Chapter 1 -
Word Meanings :
1- Globe : A globe is a 3 dimensional model of earth
2- Map : it is a 2 dimensional drawing of earth or some parts
of it , it is drawn to scale on a flat surface.
3- Cartography : The science of map making
4- Cardinal Points : the 4 main directions namely - north
south east and west.
5- Intermediate Points : The directions that lie between the 4
main directions namely - northeast , southeast , northwest ,
southwest
6- Scale: It’s the ratio of distance between 2 places on map
to the distance between 2 places on the ground .
7- Cadastral maps : these are maps used to plan and collect
revenues ; they have a scale of 10cm = 1km
8- Sketch : it is a drawing based on observation not drawn to
scale .
9- Plan :Its a detailed drawing of a small areas like a office
building . This is always drawn to scale.
10- Trough : this is a long depression in the ground
11- Crust : this is the outmost layer of the earth
12 - Anticline : A upward arching fold in Earths crust
13- Syncline : A downward arching in earths crust
Chapter - 2
Erosion - This is the removal of weathered material bye water
wind and glaciers.
Ridge - The long and continuous narrow top of a mountain
Tectonic Plates - rigid plated that make the crust of earth
Fold Mountains - when 2 tectonic plates are pushed towards
each other and land between them is squeezed thrown a
series of massive folds
Volcano - a vent in the earths crust through which the magma
comes to the surface
Magma - molten rock which is found I inside the earth .
Lava - Magma that flows on the surface of the earth
Graben - the part of land that sinks in between 2 parallel
cracks in the earths surface .
Horst - land that is pushed between 2 faults
Inter montane Plateaus - a plateau surrounded by mountains .
Alluvium -eroded material carried by the rivers .
Loess - the fine rich material formed by wind erosion
Peninsula -a land which is surrounded by water on 3 sides
Isthmus - a narrow stretch of land joining 2 large land
masses .
Archipelago - a group of islands that form a chain.
Chapter -3
Ocean - its a large body of salt water on the surface of the
earth .
Marine- Found in the sea or ocean
Trench - a deep depression in the ocean floor
Sea - a body of salt water which smaller and shallower than a
ocean and is located where land and ocean meet ; usually a
sea partially enclosed by land
Marginal Sea - a salt water body that is partly surrounded by
land
Inland Sea - a salt water body which is completely
surrounded by land
Lake- a hollow water-filled on earths surface
River - water flowing toward the ocean
Tributaries - small rivers that join writhing a clearly defined
channel
Distributaries - small rover that flow out of the main river
Chapter - 4
Canyon - it is a step valley formed by a river in semi arid
regions
Cordilleras - literal meaning ropes in Spanish. This word is
used to refer thr mountain ranges that resembles cords or
ropes
Geyser - a hot spring
Peneplain - a vast extent of land that has been eroded till its
almost a plain
