International Journal of Computing and Digital Systems

ISSN (2210-142X)
Int. J. Com. Dig. Sys. #, No.# (Mon-20..)

Development of an IoT-based Intensive Aquaculture

Monitoring System with Automatic Water Correction
Lean Karlo S. Tolentino1,2, Celline P. De Pedro1, Jatt D. Icamina1, John Benjamin E. Navarro1, Luigi
James D. Salvacion1, Gian Carlo D. Sobrevilla1, Apolo A. Villanueva1, Timothy M. Amado1, Maria
Victoria C. Padilla1, Gilfred Allen M. Madrigal1
1
Department of Electronics Engineering, Technological University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines
2
University Extension Services Office, Technological University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines

E-mail address: [email protected]

Received ## Mon. 20##, Revised ## Mon. 20##, Accepted ## Mon. 20##, Published ## Mon. 20##

Abstract: Due to the depleting stocks of fish in the market, there have been an increased interest in aquaculture. However, raising
fishes in an Intensive Aquaculture System results on a low-quality fish or even fish kills as fishes are being cultured in artificial tanks
and cage systems, not on their natural habit. This paper presents a water quality monitoring system with automatic correction to monitor
and maintain vital water quality parameters essential for fish growth, such as temperature, potential hydrogen (pH) level, oxidation-
reduction potential, turbidity, salinity, and dissolved oxygen to achieve optimum yield using Arduino and Raspberry Pi 3B+ through
LoRaWAN IoT Protocol. The system uses sensors, microcontrollers, and a web application for acquiring and monitoring data of six
different water quality parameters and are maintained in a desired level optimal for fish growth using aquarium heater, motor for
sodium bicarbonate distribution, solenoid valve and water pump that serves as correcting devices. The proponents measured the
system’s efficiency and reliability through monitoring two intensive aquaculture setups – controlled and conventional setup. From the
data gathered, the controlled setup greatly increased efficiency, reduced the work of fish farmers, avoided fish kills, and surpassed
yield quality of the conventional setup.

Keywords: aquaculture, Arduino, Raspberry P, LoRaWAN, water temperature, pH level, oxidation-reduction potential, turbidity,
salinity, dissolved oxygen

Fish growers depend on testing using manual means to

1. INTRODUCTION monitor the state of several quality parameters of water.
Aquaculture is one of the most important and fastest However, testing using manual approach is consumes time
rising industry for animal food production globally and is and as water quality changes continuously, it gives
the principal contributor in human consumption in terms of inaccurate results. Therefore, up-to-date technologies
aquatic animal food [1]. As fish cultured in aquaculture should be used to overcome this problem in aquaculture
system uses the water in artificial tank to live, feed, grow, [4]. Mechanization of aquaculture setups will permit these
subsequent advantages: (1) production nearer to market
and excrete waste, the water quality easily declines that can
demand (2) enhance guidelines and directive with regards
affect its growth and health. Water quality identifies to an
to the environment (3) lessen disastrous losses (4)
excessive degree the achievement or disappointment of fish minimize environmental control (5) reduce the charge of
farming. Hence, water quality is a significant factor in production (6) improve the quality of aquatic goods [5].
aquaculture operations guaranteeing the health of any Furthermore, development in the aquaculture industry
aquaculture system [2]. Maintaining the water quality level provides affordable aquatic animal food and is beneficial to
in the ideal range enhances fish growth rate and reduces the industry economics to balance the losses in international
incidence of fish diseases [3]. Among the essential water trade [6].
parameters to monitor and maintain are temperature,
potential hydrogen (pH) level, oxidation-reduction The objective of this paper is to develop an aquaculture
potential, turbidity, salinity, and dissolved oxygen. system that monitors and automatically corrects essential
water quality parameters to improve fish growth rate. The

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study specifically aims (1) to develop an intensive conversion system, and cooling and heating systems was
aquaculture system that should monitor the temperature, designed for plant and fish growth. Meanwhile in [10] and
pH level, oxidation-reduction potential, turbidity, salinity, [11], their aquaponics system utilized an Ion-Sensitive
and dissolved oxygen of the water and automatically turns Field Effect Transistor (ISFET) as a pH device for
ON/OFF the correcting devices, (2) to implement an optimum growth of plants and fishes. The superiority and
Internet of Things (IOT) structure to access the automated efficiency of the ISFET-based pH device compared with
aquaculture system through an Internet-based application the typical glass-electrode pH meter was proven through
that displays the status of the aquaculture setup, exhibiting various experiment and testing its performance for
evaluation. An aquaponics system which was proposed in
the numerical values of the vital water parameters and the
Murad et al. [12] was developed that used temperature
average length and weight to determine the growth of the sensor, pH sensor, water sensor, servo, peristaltic pump,
fishes, and (3) to determine the system’s efficiency and solar, liquid crystal displays (LCD), and GSM module
reliability and the difference of the growth rate of the fishes water monitoring of aquaponics. The data is displayed
between the automated aquaculture system and the through LCD and a notification is sent via GSM module.
conventional setup. Fish farming and tracking control system of Gao et al. [13],
The system focuses on monitoring and automatic developed a system to control and supervise water quality
correcting of water temperature, pH level, oxidation- treatment equipment for fishpond. It also includes a
reduction potential, turbidity, salinity, and dissolved predicting process for managing water quality
automatically with the breeding and selling of freshwater
oxygen. It utilizes sensors, microcontrollers, LoRaWAN,
fish being tracked. This study uses integrated sensor
and correcting devices. Pre-programmed in the assembly, GUI, QR code and LoRa wireless transmission
microcontroller are the threshold values for the six different technology. In Daud et al. [14], an aquarium setup with pH
quality parameters of water. Improvised correcting devices level monitoring and fish feeding system in android
are developed using motor connected to microcontroller, application was developed using analog pH sensor,
water pump, heater, water bottle and drum. The water Arduino MEGA, NodeMCU controllers and Liquid Crystal
correction focuses on water replacement for stabilizing the Display (LCD). To use the smartphone as controller to
water quality and adding of sodium bicarbonate solution control the operation of fish feeding, the NodeMCU
for pH level. Through this, the water is set to an optimal utilized Wi-Fi mode of communication. The data acquired
range ideal for fish growth without exposing the fishes to from the sensor is displayed through LCD.
various chemicals that may affect their health. Moreover,
According to Wu et al. [15], the use of smartphones or
this method is a lot cheaper and easier to use for fish
mobile devices in IoT applications such as agriculture can
farmers. The data acquisition of sensors is only once per reduce energy consumption in terms of data generation,
day and is set to occur at a specific time in the day while lessen manufacture and deployment cost, and is considered
the correction takes place once the data acquired are not on environmentally friendly as it reduces the number of
the desired range optimal for fish growth. This study is deployed sensors. In Atat et al. [16], facilitating Internet of
restricted in culturing one species namely Nile Tilapia Things in different applications connects different cyber
(Oreochromis Niloticus) in an Intensive Aquaculture physical systems (CPS) which are systems that comprises
system. Tilapia is a fast-growing fish and is tolerant to the interrelated physical objects and a computer program or
different aquaculture environments. Because of its growth application. This aid implementing their transfer of
rate, low production cost, and is affordable in the market, information. Today’s technologies make receiving the data
Nile Tilapia is being cultured in every method from from CPS an easiest duty since low cost smart sensors are
extensive to intensive aquaculture system. They only have available anywhere.
5 basic needs: (1) food (2) light (3) room to Swim (4) The study of [17] further discussed the efforts done to
oxygen and (5) clean water. measure water quality using sensors. It cited [18] where
sensors are deployed to monitor underwater environment
2. RELATED WORKS
parameters e.g. pressure, water level, water flow, and
An aquaculture system of De Belen et al. [7] developed temperature. Citing the study of [19], [20] stated the study's
an aquaculture system that uses three parameters namely: proposed device that determines possible sources of
pH, temperature, and flow rate. These three parameters’ pollution such as agricultural activities by water quality
correlation were computed, and experiments showed that monitoring. [21] stated that information and
“the pH has inversely proportional to temperature, but flow communication technologies could boost agricultural
rate has no effect on the pH and temperature.” productivity through knowledge and information extension
In Nagayo et al. [8], an aquaponics (a combination of and dissemination. With these in mind, one of the United
aquaculture and hydroponics) [9]-[11] system with water Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) which is
recirculating part, Arduino-based control and monitoring Sustainable Agriculture (SDG 2) will be achieved.
part, GSM shield and NI LabVIEW, solar energy

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Most of prior works concerning aquaculture systems For the data transmission, the Arduino Mega reads the
and fisheries only considered to monitor water quality analog data and sends it to the Raspberry Pi. From here, the
parameters limited to only few rudimentary standards. To data are sent to the database via Long Range Wide Area
further improve the study, it is also important to ponder on Network (LoRaWAN) IoT Protocol and displayed to the
some of the other parameters that greatly affects the growth Web Application.
and quality of the fishes thus, the proponents considered B. Monitoring and Correction System
using six different water quality parameters. Also, the
Figure 2 shows the overall setup of the study with
incorporation of automatic correction for the parameters controlled and conventional environment. To determine the
suggests for a lesser work and stress not just for the owners status of the aquaculture system, temperature, potential
but also for the fishes itself which some of the existing hydrogen (pH) level, oxidation-reduction potential,
aquaculture setups in various studies didn’t have. Profound turbidity, salinity, and dissolved oxygen sensors are placed
studies on the matters regarding fish growth proves stress in the aquarium. All the sensors are integrated into a small-
as one of the biggest factors that affects the growth of the box small box-like container to provide ease of use to the
fishes which is why the lack of direct contact with the fishes user making it adaptable to multiple environments given
warrants for a healthier fish. that it can be put properly since only a little part of the
sensors can be submerged into the water.
3. METHODOLOGY
A. System Architecture
This project is mostly focused on maintaining and
correcting vital water quality parameters of the aquaculture
setup for desired result. The automatic correction initiates
once undesired range are not met. In this paper, the vital
water quality parameters which were taken into account are
temperature, potential hydrogen (pH) level, oxidation-
reduction potential, turbidity, salinity, and dissolved
oxygen.
Figure 1 shows the System Architecture of the study.
Two microcontrollers were used. The six water parameter
sensors are DFRobot Gravity: Analog Dissolved Oxygen
Sensor, Gravity: Analog Turbidity Sensor, Gravity: Analog
Electric Conductivity Sensor, Waterproof Temperature
Sensor DS18B20, DFRobot Industrial Analog pH Sensor,
and DFRobot ORP Analog Meter. The said sensors and
automatic water corrector are connected to Arduino Mega.
The threshold values for the water quality parameters are
pre-programmed in the microcontroller to test whether the
data acquired satisfy the desired values. When the range
Figure 1. System Architecture
aren’t met, correcting devices will automatically activate.

Figure 2. Conventional and Controlled Aquaculture System

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 International Journal of Computing and Digital Systems
ISSN (2210-142X)
Int. J. Com. Dig. Sys. #, No.# (Mon-20..)

The values which are gathered from the sensors are sent inside a parameter panel located in the water parameter
to the Arduino Mega. When oxidation-reduction potential, sensors section. A brief description of the parameter is
turbidity, salinity and dissolved oxygen values are not on included together with the graph of the past values
the ideal range optimal for fish growth, the water pump will gathered by the sensor. Also, a part where you can see the
be activated to change the water. When pH level is below current level/status of the parameter is included in the
the threshold value, the motor for sodium bicarbonate pane.
solution will be activated to distribute the solution. Both
will be switched off when the obtained data falls within the
threshold and aquarium heater will be placed inside
calibrated to 28 ℃ . The data are then transmitted to
Raspberry Pi that will send it to the Web Application for
monitoring via LoRaWAN IoT Protocol. An 868MHz
LoRaWAN is used.The data transmission via LoRa
modules is suitable for monitoring aquaculture setups as it
reduces production cost and supports longer-distance
communication.
The system can be applied to any environment as long
as electricity is provisioned. For the water source, since nile
tilapia is a type of fish that lives in fresh water and has a
high tolerance, tap water can be used to replace the water
in the setup given that it is treated with dechlorinate drops
and vitamins and is stocked in a container for a minimum
of 24 hours to dechlorinate.

C. Web Application
The TeamLapia web application, as shown in Figure 3,
is made to consolidate all the data gathered and display the
most recent status of water parameters and fish growth. It
not just exhibits the status of the latest entries but also the
numerical values for those said parameters including those
that determine the growth of the fishes (no. of fishes,
average length and weight). It is made possible through the
use of PHP and JavaScript codes that transmits data from
database to the UI as it keeps storing new data entries. The
graphs and dynamic design of the application, on the other
hand, is made using html, CSS and JavaScript scripts to
make it more suitable for end users.

The page is divided into different sections as shown in

Figure 4. The first panel shows the header that says “Fish
Growth and Water Quality Monitoring System” which is
what the study is all about. Upon scrolling along the page,
it will show the panel that describes the three main
functions of the study each presented with the appropriate
icons. The third part of the application is where the status
of the sensors can be seen. There are six clickable
rectangular panels that represents the six different water
parameters of the system. The last panel shows what is Figure 3. Web Application Interface

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Int. J. Com. Dig. Sys. #, No.# (Mon-20..)

Figure 4. Web Application Structure Diagram

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In the controlled system, temperature, potential Figure 5 shows the pH level for the controlled
hydrogen (pH) level, oxidation-reduction potential, aquaculture setup. Whenever the reading goes beyond the
turbidity, salinity, and dissolved oxygen were regularly threshold level, the system automatically corrects the
monitored and corrected to provide an environment water. The ideal pH level for Nile Tilapia is 6 to 9
optimal for fish growth. For the conventional setup, the (unitless).
water is left unchanged and unchecked throughout the
week.

Figure 5. Potential Hydrogen Sensor Readings with Correction Response

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Figure 6. Turbidity Sensor Reasings with Correction Response

Figure 6 shows the graph of turbidity sensor readings value of ORP optimal for fish growth ranges from 150mV
for the controlled aquaculture setup. Whenever the reading to 250mV.
goes beyond the threshold level, the system automatically
corrects the water. The threshold limit of turbidity which Figure 8 shows the temperature sensor readings for the
fishes can tolerate ranges from 0.3 – 5 NTU. controlled aquaculture setup. Ideal water temperature for
Nile Tilapia ranges from 25-27 °C. A water heater is used
Figure 7 shows the oxidation reduction potential sensor to prevent temperature from dropping.
readings for the controlled aquaculture setup. The ideal

Figure 7. Oxidation Reduction Potential Sensor Readings with Correction Response

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Int. J. Com. Dig. Sys. #, No.# (Mon-20..)

Figure 9 shows the graph of salinity sensor readings for Figure 10 shows the graph of DO sensor for the
the controlled aquaculture setup. Nile Tilapia has a wide controlled aquaculture setup. The ideal range for Dissolved
range of saltiness that they can tolerate, and they can Oxygen ranges from 1-2.5 mg/L. The oxygen level is being
perform better at salinities below 5ppt. It is reflected by the maintained in the system with the help of an aerator.
low level of salinity shown in the graph.

Figure 8. Temperature Sensor Readings with Correction Response

Figure 9. Salinity Sensor Readings with Correction Response

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Figure 10. Dissolved Oxygen Sensor Readings with Correction Response

Figure 11 shows the mean (average) fish weight per TABLE I. FISH GROWTH IN EACH SETUP
week in both controlled and conventional aquaculture
setups. Initially, the fishes’ weight on both tanks are equal Days Elapsed Average Fish Weight (g)
and the fishes’ growth is monitored for two weeks. The Proposed Conventional
highest average fish growth rate based on weight in the Aquaculture Setup Setup
controlled system was 17g (from 24g to 41g) while the 0 (initial) 24 24
conventional system only obtained an average of 11g (34g
to 35g). 7 (week 1) 33 28
12 (week 2) 41 35
As shown in Table I, the growth rate in the aquaculture
setup is 30.70% each week and is more than the
conventional setup’s growth rate which has 20.76% growth
rate per week. The controlled aquaculture setup improves
the growth of the fishes in terms of weight by 46.88%.

Figure 11. Controlled vs. Conventional Fish Growth measured every week

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5. CONCLUSION [10] E. Galido et al., “Development of a Solar-powered Smart

Aquaponics System through Internet of Things (IoT),” in Lecture
The aquaculture environment was optimized for fish Notes on Research and Innovation in Computer Engineering and
growth by constructing a monitoring and correction Computer Sciences, pp. 31-39, 2019.
system. The controlled aquaculture system yields a higher [11] L. K. S. Tolentino et al., “Development of an IoT-based
growth and survival rate of Nile Tilapia compared with the Aquaponics Monitoring and Correction System with Temperature-
Controlled Greenhouse,” 2019 International SoC Design
conventional aquaculture setup. Conference (ISOCC), 2019, pp. 261-262. doi:
10.1109/ISOCC47750.2019.9027722.
For future work, this study can also be applied in
[12] S. A. Z. Murad, A. Harun, S. N. Mohyar, R. Sapawi, and S. Y. Ten,
providing optimal environment condition essential for “Design of aquaponics water monitoring system using Arduino
growth of other aquatic animals in different aquaculture microcontroller,” in AIP Conference Proceedings, vol. 1885, 2017.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT vol. 166, 2019. doi:10.1016/j.compag.2019.105013
The University Research and Extension Council and [14] A. K. Pasha Mohd Daud, N. A. Sulaiman, Y. W. Mohamad Yusof,
and M. Kassim, “An IoT-Based Smart Aquarium Monitoring
the University Research and Development Services of the System,” in 2020 IEEE 10th Symposium on Computer
Technological University of the Philippines are Applications & Industrial Electronics (ISCAIE), 2020.
acknowledged for the funding of this project. doi:10.1109/iscaie47305.2020.9108823
[15] J. Wu, S. Guo, J. Li, and D. Zeng, “Big Data Meet Green
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 10 Author Name: Paper Title …

John Benjamin E. Navarro is

Lean Karlo S. Tolentino was a graduate of Bachelor of
the Head of the Department of Science in Electronics
Electronics Engineering, Engineering at Technological
Technological University of the University of the Philippines -
Philippines (TUP) in Manila
from 2017 to 2019. He is Manila. He was an active
currently the Director of the member of IECEP-MSC and is
University Extension Services a licensed Electronic
Office and Assistant Professor Technician since 2018. He was
at TUP since 2019. He is an active member of Philippine
currently one of the members of Taekwondo Contingent during
the Technical Committee on his elementary and high school
Audio, Video, and Multimedia
Equipment (TC 59) and days
Technical Committee on
Electromagnetic Compatibility (TC 74) of the Bureau of
Product Standards of the Philippines’ Department of Trade Luigi James D. Salvacion is a
and Industry. His research interests include graduate of Bachelor of
microelectronics and information and computing Science in Electronics
technologies.
Engineering at Technological
University of the Philippines –
Celline P. De Pedro finished Manila and an active member
high school at Arellano of OECES, a university
University - Malabon. Pursued accredited student organization
Bachelor of Science in of electronics engineering
Electronics Engineering Major students. He is also a graduate
in Communication at of Electronics NCII at The
Technological University of the BESTech Inc. a TESDA
Philippines - Manila. She was recognized school for Technical Vocational Education and
an active member of the IECEP- Training.
MSC and OECES and
graduated in 2020.
Gian Carlo D.A Sobrevilla
graduated as First Honorable
Mention in elementary and
pursued high schhol at
Novaliches High School where
he became the Cartoonist of the
Year. He received his Bachelor
of Science in Electronics
Jatt D. Icamina is a graduate of Engineering at Technological
Bachelor of Science in University of the Philippines,
Electronics Engineering at Manila.
Technological University of the
Philippines - Manila. She was an
elected officer of University
Student Government 2015-2016 Apolo A. Villanueva is a
as the College of Engineering graduate of Bachelor of Science
Vice Governor and a Board of in Electronics Engineering at
Director at Institute of Technological University of the
Electronics and Philippines - Manila. He was an
Communications Engineer - active member of the Institute of
Manila Student Chapter 2017. She won 3rd place on Pagsulat ng Electronics Engineers of the
Sanaysay (NCR Level) at Philippine Association of State Philippines - Manila Student
Universities and Colleges Literary and Cultural Fest 2014. Chapter. During his high school
days, he finished 5th place in the
Regional Science Investigatory
Project - Applied Science Team Category and 1st place during
the Division Technolympics - Computer Hardware Servicing
Category.

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 Int. J. Com. Dig. Sys. #, No.#, ..-.. (Mon-20..) 11

Timothy M. Amado is currently

an Assistant Professor in the
Department of Electronics
Engineering at the Technological
University of the Philippines
(TUP). He graduated his Master of
Science in Electronics Engineering
major in Microelectronics at the
Mapua University last 2015.
Presently, he is taking up his PhD
in Electronics Engineering at the
Mapua University. His areas of
interest include data science,
machine learning, deep learning,
and reinforcement learning.

Maria Victoria C. Padilla is

currently a Faculty Member of
the Department of Electronics
Engineering at Technological
University of the Philippines. She
graduated MS in Electronics
Engineering major in
Microelectronics at the Mapua
University. She is currently one
of the members of the Technical
Committee on Cleanrooms (TC
83) of the Bureau of Product
Standards of the Philippines’
Department of Trade and Industry. Her areas of interest include
biomedical engineering and sensor systems.

Gilfred Allen M. Madrigal is

currently a Faculty Member of
the Department of Electronics
Engineering at Technological
University of the Philippines
(TUP). He is currently taking
his Master of Engineering at
TUP Manila

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