard- Which of the following statements is FALSE regard-
ing this schematic structure? ing this schematic structure?
Do not extrapolate the field of view. Consider only Do not extrapolate the field of view. Consider only
what you are shown. what you are shown.

(a) Each of the phases features a similar concen-

tration of vacancies.
(b) The microstructure features exactly two com- (a) Each of the phases features a similar concen-
ponents and two different phases. tration of vacancies.
(c) None of the phases present features intersti- (b) The microstructure features exactly two com-
tial impurities. ponents and two different phases.
(d) Only one phase boundary is depicted. (c) One of the phases present features interstitial
impurities.
(e) Two grain boundaries are depicted.
(d) Only one phase boundary is depicted.
(e) One grain boundary is depicted.
Reserve Questions and Problems • R-35

Reserve Problem 03a (question pool) Reserve Problem 05: Metallic vacancies–
Consider the schematic nanostructure depicted temperature
below. The number of vacancies present in some metal at
864°C is 1.1 × 1024 m−3. Calculate the number of
Which of the following statements is FALSE regard-
vacancies at 463°C given that the energy for vacancy
ing this schematic structure?
formation is 1.25 eV/atom; assume that the density at
Do not extrapolate the field of view. Consider only both temperatures is the same.
what you are shown.
Reserve Question 06: Vacancies vs.
self-interstitials
In metals, there are significantly more vacancies than
self-interstitials.
(a) True
(b) False
Reserve Problem 07
Using the following data that relate to the formation
of Schottky defects in some oxide ceramic (having the
chemical formula MO), determine the following:

T ( °C) (g/cm3) Ns (m−3)

750 5.50 9.21 × 1019
1000 5.44 ?
1250 5.37 5.0 × 1022

(a) The energy for defect formation (in eV).

(b) The equilibrium number of Schottky defects
per cubic meter at 1000°C.
(c) The identity of the oxide (i.e., what is the
metal M?).
Reserve Problem 08
Which of the following oxides would you expect to
form substitutional solid solutions that have com-
plete (i.e., 100%) solubility with MnO? Explain your
(a) Each of the phases features a similar concen- answers.
tration of vacancies. (a) MgO
(b) The microstructure features exactly three (b) CaO
components and two different phases.
(c) BeO
(c) Both of the phases present features interstitial
(d) NiO
impurities.
(d) Only one phase boundary is depicted. Reserve Problem 09
(e) One grain boundary is depicted. (a) Suppose that Li2O is added as an impurity
to CaO. If the Li+ substitutes for Ca2+, what
kind of vacancies would you expect to form?
Reserve Problem 04: Energy from temperature How many of these vacancies are created for
The number of vacancies in some hypothetical metal every Li+ added?
increases by a factor of 5 when the temperature is in- (b) Suppose that CaCl2 is added as an impurity to
creased from 1040 K to 1150 K. Calculate the energy CaO. If the Cl− substitutes for O2−, what kind
(in kJ/mol) for vacancy formation assuming that the of vacancies would you expect to form? How
density of the metal remains the same over this tem- many of the vacancies are created for every
perature range. Cl− added?
R-36 • Reserve Questions and Problems

Reserve Problem 10 Reserve Problem 11: Wt% to concentration

Atomic radius, crystal structure, electronegativity, The concentration of carbon in an iron-carbon alloy
and the most common valence are given in the fol- is 0.57 wt%. What is the concentration in kilograms
lowing table for several elements; for those that are of carbon per cubic meter of alloy? The densities of
nonmetals, only atomic radii are indicated. iron and carbon are 7.87 and 2.25 g/cm3, respectively.

Atomic Reserve Problem 12

Radius Crystal Electro- The concentration of gallium in silicon is 5.0 × 10−7
Element (nm) Structure negativity Valence at%. What is the concentration in kilograms of gal-
Cu 0.1278 FCC 1.9 +2 lium per cubic meter?
C 0.071
Reserve Problem 13
H 0.046
O 0.060 Some hypothetical alloy is composed of 12.5 wt% of
metal A and 87.5 wt% of metal B. If the densities of met-
Ag 0.1445 FCC 1.9 +1 als A and B are 4.27 and 6.35 g/cm3, respectively, whereas
Al 0.1431 FCC 1.5 +3 their respective atomic weights are 61.4 and 125.7 g/mol,
Co 0.1253 HCP 1.8 +2 determine whether the crystal structure for this alloy is
simple cubic, face-centered cubic, or body-centered cu-
Cr 0.1249 BCC 1.6 +3 bic. Assume a unit cell edge length of 0.395 nm.
Fe 0.1241 BCC 1.8 +2
Reserve Problem 14
Ni 0.1246 FCC 1.8 +2
For a BCC iron-carbon alloy that contains 0.15 wt%
Pd 0.1376 FCC 2.2 +2
C, calculate the fraction of unit cells that contain car-
Pt 0.1387 FCC 2.2 +2 bon atoms.
Zn 0.1332 HCP 1.6 +2
Reserve Problem 15
Choose which of these elements you would expect to For Si to which has had added 1.5 × 10−6 at% of
form the following with copper: arsenic, calculate the number of As atoms per cubic
meter.
A substitutional solid solution having complete
solubility
Reserve Problem 16
• Ni • C
Electronic devices found in integrated circuits are
• O • Zn composed of very high purity silicon to which has
• H • Ag been added small and very controlled concentra-
• Pt • Al tions of elements found in Groups IIIA and VA of
• Pd • Cr the periodic table. For Si that has had added 8.3 ×
1021 atoms per cubic meter of antimony, compute (a)
• Co • Fe
the weight percent and (b) the atom percent of Sb
A substitutional solid solution of incomplete solubility present.
• Pd • Ni
Reserve Problem 17
• Al • Zn
Iron and vanadium both have the BCC crystal struc-
• Cr • C
ture and V forms a substitutional solid solution in Fe
• Fe • Ag for concentrations up to approximately 20 wt% V at
• H • O room temperature. Determine the concentration in
• Pt • Co weight percent of V that must be added to iron to
An interstitial solid solution yield a unit cell edge length of 0.289 nm.
• C • Zn Reserve Problem 18: Linear defects
• Pd • Ag
Which of the following is a (are) linear defect(s)?
• Pt • Al
(a) An edge dislocation
• H • Co
(b) A Frenkel defect
• Cr • Fe
(c) A Schottky defect
• O • Ni
Reserve Questions and Problems • R-37

Reserve Problem 19: ASTM grain size I Reserve Problem 20

A photomicrograph was taken of a specimen at a For a single crystal of some hypothetical metal that
magnification of 100×, and it was determined that the has the simple cubic crystal structure (Figure 3.3),
average number of grains per square inch was 200. would you expect the surface energy for a (100) plane
What is this specimen’s ASTM grain size number? to be greater, equal to, or less than a (110) plane?

CHAPTER 6 DIFFUSION

Reserve Question 01: Rate of Diffusion Reserve Problem 04

Diffusion by which mechanism occurs more rapidly in If [m] atoms of helium pass through a [a] square meter
metal alloys? plate area every [t] hours, and if this flux is constant
(a) Vacancy diffusion with time, compute the flux of helium in units of at-
oms per square meter per second.
(b) Interstitial diffusion
Reserve Problem 05
Reserve Question 02: Temperature effect in diffusion
If water molecules pass through a membrane with a
As temperature decreases, the fraction of total num- steady state flux of [j] mole/(m2 day), how long will it
ber of atoms that are capable of diffusive motion take, in hours, for [m] kg of water to pass through a [a]
(a) increases. square centimeter of the membrane?
(b) decreases. Reserve Problem 06a (question pool)
Reserve Problem 03 The cornea is the transparent outer layer of the human
A gas mixture is found to contain two diatomic A and eye. Because it must be transparent to light, it does not
B species for which the partial pressures of both are normally contain blood vessels. Therefore, it must receive
0.05065 MPa (0.5 atm). This mixture is to be enriched its nutrients via diffusion. Oxygen from the surround-
in the partial pressure of the A species by passing both ing air diffuses to the cornea through the surface tears,
gases through a thin sheet of some metal at an elevated whereas other nutrients diffuse to the cornea from the in-
temperature. The resulting enriched mixture is to have a ner parts of the eye, such as the vitreous humor and lens.
partial pressure of 0.02026 MPa (0.2 atm) for gas A, and During operation, the cornea produces waste in the
0.01013 MPa (0.1 atm) for gas B. The concentrations of form of CO2 gas that must be expelled to keep the
A and B (CA and CB, in mol/m3) are functions of gas eye healthy and functioning. This is accomplished by
partial pressures (pA2 and pB2, in MPa) and absolute the simultaneous diffusion of CO2 from the cornea to
temperature according to the following expressions: the surrounding atmosphere, which generally features
a low CO2 concentration.
25.0 kJmol
CA = 200 √pA2 exp(− )
It is therefore critical that modern contact lens materi-
RT als allow sufficient diffusion rates of oxygen and carbon
30.0 kJmol dioxide. Without oxygen, the cornea will warp, lose
CB = 1.0 × 10−3 √pB2 exp(− ) transparency, and become susceptible to scarring. The
RT
body may also react by growing additional blood ves-
Furthermore, the diffusion coefficients for the diffu- sels into the eye, which can damage the cornea.
sion of these gases in the metal are functions of the If an increased steady-state flow rate of O2 (oxygen
absolute temperature as follows: molecules per second) to the cornea is desired, which
of the following contact lens/ambient condition modi-
15.0 kJmol
DA (m2s) = 4.0 × 10−7 exp − fications is not likely to be useful?
( RT )
Note: the flow rate is equal to product of the diffusion flux
24.0 kJmol and an area of interest through which diffusion occurs.
DB (m2s) = 2.5 × 10−6 exp(− )
RT (a) Increase the contact lens thickness
(b) Increase the diffusivity of oxygen gas by
Is it possible to purify the A gas in this manner? If decreasing the contact lens porosity
so, specify a temperature at which the process may be (c) Increase the ambient temperature
carried out, and also the thickness of metal sheet that (d) Increase the ambient partial pressure of
would be required. If this procedure is not possible, oxygen gas
then state the reason(s) why.
(e) All of the suggestions (a-d) are useful for
increasing the flow rate of oxygen
R-38 • Reserve Questions and Problems

Reserve Problem 07: Non-steady-state–Specific Reserve Problem 09

concentration at different T The diffusion coefficient for aluminum in silicon is
For a steel alloy it has been determined that a carbur- DAl in Si = 3 × 10−16 cm2/s at 300 K (note that 300 K is
izing heat treatment of 16 h duration at 757°C will about room temperature).
raise the carbon concentration to 0.5 wt% at a point
What is a reasonable value for DAl in Si at 600 K ?
2.3 mm from the surface. Estimate the time necessary
to achieve the same concentration at a 8 mm position Note: Rather than performing a specific calculation,
for an identical steel and at a carburizing temperature you should be able to justify your answer from the op-
of 1130°C. Assume that D0 is 4.6 × 10−5 m2/s and Qd tions below based on the mathematical temperature
is 104 kJ/mol. dependence of the diffusion coefficient.
(a) D < 3 × 10−16 cm2/s
Reserve Problem 08a (question pool)
(b) D = 3 × 10−16 cm2/s
The figure below features diffusion profiles that devel-
(c) D = 6 × 10−16 cm2/s
oped within four separate plain-carbon steel specimens
of equivalent geometry after they separately experi- (d) D = 1.5 × 10−16 cm2/s
enced a carburization process. The specimens were (e) D > 6 × 10−16 cm2/s
prepared such that the scenario of a one-dimensional (f) D = 6 × 10−17 cm2/s
semi-infinite solid applies as a solution to Fick’s 2nd
Law of Diffusion. Each part originally contained a Reserve Problem 10a (question pool)
uniform distribution of carbon, and each part was
Depicted below are five different steady-state concen-
processed using the same carburization temperature.
tration profiles for the same gas across five separate
In the figure, x = 0 corresponds to the surfaces of
and identical plastic membranes at the same tempera-
the steel parts that were exposed to the carbon-rich
ture. Which concentration profile results in the lowest
atmosphere during the diffusion process.
diffusion flux through the membrane?

Answer True or False for each of the following

statements.
(a) The carburization surface was maintained at Reserve Problem 11
1.00 wt% carbon for each specimen. One integrated circuit design calls for the diffusion of
(b) Comparing the finished specimens at a depth arsenic into silicon wafers; the background concentra-
of 0.75 mm, specimen A features the largest tion of As in Si is 2.5 × 1020 atoms/m3. The predeposi-
carbon concentration. tion heat treatment is to be conducted at 1000°C for
(c) Comparing the finished specimens as a whole, 45 minutes, with a constant surface concentration of
specimen A features the lowest overall 8 × 1026 As atoms/m3. At a drive-in treatment tem-
amount of carbon. perature of 1100°C, determine the diffusion time re-
quired for a junction depth of 1.2 μm. For this system,
(d) Specimen B experienced a longer carburiza-
values of Qd and D0 are 4.10 eV and 2.29 × 10−3 m2/s,
tion time compared to specimen C.
respectively.
(e) The initial concentration of carbon in each
part (prior to carburization) was a little less
than 0.25 wt% carbon.
Reserve Questions and Problems • R-39

Reserve Problem 12 Reserve Problem 13

Phosphorus atoms are to be diffused into a silicon Aluminum atoms are to be diffused into a silicon
wafer using both predeposition and drive-in heat wafer using both predeposition and drive-in heat
treatments; the background concentration of P in this treatments; the background concentration of Al in
silicon material is known to be 5 × 1019 atoms/m3. this silicon material is known to be 3 × 1019 atoms/m3.
The predeposition treatment is to be conducted at The drive-in diffusion treatment is to be carried out
950°C for 45 minutes; the surface concentration of at 1050°C for a period of 4.0 h, which gives a junc-
P is to be maintained at a constant level of 1.5 × tion depth xj of 3.0 μm. Compute the predeposition
1026 atoms/m3. Drive-in diffusion will be carried out diffusion time at 950°C if the surface concentration is
at 1200°C for a period of 2.5 h. For the diffusion of maintained at a constant level of 2 × 1025 atoms/m3.
P in Si, values of Qd and D0 are 3.40 eV and 1.1 × For the diffusion of Al in Si, values of Qd and D0 are
10−4 m2/s, respectively. 3.41 eV and 1.38 × 10−4 m2/s, respectively.
(a) Calculate the value of Q0.
(b) Determine the value of xj for the drive-in dif-
fusion treatment.
(c) Also for the drive-in treatment, compute the
position x at which the concentration of P
atoms is 1024 m−3.

CHAPTER 7 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

Reserve Problem 01a-1 (question pool) Reserve Problem 01c-1 (question pool)
Each of the rods depicted below were machined from Each of the rods depicted below were machined from
same stock metal. If the same force is applied axially same stock metal. If the same force is applied axially to
to each rod, which one will experience the highest each rod, which one will experience the highest stress?
stress?

Reserve Problem 01d-1 (question pool)

Each of the rods depicted below were machined from
Reserve Problem 01b-1 (question pool) same stock metal. If the same force is applied axially to
Each of the rods depicted below were machined from each rod, which one will experience the highest stress?
same stock metal. If the same force is applied axially
to each rod, which one will experience the highest
stress?
R-40 • Reserve Questions and Problems

Reserve Problem 01e-1 (question pool) (c) (e)

Each of the rods depicted below were machined from
same stock metal. If the same force is applied axially to
each rod, which one will experience the highest stress?

(d) (f)

Reserve Problem 01f-1 (question pool)

Each of the rods depicted below were machined from
same stock metal. If the same force is applied axially to
each rod, which one will experience the highest stress?

Reserve Problem 03: Stress-strain I

A specimen of some metal having a rectangular cross
section 11.2 mm × 12.4 mm is pulled in tension with
a force of 31200 N, which produces only elastic defor-
mation. Given that the elastic modulus of this metal is
63 GPa, calculate the resulting strain.

Reserve Problem 04: Maintaining plastic

Reserve Problem 02a (question pool) deformation
Each of the rods depicted below were machined from For a bronze alloy, the stress at which plastic deforma-
same stock metal. They were originally machined to tion begins is 277 MPa and the modulus of elasticity
be the same length, but their cross-sectional areas is 117 GPa.
were different. Which plot correctly depicts the force
required to elastically elongate these specimens? (a) What is the maximum load that may be ap-
plied to a specimen having a cross-sectional
area of 327 mm2 without plastic deformation?
(b) If the original specimen length is 148 mm, what
is the maximum length to which it may be
stretched without causing plastic deformation?

Reserve Problem 05
A steel bar 100 mm (4.0 in.) long and having a square
cross section 20 mm (0.8 in.) on an edge is pulled in
tension with a load of 89,000 N (20,000 lbf), and ex-
(a) (b) periences an elongation of 0.10 mm (4.0 × 10−3 in.).
Assuming that the deformation is entirely elastic, cal-
culate the elastic modulus of the steel.

Reserve Problem 06
Figure 7.35 shows, for a gray cast iron, the tensile engineer-
ing stress–strain curve in the elastic region. Determine
(a) the tangent modulus at 10.3 MPa (1500 psi), and
(b) the secant modulus taken to 6.9 MPa (1000 psi).
Reserve Questions and Problems • R-41

Reserve Question 07 Reserve Problem 08c-1 (question pool)

Using the expression to which the modulus of elastic- Each of the rods depicted below were machined from
ity is proportional, same stock metal. They were originally machined to
be the same length, but their cross-sectional areas
dF 2A n(n + 1)B
=− + . were different. If axial force is applied to each rod
( dr )r A 3(1−n)
A (n+2)(1−n) such that they all change length by the same amount,
0

( nB ) ( nB ) which rod experienced the largest force?

rank the magnitudes of the moduli of elasticity for
the following hypothetical X, Y, and Z materials from
the greatest to the least. The appropriate A, B and n
parameters (Equation 7.36) for these three materials
are tabulated below; they yield EN in units of electron
volts and r in nanometers:

Material A B n
X 2.5 –5 8
2.0 × 10
Y 2.3 8.0 × 10–6 10.5 Reserve Problem 08d-1 (question pool)
Each of the rods depicted below were machined from
Z 3.0 1.5 × 10–5 9
same stock metal. They were originally machined to
The highest modulus of elasticity is Metal ______ be the same length, but their cross-sectional areas
were different. If axial force is applied to each rod
The next highest modulus of elasticity is Metal ______ such that they all change length by the same amount,
The least modulus of elasticity is Metal ______ which rod experienced the largest force?

Reserve Problem 08a-1 (question pool)

Each of the rods depicted below were machined from
same stock metal. They were originally machined to
be the same length, but their cross-sectional areas
were different. If axial force is applied to each rod
such that they all change length by the same amount,
which rod experienced the largest force?

Reserve Problem 09: Poisson’s ratio II

A cylindrical specimen of some metal alloy 10 mm in
diameter and 150 mm long has a modulus of elastic-
ity of 100 GPa. Does it seem reasonable to expect a
tensile stress of 200 MPa to produce a reduction in
specimen diameter of 0.08 mm? Assume that the de-
Reserve Problem 08b-1 (question pool)
formation is totally elastic.
Each of the rods depicted below were machined from
(a) Yes
same stock metal. They were originally machined to
be the same length, but their cross-sectional areas (b) No
were different. If axial force is applied to each rod
such that they all change length by the same amount, Reserve Problem 12: Stress for tension test
which rod experienced the largest force? Consider the brass alloy the stress-strain behavior
of which is shown in the Animated Figure 7.12. A
cylindrical specimen of this alloy 21 mm in diameter
and 224 mm long is to be pulled in tension. Calculate
the stress (in MPa) necessary to cause a 0.00832 mm
reduction in diameter. Assume a value of 0.33 for
Poisson’s ratio.
R-42 • Reserve Questions and Problems

Reserve Problem 13: Typical relationship between Reserve Problem 16: Load for elongation
E and G Consider the brass alloy the stress-strain behavior of
For most metals, the relationship between elastic and which is shown in the Animated Figure 7.12. A cylindri-
shear moduli is approximately which of the following? cal specimen of this material 13.7 mm in diameter and
(a) G = 0.1 E (d) G = 0.4 E 142.1 mm long is pulled in tension after which the tensile
load is released. After the load is released the total length
(b) G = 0.2 E (e) G = 0.5 E has still increased to 142.4 mm. Calculate the magnitude
(c) G = 0.3 E of the load (in N) necessary to cause this elongation.
Reserve Problem 14 Reserve Problem 17
A cylindrical metal specimen 12.7 mm (0.5 in.) in di- A cylindrical specimen of aluminum having a diam-
ameter and 250 mm (10 in.) long is to be subjected to eter of 0.505 in. (12.8 mm) and a gauge length of
a tensile stress of 28 MPa (4000 psi); at this stress level, 2.000 in. (50.800 mm) is pulled in tension. Use the
the resulting deformation will be totally elastic. load–elongation characteristics shown in the following
(a) If the elongation must be less than 0.080 mm table to complete parts (a) through (e).
(3.2 × 10−3 in.), which of the metals in
Table 6.1 are suitable candidates? Load Load Length Length
• Brass • Copper in N in lbf in mm in in.
• Tungsten • Steel 0 0 50.800 2.000
• Titanium • Nickel 7330 1650 50.851 2.002
• Magnesium • Aluminum 15,100 3400 50.902 2.004
(b) If, in addition, the maximum permissible 23,100 5200 50.952 2.006
diameter decrease is 1.2 × 10−3 mm (4.7 × 30,400 6850 51.003 2.008
10−5 in.) when the tensile stress of 28 MPa is 34,400 7750 51.054 2.010
applied, which of the metals that satisfy the 38,400 8650 51.308 2.020
criterion in part (a) are suitable candidates?
41,300 9300 51.816 2.040
• Aluminum • Brass
44,800 10,100 52.832 2.080
• Steel • Magnesium 46,200 10,400 53.848 2.120
• Copper • Titanium 47,300 10,650 54.864 2.160
• Nickel • Tungsten 47,500 10,700 55.880 2.200
Reserve Problem 15 46,100 10,400 56.896 2.240
A cylindrical rod 380 mm (15.0 in.) long and having a 44,800 10,100 57.658 2.270
diameter of 10.0 mm (0.40 in.), is to be subjected to a 42,600 9600 58.420 2.300
tensile load. If the rod is to experience neither plastic 34,400 8200 59.182 2.330
deformation nor an elongation of more than 0.9 mm
Fracture Fracture Fracture Fracture
(0.035 in.) when the applied load is 24,500 N (5500 lbf),
which of the four metals or alloys listed below are
possible candidates? Plot the data as engineering stress versus engineering
strain. Based on your plot,
Modulus of Yield Tensile
Elasticity Strength Strength (a) Compute the modulus of elasticity.
Material (GPa) (MPa) (MPa) (b) Determine the yield strength at a strain offset
Aluminum alloy 70 255 420 of 0.002.
Brass alloy 100 345 420 (c) Determine the tensile strength of this alloy.
Copper 110 250 290 (d) What is the approximate ductility, in percent
elongation?
Steel alloy 207 450 550
(e) Compute the modulus of resilience.
• Aluminum alloy (a) ______ GPa (d) ______ %EL
• Brass alloy (b) ______ MPa (e) ______ J/m3
• Copper (c) ______ MPa
• Steel alloy
Reserve Questions and Problems • R-43

Reserve Problem 18 Reserve Problem 19a-1 (question pool)

A specimen of ductile cast iron having a rectangu- Three hypothetical tensile engineering stress-strain
lar cross section of dimensions 4.8 mm × 15.9 mm curves through failure are depicted below.
(3/16 in. × 5/8 in.) is deformed in tension. Using the
Which response is considered to be the most brittle?
load–elongation data shown in the following table,
complete problems (a) through (e).

Load Load Length Length

in N in lbf in mm in in.
0 0 75.000 2.953
4740 1065 75.025 2.954
9140 2055 75.050 2.955
12,920 2900 75.075 2.956
16,540 3720 75.113 2.957
18,300 4110 75.150 2.959
Reserve Problem 19b-1 (question pool)
20,170 4530 75.225 2.962
Three hypothetical tensile engineering stress-strain
22,900 5145 75.375 2.968
curves through failure are depicted below.
25,070 5635 75.525 2.973
Which response is considered to be the most brittle?
26,800 6025 75.750 2.982
28,640 6440 76.500 3.012
30,240 6800 78.000 3.071
31,100 7000 79.500 3.130
31,280 7030 81.000 3.189
30,820 6930 82.500 3.248
29,180 6560 84.000 3.307
27,190 6110 85.500 3.366
24,140 5430 87.000 3.425
18,970 4265 88.725 3.493
Fracture Fracture Fracture Fracture

Reserve Problem 19c-1 (question pool)

Three hypothetical tensile engineering stress-strain
Plot the data as engineering stress versus engineering curves through failure are depicted below.
strain.
Which response is considered to be the most brittle?
(a) Compute the modulus of elasticity.
(b) Determine the yield strength at a strain offset
of 0.002.
(c) Determine the tensile strength of this alloy.
(d) Compute the modulus of resilience.
(e) What is the ductility, in percent elongation?
(a) ______ GPa
(b) ______ MPa
(c) ______ MPa
(d) ______ J/m3
(e) ______%EL
R-44 • Reserve Questions and Problems

Reserve Problem 19d-1 (question pool) Reserve Problem 20a (question pool)
Three hypothetical tensile engineering stress-strain Tensile engineering stress-strain curves through fail-
curves through failure are depicted below. ure are depicted below.
Which response is considered to be the most brittle? Which specimen features the most ductile response?

Reserve Problem 19e-1 (question pool)

Three hypothetical tensile engineering stress-strain
curves through failure are depicted below. (a) 1340 Steel, Water-Quenched & Tempered at
370oC
Which response is considered to be the most brittle?
(b) Stainless Steel (18-8)
(c) Aluminum Alloy 2024-T81
(d) Structural Steel (Mild Steel)
(e) Magnesium
Reserve Problem 21: True strain
A tensile test is performed on a specimen of some metal
alloy, and it is found that a true plastic strain of 0.12 is pro-
duced when a true stress of 280 MPa is applied. For this
alloy, the value of the strain hardening exponent is 0.3.
On the basis of these data, what true plastic strain would
be expected for a total true plastic stress of 330 MPa?
Reserve Problem 22: True stress
Reserve Problem 19f-1 (question pool) A cylindrical specimen of a metal alloy 48.8 mm long
Three hypothetical tensile engineering stress-strain and 9.09 mm in diameter is stressed in tension. A true
curves through failure are depicted below. stress of 327 MPa causes the specimen to plastically
elongate to a length of 55 mm. If it is known that the
Which response is considered to be the most brittle?
strain-hardening exponent for this alloy is 0.3, calcu-
late the true stress (in MPa) necessary to plastically
elongate a specimen of this same material from a
length of 48.8 mm to a length of 57.6 mm.
Reserve Problem 23
A three-point transverse bending test is conducted
on a cylindrical specimen of aluminum oxide having
a reported flexural strength of 390 MPa (56,600 psi).
If the specimen radius is 2.5 mm (0.10 in.) and the
support point separation distance is 30 mm (1.2 in.),
predict whether or not you would expect the specimen
to fracture when a load of 620 N (140 lbf) is applied.
Calculate the value of flexural strength for this test.
Reserve Questions and Problems • R-45

Reserve Problem 24
Using the date in the table below, do the following:
(a) Determine the flexural strength for nonporous MgO assuming a value of 3.75 for n in Equation 7.22.
(b) Compute the volume fraction porosity at which the flexural strength for MgO is 62 MPa (9000 psi).

Modulus of
Flexural Strength Elasticity
Material MPa ksi GPa 106 psi
Silicon nitride (Si3N4) 250–1000 35–145 304 44
Zirconiaa (ZrO2) 800–1500 115–215 205 30
Silicon carbide (SiC) 100–820 15–120 345 50
Aluminum oxide (Al2O3) 275–700 40–100 393 57
Glass-ceramic (Pyroceram) 247 36 120 17
Mullite (3Al2O3–2SiO2) 185 27 145 21
Spinel (MgAl2O4) 110–245 16–35.5 260 38
Magnesium oxide (MgO) 105b 15b 225 33
Fused silica (SiO2) 110 16 73 11
Soda-lime glass 69 10 69 10

Reserve Problem 25
The flexural strength and associated volume fraction porosity for two specimens of the same ceramic material
are as follows:

σfs (MPa) P
100 0.05
50 0.20

(a) Compute the flexural strength for a completely nonporous specimen of this material.
(b) Compute the flexural strength for a 0.10 volume fraction porosity.
Reserve Problem 26a (question pool)
Which polymer listed in the table below would feature the lowest tensile yield point?
Degree of
Option Identity Polymerization Architecture % Crystalline
(a) PP 3,000 Linear 20
(b) PP 3,000 Branched 20
(c) PP 150,000 Linear 45
(d) PP 275,000 Branched 45
(e) PP 275,000 Linear 65

Reserve Problem 27a (question pool)

Which polymer listed in the table below would feature the highest tensile yield point?
Degree of
Option Identity Polymerization Architecture % Crystalline
(a) PP 3,000 Linear 20
(b) PP 3,000 Branched 20
(c) PP 150,000 Linear 45
(d) PP 275,000 Branched 45
(e) PP 275,000 Linear 65
R-46 • Reserve Questions and Problems