Machine Tools
&
Operations (1)
Learning objectives
• Describe machine tools
• Distinguish between machines & machine
tools
• Explain the classification of machine tools
• Discuss the operation principle of lathe
machine tool
1. Machine Tools
1.1 Introduction
• A Machine tool is a power driven machine
specifically designed to remove excess material
from the work piece by cutting, boring, grinding,
shearing or other forms of deformation
1. Machine Tools
• Unlike other machines, a machine tool consists of
a cutting tool that does the operation in order to
obtain the desired shape or task.
• Examples of machine tools includes;
– Lathe machine – Shaping machine
– Milling machine – Boring machine
– Drilling machine – Grinding machine
etc.
1. Cont…
1.2 Basic functions of machine tools
1) Hold, support and guide
work piece to be machined
Cutting tool for machining
2) Transmit motions to the cutting tool and work
piece
3) Control/regulate the machining parameters,
i.e., speed, feed and depth of cut
1.3 Classification of Machine Tools
Machine tool
Metal cutting machine Surface finishing
tool machine tool
1. Grinding machine
1. Lathe machine
2. Honing machine
2. Drilling machine
3. Lapping machine
3. Milling machine
4. Polishing machine
4. Shaping machine
1. Cont.…
1.3.1 Lathe Machine
• Lathe machine is a machine tool which removes
excess material from the work piece by rotating
the work piece against a single-point cutting tool.
1.3.1-1 Basic Elements of Lathe Machine
1.1 Cont…
LATHE BED
• Heavy, rugged
casting that
support working
parts of the lathe
• On top section are
machined ways
that guide and align
major parts of the
lathe machine
1.1 Cont…
HEAD STOCK
• Headstock acts as
housing for the
driving
mechanisms
including pulleys
and back gears
• It also keeps
alignment with bed
1.1 Cont…
CHUCK Chuck
• A chuck is one of
the most important
device for holding
& rotating the work
piece on a lathe
machine tool
1.1 Cont…
TYPES OF CHUCK
Magnet Drill or
ic chuck Chuck collect
chuck
Three jaw chuck Four jaw chuck
1.1 Cont…
THREE JAW CHUCK
• The three jaws move
simultaneously by
turning a key and thus
the work piece may be
automatically held in
the centre of chuck-
opening.
• It is used for holding
round, hexagonal bar or
other symmetrical
work.
1.1 Cont…
FOUR JAW CHUCK
• It has four jaws and
each jaw is
independently actuated
and adjusted by a key
for holding the job.
• This type of chuck is
used for irregular
shapes, rough casting.
1.1 Cont…
DRAW-IN COLLECT CHUCK
• Work holding device for
securing work or
holding bars of small
sizes(below 63 mm)
• It is normally used
where production work
is required such as on
capstan lathe or
automatic lathe.
1.1 Cont…
MAGNETIC CHUCK
• They are either
electrically operated or
of permanent magnet
type.
• It is used for holding
ferrous metal work-
piece of shorter length
1.1 Cont…
TAILSTOCK
• The tailstock is a
movable casting
located opposite
the headstock on
the ways of the bed
• Its function is to TAILSTOCK
secure and support
the workpiece while
being machined
TAIL STOCK
HAND WHEEL
DEAD CENTER
1.1 Cont…
CARRIAGE
• The carriage is
located between the
headstock and
tailstock and serves
the purpose of
supporting, guiding
and feeding the tool
against the job CARRIAGE
during operation
1.1 Cont…
PARTS OF CARRIAGE
The carriage has five
parts
1. Saddle
2. Cross slide
3. Compound rest
4. Tool post
5. Apron
1.1 Cont…
LEAD SCREW
• The carriage is
located between
the headstock and
tailstock and
serves the purpose
of supporting,
guiding and
feeding the tool
against the job
during operation LEAD SCREW
1.1 Cont…
GEAR BOX GEAR BOX
• Gear-box drive is
the unit used for
transmitting the
power & motion
from the main
drive to the lead
screw with
required reduction
ratio
1.1 Cont…
2. Lathe machine Operations
Turning Parting
Tapper turning Knurling
Facing
Drilling
Chamfering
Grooving
Boring
Reaming
Threading
TURNING
process – reducing the diameter of W/p
Cutting tool - Turning tool
Tool type- Single point cutting tool
Feed- Longitudinal feed
TURNING TYPES
Step turning
Straight turning
TAPER TURNING
FACING
process – Reducing the length of W/p
Cutting tool - Turning tool / Facing tool
Tool type- Single point cutting tool
Feed- Cross feed
1.1 Cont…
CHAMFERING
Process – Removing the sharp edges of W/p
Cutting tool – Chamfering tool
Tool type- Single point cutting tool
Feed- Cross feed
GROOVING
Process – Providing narrow groove on cylindrical
surface of the W/p
Cutting tool – Grooving tool
Tool type- Single point cutting tool
Feed- Cross feed
GROOVING OPERATION ON WORKPIECE
PARTING
Process – Cutting the W/p into two parts
Cutting tool – Parting tool
Tool type- Single point cutting tool
Feed- Cross feed
KNURLING
Process – metal forming operation used to produce a
regular crosshatched pattern in the w/p
Cutting tool – Knurling tool
Tool type- Multi-point cutting tool
Feed- Longitudinal feed
1.1 Cont…
Cutting Parameters in Turning
• The rotational speed in turning is related to
the desired cutting speed at the surface of the
cylindrical work piece by;
v
N
D0
Where N = rotational speed in rev/min; v = cutting speed in m/min
(ft/min); D0 is the original diameter of the workpiece in m (ft)
1.1 Cont…
• The turning operation reduces the diameter of
the work from its original diameter Do to a
final diameter Df, as determined by the depth
of cut d:
Df D0 2d
1.1 Cont…
• The feed in turning is generally expressed in
terms of feed rate by;
fr Nf
Where fr = feed rate mm/min (in/mm); N = rotation speed in
rev/min; f = feed mm/rev (in/rev)
1.1 Cont…
• The time to machine from one end of a
cylindrical workpiece to the other is given by;
L D0 L
Tm or Tm
fr fv
Where Tm = machining time in min; L = Length of the part in mm
(in); fr = feed rate mm/min (in/min)
1.1 Cont…
• The volumetric rate of material removal can be
most conveniently determined by
RMR vfd
Where RMR = material removal rate in mm3/min (in3/min); f = feed in
mm/rev (in/rev); d = depth of cut in mm (in)
1.1 Cont…
Examples
1. A cylindrical workpart 200 mm in diameter and
700 mm long is to be turned in an engine lathe.
Cutting conditions are as follows: cutting speed
is 2.30 m/s, feed is 0.32 mm/rev, and depth of
cut is 1.80 mm. Determine
a) cutting time, and
b) metal removal rate
1.1 Cont…
Solution
D0 L
a) cutting time Tm
fv
mm
2.3 10 3
v N s 3.66rev / s
N
D0 200
rev mm
fr Nf fr 3.66 0.32 1.17mm / s
s rev
200 700
Tm 597.59s 9.96 min
0.32 2.3 10 3
1.1 Cont…
Solution
b) metal removal rate RMR vfd
3 mm mm
RMR vfd RMR 2.3 10 0.32 1.8mm
s rev
RMR 1324.8mm3 / s
1.1 Cont…
Class Exercise
1. In a production turning operation, the foreman
has decreed that a single pass must be
completed on the cylindrical workpiece in 5.0
min. The piece is 400 mm long and 150 mm in
diameter. Using a feed = 0.30 mm/rev and a
depth of cut = 4.0 mm. Determine:
a) the cutting speed that must be used to
meet this machining time requirement
b) metal removal rate
Acknowledgements
1. Kesavan. R. Machine Tools, Laxmi Publications,
2010
2. Sharma. P.C. Testbook of Machine Tools and Tool
Design, Chand & Co 2005, ISBN 13: 9788121923620)
3. Machine Tools – C Elanchezhian and M. Vijayan,
Anuradha Publications
THE
END
