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Vector Spaces
§4.5 Basis and Dimension

Satya Mandal, KU

October 23

Satya Mandal, KU Vector Spaces §4.5 Basis and Dimension

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Goals

Discuss two related important concepts:

◮ Define Basis of a Vectors Space V .

◮ Define Dimension dim(V ) of a Vectors Space V .

Satya Mandal, KU Vector Spaces §4.5 Basis and Dimension

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Basis

Let V be a vector space (over R). A set S of vectors in V is

called a basis of V if
1. V = Span(S) and
2. S is linearly independent.
◮ In words, we say that S is a basis of V if S in linealry
independent and if S spans V .
◮ First note, it would need a proof (i.e. it is a theorem)
that any vector space has a basis.

Satya Mandal, KU Vector Spaces §4.5 Basis and Dimension

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Continued

◮ The definition of basis does not require that S is a finite

set.
◮ However, we will only deal with situations when
S = {v1 , v2 , . . . , vn } is a finite set.
◮ If V has a finite basis S = {v1 , v2 , . . . , vn }, then we say
that V is finite dimensional. Otherwise, we say that V is
infinite dimensional.

Satya Mandal, KU Vector Spaces §4.5 Basis and Dimension

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Examples from the Textbook

◮ Reading Assignment: §4.5 Example 1-5.
◮ Example 1. The set S = {(1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), (0, 0, 1)} is
a basis of the 3−space R3 .
Proof.
◮ Given any (x, y , z) ∈ R3 we have
(x, y , z) = x(1, 0, 0) + y (0, 1, 0) + z(0, 0, 1).
So, any x, y , z) ∈ R3 is a linearl combinations of
elements in S. So, R3 = Span(S).
◮ Also, S us linealry independent:
x(1, 0, 0)+y (0, 1, 0)+z(0, 0, 1) = (0, 0, 0) =⇒ x = y = z = 0.

Satya Mandal, KU Vector Spaces §4.5 Basis and Dimension

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Example 1a.

Similarly, a basis of the n−space Rn is given by the set

S = {e1 , e2 , . . . , en }

where

e1 = (1, 0, . . . , 0), e2 = (0, 1, . . . , 0), . . . , en = (0, 0, . . . , 1).

This one is called the standard basis of Rn .

Satya Mandal, KU Vector Spaces §4.5 Basis and Dimension

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Example 2 (edited)

The set S = {(1, −1, 0), (1, 1, 0), (1, 1, 1)} is a basis of R3 .
Proof.
◮ First we prove Span(S) = R3 . Let (x, y , z) ∈ R3 . We
need to find a, b, c such that
(x, y , z) = a(1, −1, 0) + b(1, 1, 0) + c(1, 1, 1)
So,
    
1 1 1 a x
 −1 1 1   b  =  y  notationally Aa = v
0 0 1 c z
Satya Mandal, KU Vector Spaces §4.5 Basis and Dimension
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Continued
Compute inverse of A:
 
1 1 1 1 0 0
[A|I3 ] =  −1 1 1 0 1 0 
0 0 1 0 0 1
 
1 1 1 1 0 0
Add first row to second  0 2 2 1 1 0 
0 0 1 0 0 1
Subtract third row from first and subtract 2 times third row
from second:  
1 1 0 1 0 −1
 0 2 0 1 1 −2 
0 0 1 0 0 1
Satya Mandal, KU Vector Spaces §4.5 Basis and Dimension
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Continued

Multiply second row by .5; then subtract second row from first:
   
1 1 0 1 0 −1 1 0 0 .5 −.5 0
 0 1 0 .5 .5 −1  7→  0 1 0 .5 .5 −1 
0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1

So,  
.5 −.5 0
A−1 =  .5 .5 −1 
0 0 1

Satya Mandal, KU Vector Spaces §4.5 Basis and Dimension

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Continued

      
a x .5 −.5 0 x
 b  = A−1  y  =  .5 .5 −1   y 
c z 0 0 1 z
Hence

(x, y , z) = a(1, −1, 0) + b(1, 1, 0) + c(1, 1, 1) ∈ Span(S).

Therefore, Span(S) = R3 .

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◮ Now, we prove S is linearly independent. Let

a(1, −1, 0) + b(1, 1, 0) + c(1, 1, 1) = (0, 0, 0).

We need to prove a = b= c  = 0. In fact,

 in the matrix
a 0
from, this equation is A  b  =  0  where A
c 0   
a 0
is as above. Since, A is non-singular, b = 0  So,
  
c 0
S is linearly independent.
◮ Since, span(S) = R3 and S is linearly independent, S
forms a bais of R3 .

Satya Mandal, KU Vector Spaces §4.5 Basis and Dimension

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Examples 4

◮ Let P3 be a vector space of all polynomials of degree less

of equal to 3. Then S{1, x, x 2 , x 3 } is a basis of P3 .
Proof. Clearly span(S) = P3 . Also S is linearly
independent, because

a1 + bx + cx 2 + dx 3 =⇒ a = b = c = d = 0.

Satya Mandal, KU Vector Spaces §4.5 Basis and Dimension

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Example 5.
◮ Let M3,2 be the vector space of all 3 × 2 matrices. Let
     
1 0 0 1 0 0
A1,1 =  0 0  , A1,2 = 0
 0  , A2,1 =  1 0  ,
0 0 0 0 0 0
     
0 0 0 0 0 0
A2,2 =  0 1  , A3,1 =  0 0  , A3,2 =  0 0 
0 0 1 0 0 1
Then,
A = {A11 , A12 , A2,1 , A2,2 , A3,1 , A3,2 }
is a basis of M3,2 .
Satya Mandal, KU Vector Spaces §4.5 Basis and Dimension
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Theorem 4.9

Theorem 4.9(Uniqueness of basis representation): Let V be

a vector space and S = {v1 , v2 , . . . , vn } be a basis of V .
Then, any vector v ∈ V can be written in one and only one
way as linear combination of vectors in S.
Proof. Suppose v ∈ V . Since Span(S) = V

v = a1 v1 + a2 v2 + · · · + an vn where ai ∈ R.

Satya Mandal, KU Vector Spaces §4.5 Basis and Dimension

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Now suppose there are two ways:

v = a1 v1 +a2 v2 +· · ·+an vn and v = b1 v1 +b2 v2 +· · ·+bn vn

We will prove a1 = b1 , a2 = b2 , . . . , an = bn .

Subtracting 0 = (a1 − b1 )v1 + (a2 − b2 )v2 + · · · + (an − bn )vn

Since, S is linearly independent,

a1 − b1 = 0, a2 − b2 = 0, . . . , an − bn = 0 or
a1 = b1 , a2 = b2 , . . . , an = bn . The proof is complete.
Reading Assignment: §4.5 Example 6

Satya Mandal, KU Vector Spaces §4.5 Basis and Dimension

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Theorem 4.10
Theorem 4.10 (Bases and cardinalities) Let V be a vector
space and S = {v1 , v2 , . . . , vn } be a basis of V , containing n
vectors. Then any set containing more than n vectors in V is
linearly dependent.
Proof.Let T = {u1 , u2 , . . . , um } be set of m vectors in V
with m > n. For simplicity, assume n = 3 and m = 4. So,
S = {v1 , v2 , v3 } and T = {u1 , u2 , u3 , u4 }. To prove that T is
dependent, we will have to find scalers x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 , not all
zero, such that not all zero,

x1 u1 + x2 u2 + x3 u3 + x4 u4 = 0 Equation − I

Subsequently, we will show that Equation-I has non-trivial

solution.
Satya Mandal, KU Vector Spaces §4.5 Basis and Dimension
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Continued
Since S is a basis we can write
u1 = c11 v1 +c12 v2 +c13 v3
u2 = c21 v1 +c22 v2 +c23 v3
u3 = c31 v1 +c32 v2 +c33 v3
u4 = c41 v1 +c42 v2 +c43 v3
We substitute these in Equation-I and re-group:
(c11 x1 +c21 x2 +c31 x3 +c41 x4 )v1
+(c12 x1 +c22 x2 +c32 x3 +c42 x4 )v2
+(c13 x1 +c23 x2 +c33 x3 +c43 x4 )v3 = 0
Since S = {v1 , v2 , v3 } is linearly independent, the coeffients of
v1 , v2 , v3 are zero. So, we have (in the next frame):
Satya Mandal, KU Vector Spaces §4.5 Basis and Dimension
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Continued

c11 x1 +c21 x2 +c31 x3 +c41 x4 = 0

c12 x1 +c22 x2 +c32 x3 +c42 x4 = 0
c13 x1 +c23 x2 +c33 x3 +c43 x4 = 0
This is a system of three homogeneous linear equations in four
variables. (less equations than number of variable. So, the
system has non-tirvial (infinitley many) solutions. So, there
are x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 , not all zero, so that Equation-I is valid. So,
T = {u1 , u2 , u3 , u4 } is linealry dependent. The proof is
complete.
Reading Assignment: §4.5 Example 7

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Theorem 4.11

Suppose V is a vector space. If V has a basis with n elements

then all bases have n elements.
Proof.Suppose S = {v1 , v2 , . . . , vn } and
T = {u1 , u2 , . . . , um } are two bases of V .
Since, the basisS has n elements, and T is linealry
independent, by the thoerem above m cannot be bigger than
n. So, m ≤ n.
By switching the roles of S and T , we have n ≤ m. So,
m = n. The proof is complete.
Reading Assignment: §4.5 Example 8.

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Dimension of Vactor Spaces

Definition. Let V be a vector space. Suppose V has a basis
S = {v1 , v2 , . . . , vn } consisiting of n vectors. Then, we say n
is the dimension of V and write dim(V ) = n. If V consists of
the zero vector only, then the dimension of V is defined to be
zero.
We have
◮ From above example dim(Rn ) = n.

◮ From above example dim(P3 ) = 4. Similalry,

dim(Pn ) = n + 1.
◮ From above example dim(M3,2 ) = 6. Similarly,
dim(Mn,m ) = mn.

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Dimensions of Subspaces

◮ If W is a subspace of V , one can prove, then

dim(W ) ≤ dim(V ).

◮ Reading Assignment: §4.5 Example 9, 10, 11.

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Dimensions of Subspaces: Examples

◮ Example 9 (edited)
◮

Let W = {(x, y , 2x + 3y ) : x, y ∈ R}
The W is a subspace of R3 and dim(W ) = 2.
Proof.Given (x, y , 2x + 3y ) ∈ W , we have

(x, y , 2x + 3y ) = x(1, 0, 2) + y (0, 1, 3)

This shows span({(1, 0, 2), (0, 1, 3)}) = W . Also

{(1, 0, 2), (0, 1, 3)} is linearly independent. So,
{(1, 0, 2), (0, 1, 3)} is a basis of W and dim(W ) = 2.

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Dimensions of Subspaces: Examples

Example 10 (edited) Let
S = {(1, 3, −2, 13), (−1, 2, −3, 12), (2, 1, 1, 1)}
and W = span(S). Then W is a subspace of R4 and
dim(W ) = 2.
◮ Proof.Denote the three vectors in S by v1 , v2 , v3 .
◮ Then v3 = v1 − v2 . Write T = {v1 , v2 }.
◮ It follows, any linear combination of vectors in S is also a
linear combination of vectors in T .
◮
So, W = span(S) = span(T ).
◮ Also T is linearly indpendent. So, T is a basis and
dim(W ) = 2.
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Theorem 4.12

Theorem 4.12. (Basis Tests): Let V be a vector space and

dim(V ) = n.
◮ If S = {v1 , v2 , . . . , vn } is a linearly independent set in V
(consisting of n vectors), then S is a basis of V .
◮ If S = {v1 , v2 , . . . , vn } span V , then S is a basis of V

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Exercise

◮ Exercise 12 (edited). Let S = {(4, −3), (12, −9)}.

Why S is not a basis for R2 ?
Answer: S is linearly dependent. This is immediate
because the first vector is a multiple of the second.
◮ Exercise 20 (edited). Why S is not a basis for R3 where

S = {(6, 4, 1), (3, −5, 1), (8, 13, 6), (0, 6, 9)}

Answer: Here dim(R3 ) = 3. So, any basis will have 3

vectors, while S has four.

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Exercise

◮ Exercise 23 (edited). Let

S = {1 − x, 1 − x 2 , 3x 2 − 2x − 1}. Why S is not a basis
for P2 ?
Answer: dim P2 = 3 and S has 3 elements. So, we have
to give different reason. In fact, S is linealry dependent:

3x 2 − 2x − 1 = 2(1 − x) − 3(1 − x 2 )

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Exercise

◮ Exercise 28 (edited). Why S is not a basis for M22 ,

where
     
1 0 1 0 1 1
S= , ,
0 1 1 1 0 1

Answer: dim(M22 ) = 4 and S has 3 elements.

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Exercise
Exercise 28 (edited). Is S forms a basis for M22 , where
       
1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1
S= , , ,
0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0

Answer: dim(M22 ) = 4 and S has 4 elements. Further, S is

linearly independent. So, S is a basis of M22 . To see they are
linearly independent: Let
         
1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0
a +b +c +d =
0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0
   
a+b+c +d c +d 0 0
= ⇒a=b=c =d =0
b+d a+b+c 0 0
Satya Mandal, KU Vector Spaces §4.5 Basis and Dimension
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Homework

Homework: §4.5 Exercise 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 16, 17,, 18, 26, 27,
45, 51, 52, 56, 71, 72, 76.

Satya Mandal, KU Vector Spaces §4.5 Basis and Dimension