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DRIFT
Generally drift is gallery connecting two seams.
Drift is a more general mining term, meaning a near-
horizontal passageway in a mine, following the bed (of
coal, for instance) or vein of ore. A drift may or may not
intersect the ground surface. This kind of mining is done
when the rock or mineral is on the side of a hill. A drift
follows the vein, as distinguished from a crosscut that
intersects it, or a level or gallery..
GALLERY
Gallery - A horizontal or a nearly horizontal underground
passage, either natural or artificial.
Gallery along dip direction is called DIP GALLERY.
Gallery along perpendicular direction is called LEVEL
GALLERY
PANEL
Panel is a coal mining block that generally comprises one
operating unit.
It generally has two stages
I} Gallery formation which is the development stage.
II}Depillaring stage that is to extract pillars.
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BARRIER PILLARS
Barrier pillars are solid blocks of coal left between two
mines or sections of a mine to prevent accidents due to
inrushes of water, gas, or from explosions or a mine fire
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CAVING
caving
Caving requires a rock mass where both orebody and
host rock fractures, under controlled conditions. As the
mining removes rock without backfilling, the hanging wall
keeps caving into the voids. Continued mining results in
subsidence of the surface where sink holes may appear.
Continuos caving is important, to avoid creation of cavities
inside rock, where a sudden collapse could be harmful to
mine installations
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SUBSIDENCE
Mine subsidence can be defined as movement of the
ground surface as a result of readjustments of the
overburden due to collapse or failure of underground
mine workings. Surface subsidence features usually
take the form of either sinkholes or troughs.
Sinkhole subsidence is common in areas
overlying shallow room-and-pillar mines.
Sinkholes occur from the collapse of the
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mine roof into a mine opening, resulting in caving of
the overlying strata and an abrupt depression in the
ground surface. The majority of sinkholes usually
develop where the amount of cover (vertical distance
between the coal seam and the surface) is less than
50 feet. This type of subsidence is generally localized
in extent, affecting a relatively small area on the
overlying surface. However, structures and surface
features affected by sinkhole subsidence tend to
experience extensive and costly damages, sometimes
in a dramatic fashion. Sinkhole subsidence has been
responsible for extensive damage to numerous homes
and property throughout the years.
Sinkholes are typically associated with abandoned
mine workings, since most active underground mines
operate at depths sufficient to preclude the
development of sinkhole subsidence. In accordance
with the current regulations, the Department will not
authorize underground mining beneath structures
where the depth of overburden is less than 100 feet
(30.5 m), unless the subsidence control plan
demonstrates that proposed mine workings will be
stable and that overlying structures will not suffer
irreparable damage.
Subsidence troughs induced by room-
and-pillar mining can occur over active or
abandoned mines. The resultant surface
impacts and damages can be similar,
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however the mechanisms that trigger the subsidence
are dramatically different. In abandoned mines,
troughs usually occur when the overburden sags
downward due to the failure of remnant mine pillars, or
by punching of the pillars into a soft mine floor or roof.
It is difficult, if not impossible, to predict if or when
failure in an abandoned mine might occur, since
abandoned mines may collapse many decades after
the mining is completed, if the mine workings were not
designed to provide long-term support.
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