C 08 Solutions To Problems
Uploaded by
Yash PandeyC 08 Solutions To Problems
Uploaded by
Yash PandeyCHAPTER 8
Steady-State Power
Analysis
Section 8.1 Solutions
8.1.1 Determine the equations for the current and the instantaneous power in the network in Fig. P8.1.1.
I
4Ω
10 75° V + j3 Ω
−
FIGURE P8.1.1
Solution:
_ 10 /75°
I = ______
= 2 /38.13° A
4 + j3
⇒ i(t) = 2 cos ( ωt + 38.13°) A
υ(t) = 10 cos (ωt + 75°) V
10
( )(2)
p(t) = ______ [cos ( 75° − 38.13°)+ cos ( 2ωt + 75° + 38.13°)]
2
= 7.99 + 10 cos (2ωt + 113.13°) W
8.1.2 Determine the equations for the voltage and the instantaneous power in the network in Fig. P8.1.2.
+
2Ω
2 25°A V
j2 Ω
−
FIGURE P8.1.2
Solution:
V = ( 2 /25° )(2 + j2) = 5.656 /70° V
_
⇒ υ(t) = 5.656 cos ( ωt + 70°) V
i(t) = 2 cos (ωt + 25°) A
Vpk
Ipk
p(t) = ______
[cos ( θ υ − θ i)+ cos ( 2ωt + θ υ + θ i)]
2
5.656
(2)
= _______ [cos ( 70° − 25°)+ cos ( 2ωt + 70° + 25°)]
2
= 4 + 5.656 cos ( 2ωt + 95°) W
463
c08SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 463 02-Feb-22 10:18:32 AM
464 C HA PTER 8 Steady-State Power Analysis
8.1.3 Determine the instantaneous power supplied by the source in the network in Fig. P8.1.3.
–j Ω
° Ω j Ω Ω
FIGURE P8.1.3
Solution:
8.1.4 Find the expression for the instantaneous power supplied by the source in the network in Fig. P8.1.4.
2Ω
−j2 Ω j1 Ω 4Ω −j2 Ω
6 45° A
FIGURE P8.1.4
Solution:
6 45° V Zeq
_
Z eq = ( 2 − j2) ∥ j1 ∥ 4 ∥ − j2
V = 6 /45° (Z ) = 10.733 /71.57° V
= 1.6 + j0.8 Ω
_ _
eq
c08SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 464 02-Feb-22 10:18:34 AM
Solutions to Problems 465
10.733
(6)
p(t) = ________ [cos ( 71.57° − 45°)+ cos ( 2ωt + 71.57° + 45°)]
2
= 28.8 + 32.2 cos ( 2ωt + 116.57°) W
Section 8.2 Solutions
8.2.1 The voltage and current at the input of a network are given by the expressions
υ(t) = 22 cos ωt V
i(t) = 3 sin ωt A
Determine the average power absorbed by the network.
Solution:
i(t) = 3 cos (ωt − 90°) A
22(3 )cos (0 + 90°)
⇒ p = _____
2
= 0 W
8.2.2 The voltage and current at the input of a circuit are given by the expressions
υ(t) = 100 cos (ωt + 30°) V
i(t) = 12 cos (ωt + 45°) A
Determine the average power absorbed by the circuit.
Solution:
(12)
p = 100
_______
cos (30° − 45°)
2
= 579.56 W
8.2.3 Compute the average power absorbed by each of the elements to the right of the dashed line in the
circuit shown in Fig. P8.2.3.
2Ω j1 Ω
10 0° V + −j1 Ω
−
FIGURE P8.2.3
Solution:
2Ω j1 Ω
I
10 0° V + −j1 Ω
−
/ = 5 /0° A
10 0°
¯I = _______
2+j−j
2 2( )
I R
p 2 Ω = ____
5 2 = 25 W
= _____
2 2
p −j1Ω = p j1 Ω = 0 W
c08SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 465 02-Feb-22 10:18:35 AM
466 C HA PTER 8 Steady-State Power Analysis
8.2.4 Calculate the average power absorbed by the 1-Ω resistor in the network shown in Fig. P8.2.4.
j2 Ω −j1 Ω
6 0° V + 2Ω 1Ω
−
FIGURE P8.2.4
Solution:
j2 Ω −j1 Ω
6 0° V + I1 2Ω I2 1Ω
−
I¯1(2 + j2) + I 2 (− 2) = 6 /0° ①
_
_
3.354 /− 63.4°
¯ 1( − 2) + I 2 ( 3 − j)= 0 ②
I
[I
¯ 2] 2.121 /− 45° ]
¯
⇒ 1 = [
I
A
I 2 ( 1)
p 1 Ω = ____
2 = 2.25 W
2
8.2.5 Find the average power supplied by the current source in the network in Fig. P8.2.5.
2Ω
1Ω
4 30° A j2 Ω
−j1 Ω
FIGURE P8.2.5
Solution:
4 30° VT Zeq
¯ = ( 1 − j) ∥ (2 + j2)= 1.2 − j0.4 Ω
Zeq
= Re q + j Xeq
P 4 /30° A = PR e q = ______
4 2( Re q)
= 9.6 W
2
c08SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 466 02-Feb-22 10:18:36 AM
Solutions to Problems 467
8.2.6 Given the network in Fig. P8.2.6, find the power supplied and the average power absorbed by each
element.
+
3Ω 3Ω
6 0°A VT
j3 Ω −j1 Ω
−
FIGURE P8.2.6
Solution:
+
3Ω 3Ω
6 0° A VT I1 I2
j3 Ω −j1 Ω
−
6 /0° (3 − j)
= 3 /− 36.8° A
I¯1 = ____________
¯ 1 = 4.02 /26.56° A
¯ 2 = 6 /0° − I
3 − j + 3 + 3j
¯ 1(3 + j3) = 12.72 /8.2° V
I
¯
p 6 /0° A = 12.72
V T = I
_______
6 cos ( 8.2° − 0°)= 37.74 W supplied
( )
2
I 2( 3)
p 3 Ω,left = _____
1 = 13.5 W absorbed
2
I 2( 3)
p 3 Ω,right = _____
2 = 24.24 W absorbed
2
p j3 Ω = p −j1 Ω = 0 W
8.2.7 Given υS(t) = 100 cos 100t volts, find the average power supplied by the source and the current i2(t)
in the network in Fig. P8.2.7.
10 Ω i2(t)
50 mH
υS(t) + 15 Ω 1 mF
−
FIGURE P8.2.7
Solution:
ω = 100 rad/s
¯
Z L = j(100)50 m = j5 Ω
−j
Z C = ________
¯ = − j10 Ω
100(1 m)
Is 10 j5 I2
VS + 15 −j10
−
V S = 100 /0° V
¯
c08SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 467 02-Feb-22 10:18:38 AM
468 C HA PTER 8 Steady-State Power Analysis
Is
VS + Zeq
−
¯
Z eq= 10 + j5 + ( 15 ∥ − j10)= 14.615 − j1.923 Ω
¯ s = 6.784 /7.50° A
¯
V
¯I S = ___
Z
eq
V I
p S = ____
S S cos (θ υs − θ is)
2
= 336.3 W
¯ ( 15)
I
¯ 2 = _______
S
= 5.644 /41.19° A
I
15 − j10
⇒ i2 (t) = 5.644 cos (100t + 41.19°) A
8.2.8 If ig(t) = 0.5 cos 2000t A, find the average power absorbed by each element in the circuit in
Fig. P8.2.8.
40 Ω
120 Ω
ig(t) 60 mH
12.5 μF
FIGURE P8.2.8
Solution:
I1 I2 40
−
130
0.5 0° A Vg j(2 k)(60 m) = j120
−j
= −j40
(2000) 12.5 μ
+
0.5 /0° (40 + j120)
= 0.337 /39.9° A
¯I 1 = __________________
¯I 2 = 0.5 /0° − ¯I
1 = 0.324 /− 41.9° A
40 + j120 + 130 − j40
V g = ( 130 − j40)(− ¯I 1) = 45.837 /− 157.2° V
¯
V g (0.5)
p ig = _______
cos (θ υg − 0°)= − 10.56 W
2
I 2( 130)
p 130Ω = ______
1 = 7.38 W
2
I 2( 40)
p 40Ω = ______
2 = 2.1 W
2
p −j40 = p j120 = 0 W
c08SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 468 02-Feb-22 10:18:39 AM
Solutions to Problems 469
8.2.9 Calculate the power absorbed by each element in the circuit in Fig. P8.2.9.
0.01 F
30 cos 20t V + 5Ω 0.4 H 0.02 F
− 5Ω
FIGURE P8.2.9
Solution:
−j
0.01 F = −j5
20 (0.01)
+ +
30 0° 5Ω 0.4 H 0.02 F
− VL 5Ω
(30 /0 )
−
¯I s = __________________
= 10.005 /51.34° A
(5 || j8 || −j2.5 || (5 − j5))
30 /0° (5)
V L = ________
¯
= 21.21 /45° V
5 − j5
(−30)(10.005)
____________
Pvs
=
cos (0 − 51.34°) = −93.75 W
2
2
3(0 ) = 90 W
p 5 Ω,left = ____
2 5
V 2
p 5Ω,right = ____
( L) = 44.98 W
2 5
p 0.4H = p 0.02F = p 0.01F = 0 W
8.2.10 Given the network in Fig. P8.2.10, determine which elements are supplying power, which ones
are absorbing power, and how much power is being supplied and absorbed.
1Ω 2Ω j1 Ω
12 0° V + −j2 Ω + 6 0° V
− −
FIGURE P8.2.10
Solution:
V1
1Ω I2 I3 2Ω j1 Ω
+ V2 −j2 Ω V3 +
12 0° V − − 6 0° V
− 12 /0° ¯
¯
V
__________ ¯
V − 6 /0°
V
1 + ____ 1 + _________
1
6 /0°
=0
1 − j2 2+j
1[1 + __ 1 = 12 /0° + ______
2 2 + j]
j
⇒¯
V + _____
2+j
V 1 = 10.092 /− 16.86° V
⇒¯
c08SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 469 02-Feb-22 10:18:41 AM
470 C HA PTER 8 Steady-State Power Analysis
12 /0° − ¯
1 = 3.748 /51.34° A ← θV
¯ I 2 = __________
V
1 _ 2 + θI _ 2 are both in right-half plane.
⇒¯ V 2 is supplying power.
12(I2 )
_____
V 2 = 2 cos ( 0° − θ ¯ I 2) = 14.05 W supplied
6 /0° − ¯
p ¯
= 2.095 /114.8° A
1
V
I¯ 3 = _________
_ 3 + θI _ 3 are in opposite planes.
← θV
2+j
⇒¯ V
3 is absorbing power.
6(I3 )
____
3 = 2 cos (0° − θ I
p ¯
V ¯ 3)= 2.64 W absorbed
I 2 ( 1)
p 1 Ω = ____
2 = 7.02 W absorbed
2
I 2 ( 2)
p 2 Ω = ____
3 = 4.39 W absorbed
2
p −j2 Ω = p j1 Ω = 0 W
8.2.11 Determine the average power absorbed by the 4-Ω resistor in the network shown in Fig. P8.2.11.
2Ω
4Ω −j4 Ω 4 0° A j2 Ω + 12 90° V
−
FIGURE P8.2.11
Solution:
V1 2Ω
4Ω −j4 Ω 4 0° A j2 Ω + 12 90° V
−
1 − 12 /90°
1 − 4 /0° + ___________
¯
¯
V
V ¯
V
___1 + ____ = 0
= 4 /0° + 6 /90°
4 − j4 2
1(__
4 4 2)
j 1
⇒¯ 1 + __
+ __
1 = 9.121 /37.87° V
V
⇒ ¯
V
V 2
p 4 Ω = ____
( 1 ) = 10.40 W
2 4
8.2.12 Determine the average power absorbed by the 4-Ω resistor in the network shown in Fig. P8.2.12.
2Ω −j4 Ω
+ 12 0° V j2 Ω 2 0° A 4Ω
−
FIGURE P8.2.12
c08SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 470 02-Feb-22 10:18:42 AM
Solutions to Problems 471
Solution:
V1 V2
2Ω −j4 Ω
12 0° V + j2 Ω 2 0° A 4Ω
−
− 12 /0° ¯
¯
V
__________ ¯
V − ¯
V V
2
1 + ___1 + _______ 1 =0
2(− __ ) = 6 /0°
2 j2 − j4
1(__
2 2 4)
j j j
⇒ ¯
V 1 − __
+ __
+ ¯
V ①
4
2 1 + 2 /0° + ___2 = 0
¯
− ¯
V
_______ V
¯
V
= − 2 /0° ②
− j4 4
1(− __ ) + ¯
2(__
4 4)
j j 1
⇒ ¯
V V + __
7.00 /19.7°
4
[¯ 2] 8.68 /102.5° ]
¯
⇒ 1 = [
V
V
V
V 2
p 4 Ω = ____
( 2 ) = 9.42 W
2 4
8.2.13 Find the total average power supplied and the average power absorbed by each element in the
network in Fig. P8.2.13.
–j Ω
Ω
° Ω j Ω ° +
–
FIGURE P8.2.13
Solution:
c08SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 471 02-Feb-22 10:18:43 AM
472 C HA PTER 8 Steady-State Power Analysis
8.2.14 Given the network in Fig. P8.2.14, show that the power supplied by the sources is equal to the
power absorbed by the passive elements.
−j2 Ω j3 Ω
2 0° A 4Ω + 6 45° V
−
FIGURE P8.2.14
c08SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 472 02-Feb-22 10:18:44 AM
Solutions to Problems 473
Solution:
−j2 Ω j3 Ω
2 0° A V1 4Ω I2 + 6 45° V
−
−
¯ I 2(4 + j) − 2 /0° (4) = − 6 /45°
⇒ ¯ I 2 = 1.375 /− 62.51° A
2) = 7.323 /41.76° V
V 1 = 4(2 /0° − ¯I
¯
p 2 /0° A = _____
V ( 2)
1 cos (θ v1 − 0°)= 5.462 W supplied
2
p 6 /45° V = − ____
6(I 2)
cos ( 45° + 62.51°)= 1.241 W supplied
2
V 2
p 4 Ω = ____
( 1) = 6.703 W absorbed
p 2 /0° A + p 6 /45° V − p 4 Ω = 0 W
2 4
8.2.15 Determine the average power supplied by each source in the network shown in Fig. P8.2.15.
j1 Ω
−j1 Ω
10 0° V + 1Ω 2 30° A
−
FIGURE P8.2.15
Solution:
j1 Ω +
−j1 Ω
10 0° V + I1 1Ω VT 2 30° A
−
−
I¯ 1(1 + j − j) + 2 /30° (1) = 10 /0°
¯ 1 = 8.328 /− 6.90° A
¯ 1 + 2 /30° ) = 10 /0° V
⇒ I
V T = 1(I
¯
p 10 /0° V = _____
10(I1 )
cos (0° − θ ¯ I 1)= 41.34 W
2
p 2 /30° A = _____
VT ( 2)
cos ( θ ¯
V T − 30°)= 8.66 W
2
c08SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 473 02-Feb-22 10:18:46 AM
474 C HA PTER 8 Steady-State Power Analysis
8.2.16 Given the network in Fig. P8.2.16, find the average power supplied to the circuit.
2Ω j1 Ω
1Ω
12 0° A 4 0° V +
−
−j2 Ω
FIGURE P8.2.16
Solution:
2Ω j1 Ω
+
1Ω
12 0° A V1 I2 + 4 0° V
−
−j2 Ω
−
− 12 /0° (1 − j2) + I
¯ 2(3 − j) = − 4 /0°
¯ 2 = 8 /− 53.13° A
1 = ( 1 − j2)(12 /0° − I 2 ) = 21.54 /− 21.8° V
⇒ I
_ _
V
p 12 /0° V = ______
V ( 12)
1 cos ( θV
_ 1 − 0°)= 120 W supplied
2
p 4 /0° V = − ____
4(I2 )
cos (0° − θ I2 )= − 9.6 W (+9.6 W absorbed)
sup = p 12 /0° V = 120 W
2
⇒ ∑p
8.2.17 Find the average power absorbed by the 2-Ω resistor in the circuit shown in Fig. P8.2.17.
Ix j Ω
Ix Ω –j Ω + °
–
FIGURE P8.2.17
Solution:
c08SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 474 02-Feb-22 10:18:47 AM
Solutions to Problems 475
Section 8.3 Solutions
8.3.1 Determine the impedance ZL for maximum average power transfer and the value of the maximum
average power absorbed by the load in the network shown in Fig. P8.3.1.
6 0° V
j3 Ω
+−
4 30° A 3Ω −j3 Ω ZL
FIGURE P8.3.1
Solution:
j3
3 −j3 ZTh
¯
Th = ( 3 + j3) ∥ − j3 = 3 − j3 Ω = RT h + j XT h
Z
6 0°
j3
+−
+
4 30° 3 I2 −j3 Voc
4 /30° (− 3) + ¯ I 2(3 + j0) = − 6 /0°
2 = 2.478 /53.8° A
V OC = − j3(¯ I 2) = 7.434 /− 36.2° V
⇒ ¯I
¯
¯
Z L = ¯
*Th= 3 + j3 Ω
Z
V 2
ax = _____
pm OC = 2.30 W
8 RTh
8.3.2 Determine the impedance ZL for maximum average power transfer and the value of the maximum
power transferred to ZL for the circuit shown in Fig. P8.3.2.
j2 Ω
16 0° A 2Ω ZL
FIGURE P8.3.2
c08SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 475 02-Feb-22 10:18:49 AM
476 C HA PTER 8 Steady-State Power Analysis
Solution:
j2
2 ZTh
¯
Z
Th= 2 + j2 Ω = RTh
+ j XTh
16 0° 2 Voc
V OC = 2(16 /0° ) = 32 /0° V
¯
IL
ZTh
Voc + ZL = ZTh* = 2− j2 Ω
−
= RL + jXL
¯
V
¯ L = ________
I ¯ OC_
Z
Th + Z
L
¯
V
OC
= _____
2 RT h
I 2 (RL )
p max = ______
L
2
( 2 RT h ) ( Th)
2
C
VO
_____
R
=
____________
2
V 2
= _____
OC
8 RT h
2
32
= ____
8(2)
= 64 W
8.3.3 Find the value of ZL in Fig. P8.3.3 for maximum average power transfer to the load.
–j Ω j Ω
° ZL
FIGURE P8.3.3
c08SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 476 02-Feb-22 10:18:50 AM
Solutions to Problems 477
Solution:
8.3.4 Determine the impedance ZL for maximum average power transfer and the value of the maximum
average power transferred to ZL for the circuit shown in Fig. P8.3.4.
−j1 Ω
2Ω 2Ω
j1 Ω + 8 0° V ZL
−
FIGURE P8.3.4
c08SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 477 02-Feb-22 10:18:51 AM
478 C HA PTER 8 Steady-State Power Analysis
Solution:
−j1
2 2
j1
ZTh
Th = [ (2 ∥ j1)+ − j1] ∥ 2 = 0.343 − j0.137 Ω = RTh
¯
Z + j XTh
−j1
2 − 2 +
V1
+
j1 + 8 0°
− Voc
− 8 /0° ¯ − 8 /0°
1 = 5.21 /32.43° V
___¯
1 _________
V ¯
V V
+ 1 + _________ 1 =0⇒¯
1 − 8 /0° )( 2)
V
j 2 2−j
+ 8 /0° = 8.941 /12.26° V
( ¯
V
OC = ____________
¯
V
2−j
_ _*
Z L = Z
T h = 0.343 + j0.137 Ω
V 2
p max = _____
OC = 29 W
8 RT h
8.3.5 Determine the impedance ZL for maximum average power transfer and the value of the maximum
average power absorbed by the load in the network shown in Fig. P8.3.5.
8 0° V
−+
2Ω j1 Ω
−j1 Ω ZL 1Ω
FIGURE P8.3.5
Solution:
2 j1
−j ZTh 1
¯
Z Th = ( 1 ∥ − j1)+ ( 2 ∥ j)= 0.9 + j0.3 Ω
= RT h + j XT h
c08SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 478 02-Feb-22 10:18:53 AM
Solutions to Problems 479
8 0°
−+
2 j1
− +
+ +
−j Voc 1
− −
/0° ( ) _________
8 /0° (j1)
¯
8 1
V OC = ________ − = 2.529 /18.43° V
1−j 2 + j1
¯
L = ¯
Z *Th
Z = 0.9 − j0.3 Ω
V 2
p max = _____
OC = 0.888 W
8 RTh
8.3.6 Determine the impedance ZL for maximum average power transfer and the value of the maximum
average power absorbed by the load in the network shown in Fig. P8.3.6.
2Ω
ZL
2Ω
4 0° A −j2 Ω + 6 0° V
−
FIGURE P8.3.6
Solution:
2
ZTh
−j2
¯
Z
Th = ( 2 + 2) ∥ − j2 = 0.8 − j1.6 Ω = RTh
+ j XTh
+ −
Voc
2
4 0° −j2 I2 + 6 0°
−
I¯ 2(4 − j2) + 4 /0° (2 − j2) = − 6 /0° ⇒ I
¯ 2 = 3.606 /176.8° A
¯
V ¯ 2(− j2) − 6 /0° − 4 /0° (− j2) = 6.45 /172.9° V
OC = − I
¯
L = ¯
Z *Th
Z = 0.8 + j1.6 Ω
V 2
p max = _____
OC = 6.50 W
8 RT h
c08SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 479 02-Feb-22 10:18:54 AM
480 C HA PTER 8 Steady-State Power Analysis
8.3.7 In the network in Fig. P8.3.7, find ZL for maximum average power transfer and the maximum
average power transferred.
ZL
2Ω 1Ω
2 0° A −j2 Ω + 6 0° V
−
FIGURE P8.3.7
Solution:
ZTh
2 1
−j2
¯
ZT h = ( 1 ∥ −j2)+ 2 = 2.8 − j0.4 Ω = RT h + j XT h
+ Voc −
2 1
2 0° −j2 I2 + 6 0°
−
¯I2 (1 − j2)+ 2 /0° (+ j2)= −6 /0° ⇒ ¯I
2 = 3.225 /−829° A
¯ = 2(2 /0° )+ 1(¯ I2 )= 5.441 /−36.0° V
VOC
¯
ZL = ¯
Z * = 2.8 + j0.4 Ω
Th
V 2
ax = _____
Pm OC = 1.322 W
8 RTh
8.3.8 Find the value of ZL in Fig. P8.3.8 for maximum average power transfer to the load.
8Ω
– 15 0° V
+
2Ω
4 0° A 4Ω ZL
−j4 Ω j4 Ω
2Ω
FIGURE P8.3.8
c08SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 480 02-Feb-22 10:18:56 AM
Solutions to Problems 481
Solution:
4 ZTh
−j4 j4
4 ZA ZTh
ZB ZC
− j4(j4)
Z A = _________
¯
= 8 + j0 Ω
2 − j4 + j4
− j4(2)
¯ B = _________
Z = 0 − j4 Ω
2 − j4 + j4
2(j4)
¯ C = _________
Z = 0 + j4 Ω
2 − j4 + j4
¯ Th = [ (¯
Z B + 4) ∥ (ZA + 2)] + ¯
Z Z
C + 8
= 11.396 + j2.113 Ω
¯ L = ¯
Z *T
Z h= 11.396 − j2.113 Ω
8.3.9 Find the value of ZL in the circuit in Fig. P8.3.9 for maximum average power transfer.
j4 Ω
2 45 ° A 17 Ω ZL
+ 2 Ix
Ix –
FIGURE P8.3.9
c08SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 481 02-Feb-22 10:18:57 AM
482 C HA PTER 8 Steady-State Power Analysis
Solution:
8.3.10 Determine the impedance ZL for maximum average power transfer and the value of the maximum
average power absorbed by the load in the network shown in Fig. P8.3.10.
+− +−
j4 Ω
12 0° V 2Ix
1Ω 2Ω −j1 Ω ZL
Ix
FIGURE P8.3.10
Solution:
V1 +− V2 +− Voc
j4
+
12 0° 2Ix
1 2 −j1 Voc
Ix −
¯
V
¯
− 2 I
_________ ¯
V
C
OC x = I ¯ x = ____
¯ x ⇒ I O
2 4
OC − 2(____
4 )
¯
V
C ¯
V
C
⇒¯ 2 = ¯
V V O = ____ O
2
− 12 /0°
_
V C
⇒¯ V 1 = ____ O
− 12 /0° ____
2
_ _
V
C
____ V
C _
O O V
O C
⇒ ___________
2 + ____ 2 + ____ = 0
1 + j)= 12 /0°
1 2 −j
_
(__ 1 + __
= 9.6 /− 53.13° V
⇒ V
OC
2 4
_
⇒ V OC
c08SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 482 02-Feb-22 10:18:58 AM
Solutions to Problems 483
V3 V3
−12 0° V3
2 +− 2 +−
j4
12 0° 2Ix
1 2 −j1 Isc
Ix
3(__ ) = 12 /0°
j
¯ 1 + __
1 + j − __
3 = 11.313 /− 45° V
V
2 4 4
⇒¯
V
3 = 2.828 /− 135° A
¯
V
¯I SC = ___
j4
¯
0.48 + j3.36 Ω
V
¯ Th = ____
Z ¯ OC = ____________
I
SC RTh
+ j XTh
¯ L = ¯
Z *T
Z h= 0.48 − j3.36 Ω
V 2
p max = _____
OC = 24 W
8 RTh
Section 8.4 Solutions
8.4.1 Find the rms value of the voltage defined by the expression
υ(t) = cos 2t + cos (2t + 120°) V
Solution:
cos A + cos B = 2 cos [__
1 (A + B)]cos [ __
1 (A − B)]
2 2
⇒ υ(t) = 2 cos [__
1 (4t + 120°)]cos [ __
1 (− 120°)]
2 2
os (−
= 2 cos (2t + 60°) c 60°)
__1
2
= cos (2t + 60°) V
1__
= ____
⇒ Vrms
2
√
= 0.7071 Vrms
8.4.2 Compute the rms value of the voltage given by the waveform shown in Fig. P8.4.2.
υ(t) ( )
t
FIGURE P8.4.2
c08SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 483 02-Feb-22 10:18:59 AM
484 C HA PTER 8 Steady-State Power Analysis
Solution:
8.4.3 Calculate the rms value of the waveform shown in Fig. P8.4.3.
υ(t) (V)
6
4
2
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 t (s)
FIGURE P8.4.3
Solution:
____________
T
= __
Vrms T √
1 υ 2 (t)dt
0
1
__
= ( 1 [2 2(2) + 4 2(2) + 6 2(2)])
__
2
8
1
__
= (14) 2
= 3.741 Vrms
8.4.4 Calculate the rms value of the periodic current waveform shown in Fig. P8.4.4.
i(t) (A)
3 3 11
2 5 7 8 10 t (s)
–3
FIGURE P8.4.4
Solution:
____________
√
T
Irms T1
= __ i 2 (t) dt
0
1
__
= ( 1 [36(2)+ 9(1)+ 9(2)])
__
2
8
___
99
___
= √
8
= 3.518 Arms
c08SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 484 02-Feb-22 10:19:00 AM
Solutions to Problems 485
8.4.5 Calculate the rms value of the waveform shown in Fig. P8.4.5.
i(t) (A)
1
0 1 2 3 4 5
t (s)
−2
FIGURE P8.4.5
Solution:
___________
T
1 i 2(t)dt
I rms = __
T 0 √
1
__
=( 1 [ (2t − 2) 2 dt + 1 2 dt])
1 2 2
__
3 0 1
1
__
=( 1 [ 4 t 2− 8t + 4 dt+ 1 dt])
1 2 2
__
3 0 1
1
__
=( 4 (1 3)− 4(1 2)+ 4(1)+ 1(1)])
1 [__
__
2
3 3
1
__
=( 7 )
__
2
9
= 0.882 A rms
8.4.6 Calculate the rms value of the waveform in Fig. P8.4.6.
i(t) (A)
0 2 3 4 6 7 t (s)
FIGURE P8.4.6
Solution:
____________
√
T
T1 i (t) dt
= __
Irms
0
1
__
= (__
1 [ 22 dt + (− 2t + 6)2 dt])
2 3 2
4 0 2
1
__
= (__
1 [ 4 dt + 4t 2− 24t + 36 dt ])
2 3 2
4 0 2
1
__
= (__
1 [4t + ( ) 2 ])
2 3 2
4 t 3− 12 t 2+ 36t
__
4 0 3
1
__
= (__ 4 ])
1 [8 + __
2
4 3
= 1.528 Arms
c08SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 485 02-Feb-22 10:19:01 AM
486 C HA PTER 8 Steady-State Power Analysis
8.4.7 Calculate the rms value of the waveform shown in Fig. P8.4.7.
i(t) (A)
10
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 t (s)
FIGURE P8.4.7
Solution:
____________
T
= __
Irms T 0√
1 i2 (t)dt
1
__
= (__
1 [2 ( 5t)2 dt + 102 dt])
2 4 2
8 0 2
1
__
= (__
1 [2 25t2 dt + 100 dt ])
2 4 2
8 0 2
1
__
= (__ 25 )t3 + 100[4 − 2]])
1 [2(___
2 2
8 3 0
1
__
= (__ 400 + 200])
1 [____
2
8 3
= 6.455 Arms
8.4.8 Find the average power delivered to a 10-Ω resistor if the current in it is given by the waveform
shown in Fig. P8.4.8.
i(t) (A)
2
1
0 2 4 6 t (s)
FIGURE P8.4.8
Solution:
____________
√
T
T1 i2 (t) dt
= __
Irms
0
1
__
= ( ])
6[ 0
2 4 6 2
1 t2 dt + 12 dt + 22 dt
__
2
4
1
__
= (__ 1 (2 3)+ 1(2)+ 4(2)])
1 [__
2
6 3
___
19
___
= √
9
= 1.453 Arms
p10 2 ( 10)= 21.11 W
Ω = Irms
c08SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 486 02-Feb-22 10:19:02 AM
Solutions to Problems 487
8.4.9 Find the average power absorbed by the network in Fig. P8.4.9a if the output of the current source
is shown in Fig. P8.4.9b.
i(t) (A)
4Ω
2
i(t) 8Ω 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 t (s)
(a) (b)
FIGURE P8.4.9
Solution:
____________
√
T
T1 i2 (t) dt
= __
Irms
0
1
__
= (__
1 [ 12 dt + t2 dt + 22+ 12 dt])
1 2 3 4 2
5 0 1
2 3
1
__
= ( 1 [1(1) + __
__ 1 (1 3)+ 4(1)+ 1(1)])
1 (2 3) − __
2
5 3 3
__
= √ 5
__
3
= 1.291 Arms
p = I r 2ms
( 4 + 8)= 20 W
8.4.10 The current waveform in Fig. P8.4.10 is flowing through a 10-Ω resistor. Find the average power
absorbed by the resistor.
i(t) (A)
4
2
0
2 4 6 8 t (s)
−2
−4
FIGURE P8.4.10
Solution:
____________
T
= __
Irms T 0√
1 i2 (t)dt
1
__
= ( 1 [ ( 2t)2 dt + (− 4)2 dt])
2 4 2
__
4 0 2
1
__
= ( 1 [ 4 t 2dt + 16 dt ])
2 4 2
__
4 0 2
1
__
= ( 4 (2 3) + 16[2]])
1 [__
__
2
4 3
1
__
= ( 32 )
___
2
3
= 3.266 Arms
p5Ω 2 ( 10)= 106.67 W
= Irms
c08SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 487 02-Feb-22 10:19:03 AM
488 C HA PTER 8 Steady-State Power Analysis
8.4.11 Compute the rms value of the waveform in Fig. P8.4.11.
υ(t) (V)
0 2 4 6 8 10 t (s)
−4
FIGURE P8.4.11
Solution:
1
__
= ( ])
6[ 0
2 4 2
1 ( −4)2 dt + (− 2t + 8)2 dt
__
Vrms
2
1
__
= ( 1 [ ( −4)2 dt + ( 2t)2 dt])
2 2 2
__
6 0 0
1
__
= (__
1 [16(2)+ ( 4 )( 2 3) ])
__
2
6 3
___
64
___
= √
9
= 2.667 Vrms
8.4.12 Find the rms value of the waveform shown in Fig. P8.4.12.
υ(t) (V)
t (s)
0 1 4 5 8
FIGURE P8.4.12
Solution:
____________
√
T
Vrms T1
= __ υ2 (t) dt
0
1
__
= ( 1 [ ( 3t)2 dt + (− t + 4)2 dt])
1 4 2
__
4 0 1
1
__
= (__
1 [ ( 3t)2 dt + ( t)2 dt])
1 3 2
4 0 0
1
__
= ( 1 (3 3)])
1 [3(1 3) + __
__
2
4 3
__
= √
3
= 1.732 Vrms
c08SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 488 02-Feb-22 10:19:04 AM
Solutions to Problems 489
8.4.13 Calculate the rms value of the waveform shown in Fig. P8.4.13.
υ(t) (V)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 t (s)
FIGURE P8.4.13
Solution:
____________
√
T
Vrms T1
= __ υ2 (t) dt
0
1
__
= (__
1 [2 ( 4t)2 dt])
1 2
4 0
1
__
( 4 [ ( 3 ) 0]) |
1 2
16 t 3
1 2 ___
= __
1
__
= (__
8 )
2
3
= 1.633 Vrms
8.4.14 Find the average power absorbed by the network in Fig. P8.4.14a if the output of the current
source is shown in Fig. P8.4.14b.
i(t) (A)
3Ω 6Ω
i(t)
18 Ω 2
9Ω
0 1 2 3 t (s)
FIGURE P8.4.14
Solution:
1
__
I rms = ( 1 [ ( 2t)2 dt + 22 dt])
1 2 2
__
2 0 1
1
__
=( 4 (1 3)+ 4(1)])
1 [__
__
2
2 3
__
=√ 8 = 1.633 A
__
3 rms
18 Ω
Re q = [ (9 ∥ 18)+ 3] ∥ 6 = ___
5
2 R
p = I rms 48 = 9.6 W
eq = ___
5
c08SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 489 02-Feb-22 10:19:05 AM
490 C HA PTER 8 Steady-State Power Analysis
Section 8.5 Solutions
8.5.1 A plant draws 200 A rms from a 240-V rms line to supply a load with 40 kW. What is the power
factor of the load?
Solution:
p p
pf = __
= ___ 40k
= _________
S VI (240)(200)
= 0.833
not enough information to determine whether leading or lagging
8.5.2 A plant consumes 100 kW of power at 0.9 pf lagging. If the load current is 200 A rms, find the load
voltage.
Solution:
p 100 K
S = __
= ______
= 111.11 kVA
pf 0.9
S = ____
VL = __
S = 555.56 Vrms
I 200
L = 555.56 /0° Vrms
If load voltage picked as reference,
_
V
8.5.3 An industrial load consumes 100 kW at 0.6 pf lagging. If an ammeter in the transmission line indi-
cates that the load current is 150 A rms, find the load voltage.
Solution:
p
__
pf
S = ___
V = __ 100k
= _________
I I ( 0.6)( 150)
= 1111.11 Vrms
P8.5.4 The industrial load in Fig. P8.5.4 is known to be inductive and consumes 100 kW. The ammeter
reading is 250 A rms, and the voltmeter reading is 410 V rms. Determine the power factor of the load.
Zline Ammeter
Power Industrial
+ supply Voltmeter
− load
voltage
FIGURE P8.5.4
Solution:
p p 100k = 0.9756
pf = __
= ___
= _________
S VI (410)(250)
inductive ⇒ θi < θv ⇒ lagging
pf = 0.976 lagging
c08SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 490 02-Feb-22 10:19:06 AM
Solutions to Problems 491
8.5.5 The industrial load in Fig. P8.5.4 consumes 100 kW at 0.88 pf lagging. The ammeter reads 250 A rms.
Determine the voltmeter reading.
Solution:
__p
S pf _______
V = = = 100k
__ ___
I I .88(250)
= 454.54 V rms
8.5.6 An industrial load that consumes 40 kW is supplied by the power company, through a transmission
line with 0.1-Ω resistance, with 44 kW. If the voltage at the load is 240 V rms, find the power factor at
the load.
Solution:
p line = p S − p L= 44k − 40k = 4 kW
____ ____
p
I = ____ 4k = 200 Arms
___
line = √ √
Rl ine 0.1
p p L
pf L = ___
L = ____ 40k
= ________
SL VL I 240(200)
= 0.833
not enough information to determine leading or lagging
/ V rms. The real
8.5.7 An industrial load operates at 30 kW, 0.8 pf lagging. The load voltage is 240 0°
and reactive power losses in the transmission-line feeder are 1.8 kW and 2.4 kvar, respectively. Find the
impedance of the transmission line and the input voltage to the line.
Solution:
___p
L
pf L _______
SL ___
I = = = 30k
___ = 156.25 Arms
VL VL 0.8(240)
θ υ L − θ i = cos −1 ( pf)= +cos ( 0.8)= +36.87°
↑
lagging
θ υ L = 0° ⇒ θ i = − 36.87°
_
_ S 1.8k + j2.4k
____________
Z l ine = ____ line = = 0.0737 + j0.0983 Ω
L = ( 0.0737 + j0.0983)( 156.25 /− 36.87° ) + 240 /0°
I 2 156. 25 2
_ _ _ _
= 258.49 /1.19° V rms
l ine(I )+ V
V S = Z
is inductive, and the load voltage is 220 /0° V rms at 50 Hz. If the load requires 10 kW and the real power
8.5.8 A transmission line with impedance of 0.10 + j0.30 Ω is used to deliver power to a load. The load
loss in the line is 500 W, determine the power factor angle of the load.
Solution:
_
Z l ine= 0.10 + j0.30 Ω = Rl ine + j Xl ine
____ ____
p line
I = ____
√ 500 = 70.71 Arms
= ____
Rl ine √ 0.10
p p L
pf L = ___
L = ____ 10k = 0.643
= _________
SL VL I 220(70.71)
inductive ⇒ θi < θʋ ⇒ lagging
pf = 0.643 lagging
θ ʋ − θi = cos −1 ( pf)= +49.98°
↑
b/c “lagging”
c08SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 491 02-Feb-22 10:19:06 AM
492 C HA PTER 8 Steady-State Power Analysis
8.5.9 The power company supplies 40 kW to an industrial load. The load draws 200 A rms from the
transmission line. If the load voltage is 240 V rms and the load power factor is 0.8 lagging, find the losses
in the transmission line.
Solution:
p S = 40 kW
pL = pf L(SL ) = pf L(VL )( I)= 0.8(240)(200)
= 38.4 kW
pl ine = pS − pL = 1.6 kW
8.5.10 The power company must generate 100 kW to supply an industrial load with 94 kW through a
transmission line with 0.09-Ω resistance. If the load power factor is 0.83 lagging, find the load voltage.
Solution:
P line = PS − PL = 100k − 94k = 6 kW
____ ____
P
√
I = ____
Rl ine
6k = 258.2 A rms
____
line = √
0.09
P P 94k
SL = ___
L ⇒ VL = _____
L = __________
pf L I(pf L) 258.2(0.83)
= 438.63 V rms
¯L = 438.63 /0° V rms
If load voltage picked as reference,
V
Section 8.6 Solutions
8.6.1 Determine the real power, the reactive power, the complex power, and the power factor for a load
(a) I = 2 /40° A rms, V = 450 /70° V rms.
having the following characteristics.
(b) I = 1.5 /–20° A rms, Z = 5000 /15° Ω.
(c) V = 200 /+35° V rms, Z = 1500 /–15° Ω.
Solution:
(a) S = ( 450 /70° ) (2 /40° ) *
_
= 900 /30° VA
= 779.4 + j450 VA
⇒ p = 779.4 W
Q = 450 var
pf = cos ( + 30°) = 0.866 lagging
(b) S = 1. 5 2(5000 /15° )
_
/ kVA
= 11.25 15°
= 10.867 + j2.912 kVA
⇒ p = 10.867 kW
Q = 2.912 kvar
pf = cos ( + 15°) = 0.966 lagging
c08SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 492 02-Feb-22 10:19:06 AM
Solutions to Problems 493
200 /35° = 0.1333 /50° Arms
1500 /− 15°
_
(c) I = ___________
S = I 2( 1500 /− 15° )
_
= 26.667 /− 15° VA
= 25.758 − j6.902 VA
⇒ p = 25.758 W
Q = − 6.902 var
pf = cos ( − 15°) = 0.966 leading
8.6.2 Find the real and reactive power absorbed by each element in the circuit in Fig. P8.6.2.
4Ω −j5 Ω
240 0° V rms + + 220 −30° V rms
− −
FIGURE P8.6.2
Solution:
4Ω −j5 Ω
I
240 0° V rms + V1 V2 + 220 −30° V rms
− −
240 /0° − 220 /− 30°
¯I= _________________
= 18.84 /117.12° Arms
4 − j5
Q4Ω
= 0 var
p 4Ω = I 2( 4)= 1.419 kW
p −j5Ω = 0 W
Q− j5Ω = I 2( − 5)= − 1.774 kvar
_
S υ 2 = ¯
V 2 ¯I *= ( − 3.48 − j2.249)kVA = p
υ 2 + j Qυ 2
_
¯ ( ¯) *
S υ 1 = V 1 − I = ( 2.061 + j4.023)kVA = p υ 1 + j Qυ 1
8.6.3 In the circuit in Fig. P8.6.3, the complex power supplied by source S1 is 1000 /–30° VA. If
V1 = 200 /10° V rms. find V2.
6Ω j12 Ω
+ V1 + V2
− −
FIGURE P8.6.3
c08SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 493 02-Feb-22 10:19:07 AM
494 C HA PTER 8 Steady-State Power Analysis
Solution:
I
6Ω j12 Ω
200 10° V rms + + V2
− −
1000 /− 30°
= 5 /40° Arms
200 /10° )
¯I= (
*
___________
V 2 = 200 /10° − ¯ I( 6 + j12)
= 214.7 /− 8.16° V rms
¯
8.6.4 Use Kirchhoff’s laws to compute the source voltage of the network shown in Fig. P8.6.4.
0.1 Ω j0.20 Ω +
20 kW 30 kW
VS + 0.85 pf 220 0° V rms 0.78 pf
−
lagging lagging
−
FIGURE P8.6.4
220 /
0° − cos −1 (.85) = 106.95 /− 31.8° Arms
Solution:
_ 20k/0.85
I 1 = ________
220 /
0° − cos −1 (.78) = 174.82 /− 38.7° Arms
_ 30k/0.78
I 2 = ________
I l ine = I 1 + I 2 = 281.2 /− 36.1° Arms
_ _ _
V S = I l ine(0.1 + j 0.20) + 220 /0° = 277.3 /5.98° V rms
_
¯
8.6.5 Given the network in Fig. P8.6.5, determine the input voltage VS.
0.1 Ω j0.3 Ω +
36 kW 48 kW
VS + 0.82 pf 0.88 pf 240 0° V rms
−
lagging lagging
−
FIGURE P8.6.5
240 /
0° − cos −1 (.82) = 182.9 /− 34.9° Arms
Solution:
_ 36k/0.82
I 1 = ________
240 /
0° − cos −1 (.88) = 227.3 /− 28.4° Arms
_ 48k/0.88
I 2 = ________
= I 1 + I 2 = 409.5 /− 31.3° Arms
_ _ _
( 0.1 + j0.3) + 240 /0° = 349.0 /13.9° V rms
I line
_
¯
V s = I line
8.6.6 Given the network in Fig. P8.6.6, determine the input voltage VS.
0.09 Ω j0.2 Ω +
30 kVA 40 kW
VS + 0.9 pf 0.795 pf 240 0° V rms
−
lagging lagging
−
FIGURE P8.6.6
c08SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 494 02-Feb-22 10:19:09 AM
Solutions to Problems 495
Solution:
30k /0° − cos −1 (0.9) = 125 /− 25.84° Arms
_
I 1 = ____
240 /
0° − cos −1 (.795) = 209.64 /− 37.34° Arms
240
_ 40k/0.795
I 2 = _________
= I 1 + I 2 = 333.1 /− 33.1° Arms
_ _ _
(0.09 + j0.2) + 240 /0° = 304.06 /7.45° V rms
I line
_
¯
V S = I line
8.6.7 Given the circuit in Fig. P8.6.7, find the power factor at the source and υs(t) if f = 60 Hz.
0.2 Ω j0.4 Ω
+ 12 kW 10 kW
VS 240 0° Vrms
− unity pf 0.8 lead
FIGURE P8.6.7
Solution:
0.2 Ω j0.4 Ω I
+ 12 kW 10 kW
VS 240 0° V rms
− unity pf 0.8 lead
−
I1 I2
12k/1
I1 = _____
= 50 Arms, θ i1 = 0° − cos −1 ( 1)= 0°
240
10k/0.8
I2 = _______
1 + ¯ I 2 = 96.847 /18.82° Arms
= 52.083 Arms, θ i2 = 0° + cos −1 ( .8)= 36.87°
240
V S = ¯ I( 0.2 + j0.4 Ω) + 240 /0° = 249.55 /9.9° V rms
¯ I = ¯I
¯
__
S √2 cos(ωt + θ υs)= 352.9 cos ( 377t + 9.9°) V
υ s (t) = V
pf s= cos ( θ υ s − θ i)= cos ( − 8.92°) = 0.988 leading
8.6.8 Given the circuit in Fig. P8.6.8, find the complex power supplied by the source and the source
power factor. If f = 60 Hz, find υs(t).
0.1 Ω j0.2 Ω
+
30 kW 20 kVA 10 kW
+ VS 0.8 0.9 0.8 480 0° V rms
−
leading lagging lagging
−
FIGURE P8.6.8
Solution:
480 /
0° + cos −1 (.8) = 78.13 /36.87° Arms
_ 30k/0.8
I 1 = _______
20k /0° − cos −1 (.9) = 41.67 /− 25.84° Arms
_
I 2 = ____
480
480 /
0° − cos −1 (.8) = 26.04 /− 36.87° Arms
_ 10k/0.8
I 3 = _______
c08SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 495 02-Feb-22 10:19:10 AM
496 C HA PTER 8 Steady-State Power Analysis
I line = I 1 + I 2 + I 3 = 121.54 /6.18° Arms
_ _ _ _
( 0.1 + j0.2) + 480 /0° = 490.13 /2.98° V rms
_ _
= 59.57 /− 3.2° kVA
V S = I line
_ _ _*
S S = V S I line
pf S= cos ( − 3.2°) = 0.9984 leading
__
υ s (t) = V S √ 2 cos(ωt + θ υ s)= 693.15 cos ( 377t + 2.98°) V
8.6.9 Find the complex power supplied by the source, the power factor of the source, and υs(t) if
f = 60 Hz in Fig. P8.6.9.
0.15 Ω j0.3 Ω
+
40 kW 40 kVA
+ VS 0.84 0.9 480 0° V rms
−
lagging leading
−
FIGURE P8.6.9
Solution:
0.84 /0° −cos (.84) = 99.2 /−32.6° A rms
40 k
____
I ¯1 = ____
40 k /0° + cos (.9) = 83.33 /25.84° A rms
480
I¯2 = ____
¯2 = 159.3 /−6.31° A rms
480
¯l ine(0.15 + j0.3)+ 480 /0° = 511 /5.04° V rms
I¯l ine = I
¯1 + I
= 81.40 /11.35° kVA
¯S = I
V
S¯V S = V
¯S I ¯l *ine
pf S= cos ( + 11.35°)= 0.9804 lagging
__
υ S( t) = VS √ 2 cos(ωt + θ υ s)= 722.7 cos ( 377t + 5.04°) V
8.6.10 Given the network in Fig. P8.6.10, compute the input source voltage and the input power factor.
0.08 Ω j0.2 Ω 0.01 Ω j0.05 Ω +
60 kW 20 kW
VS + 0.86 pf 0.8 pf 220 0° V rms
−
lagging lagging
−
FIGURE P8.6.10
Solution:
220 /
0° − cos −1 (.8) = 113.64 /− 36.87° Arms
_ 20k/0.8
I 2 = _______
1 = I 2 (0.01 + j0.05) + 220 /0° = 224.35 /0.99° V rms
_ _
V
θ − cos −1 (.86) = 310.97 /− 29.7° Arms
V1 / υ 1
_ 60k/0.86
I 1 = ________
I line = I 1 + I 2 = 423.96 /− 31.62° Arms
_ _ _
1 = 303.3 /11.1° V rms
_ _ _
V ( 0.08 + j0.2) + V
S = I line
pf S= cos ( θ υ s − θ Iline
) = cos ( 42.72°) = 0.735 lagging
c08SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 496 02-Feb-22 10:19:11 AM
Solutions to Problems 497
/ V rms at 60 Hz. If the load requires 10 kW and the real power
8.6.11 A transmission line with impedance 0.08 + j0.4 Ω is used to deliver power to a load. The load is
capacitive and the load voltage is 240 0°
loss in the line is 600 W, determine the input voltage to the line.
Solution:
____ ____
p
I = ____ √ 600 = 86.60 Arms
line = _____
Rl ine √0.08
p
pf L = _____ 10k = 0.481
L = _________
VL ( I) 240(86.60)
“capactive” ⇒ θi > θυ L ⇒ leading
θυ L − θi = cos −1 ( pf L) = − cos −1 ( 0.481)= − 61.24°
θυ L = 0° ⇒ θi = + 61.24°
_ _ _
= ( 86.60/ 61.24° )(0.08 + j 0.4) + 240 /0°
S = I (0.08 + j0.4) + V
V L
= 214.14 /6.09° V rms
8.6.12 Two industrial loads are supplied by a source through a transmission line with an impedance of
ZL = 0.08 + j0.4 Ω.
Load 1: 40 kW at 0.82 pf lagging
If the voltage at the loads is 240 /0° V rms, determine the power factor of the source.
Load 2: 60 kW at 0.92 pf lagging
Solution:
240 /
0° − cos −1 (.82) = 203.25 /− 34.9° Arms
_ 40k/0.82
I 1 = ________
240 /
0° − cos −1 (.92) = 271.73 /− 23.1° Arms
_ 60k/0.92
I 2 = ________
I line = I 1 + I 2 = 472.51 /− 28.14° Arms
_ _ _
S = I l ine(0.08 + j0.4) + 240 /0° = 391.8 /22.32° V rms
_ _
V
pf = cos (θ υ s − θ Il ine) = cos ( + 50.46) = 0.636 lagging
Determine the complex power absorbed by the load if VS = 240 /0° V rms.
8.6.13 Given the diagram in Fig. P8.6.13, the source supplies 12 kW at a power factor of 0.8 lagging.
0.5 Ω j1 Ω
+
Source VS Load
−
FIGURE P8.6.13
Solution:
I 0.5 Ω j1 Ω
+ +
VS VL
− −
12k/0.8
I = _______
= 62.5 Arms
240
V S − ¯ I( 0.5 + j1) = 180.2 /− 9.98° V rms
θ i = 0° − cos −1 ( 0.8)= − 36.87°
S L = V L ¯I * = 11.264 /26.89° kVA
¯
V L = ¯
_
¯
c08SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 497 02-Feb-22 10:19:12 AM
498 C HA PTER 8 Steady-State Power Analysis
Section 8.7 Solutions
8.7.1 The 50-Hz line voltage for a 50-kW, 0.86-pf lagging industrial load is 240 /0° V rms. Find the value
of capacitance that when placed in parallel with the load will raise the power factor to 0.9 lagging.
Solution:
θo ld = cos −1 ( 0.86)= 30.683
Qo ld= 50k tan ( θold
)= 29.66 kvar
θn ew = cos −1 ( 0.9)= 25.84°
Qn ew= 50k tan ( θnew
)= 24.21 kvar
QC = Qold
− Qnew
= 5.45 kvar
QC
C = ________
= 0.3011 mF
2πf ( 240 2)
8.7.2 A plant consumes 30 kW at a power factor of 0.50 lagging from a 240-V rms 60-Hz line. Determine
the value of the capacitor that when placed in parallel with the load will change the load power factor to
0.9 lagging.
Solution:
c08SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 498 02-Feb-22 10:19:12 AM
Solutions to Problems 499
8.7.3 A particular load has a pf of 0.6 lagging. The power delivered to the load is 40 kW from a
220-V rms 50-Hz line. What value of capacitance placed in parallel with the load will raise the pf to
0.8 lagging?
Solution:
θo ld = cos −1 ( 0.6)= 53.13°
Qo ld= 40k tan ( θold
)= 53.33 kvar
θn ew = cos −1 ( 0.8)= 36.86°
Qn ew= 40k tan ( θnew
)= 30 kvar
QC = Qold
− Qnew = 23.33 kvar
QC
________
C = = 1.534 mF
2πf (220 2)
8.7.4 A particular load has a pf of 0.8 lagging. The power delivered to the load is 40 kW from a 220-V rms
60‑Hz line. What value of capacitance placed in parallel with the load will raise the pf to 0.9 lagging?
Solution:
c08SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 499 02-Feb-22 10:19:13 AM
500 C HA PTER 8 Steady-State Power Analysis
is 220 /0° V rms. Find the value of the capacitor that when placed in parallel with the load will raise the
8.7.5 An industrial load has the following characteristics: 100 kW at 0.70 pf lagging and the line voltage
power factor to 0.92 lagging.
Solution:
= cos −1 ( .7)= 45.57°
θold
Qo ld= 100k tan ( θold
)= 102.02 kvar
θn ew = cos −1 ( .92)= 23.07°
Qn ew= 100k tan ( θnew
)= 42.6 kvar
QC = Qold
− Qnew
= 59.42 kvar
QC
C = ________
= 3.26 mF
2πf ( 220 2)
is 480 /0° V rms. Find the value of the capacitor that when placed in parallel with the load will raise the
8.7.6 An industrial load has the following characteristics: 100 kW at 0.707 pf lagging and the line voltage
power factor to 0.92 lagging.
Solution:
= cos −1 ( 0.707)= 45.01°
θold
Qo ld= 100k tan ( θo ld)= 100.03 kvar
θn ew = cos −1 ( 0.92)= 23.07°
Qn ew= 100k tan ( θn ew)= 42.6 kvar
QC = Qo ld − Qn ew= 57.43 kvar
QC
C = ________
= 661.2 μF
2πf ( 480 2)
is 480 /0° V rms. Find the value of the capacitor that when placed in parallel with the load will raise the
8.7.7 An industrial load has the following characteristics: 300 kW at 0.70 pf lagging and the line voltage
power factor to 0.92 lagging.
Solution:
= cos −1 ( 0.7)= 45.57°
θold
Qo ld= 300k tan ( θo ld)= 306.1 kvar
θn ew = cos −1 ( 0.92)= 23.07°
Qn ew= 300k tan ( θn ew)= 127.8 kvar
QC = Qo ld − Qn ew= 178.26 kvar
QC
C = ________
= 2.052 mF
2πf ( 480 2)
/ V rms. The load consumes 124 kW at 0.75 pf lagging. What
8.7.8 An industrial load is supplied through a transmission line that has a line impedance of 0.1 + j0.2 Ω.
The 60-Hz line voltage at the load is 480 0°
value of capacitance when placed in parallel with the load will change the power factor to 0.9 lagging?
Solution:
= cos −1 ( 0.75)= 41.41°
θold
Qo ld= 124k tan ( θold
)= 109.36 kvar
θn ew = cos −1 ( 0.9)= 25.84°
Qn ew= 124k tan ( θnew
)= 60.06 kvar
QC = Qold
− Qnew
= 49.3 kvar
QC
C = ________
= 567.6 μF
2πf ( 480 2)
c08SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 500 02-Feb-22 10:19:13 AM
Solutions to Problems 501
8.7.9 A 5-kW load operates at 50 Hz, 220-V rms and has a power factor of 0.866 lagging. We wish to create
a power factor of at least 0.975 lagging using a single capacitor. What is the smallest value of capacitance
that would meet the requirement?
Solution:
θo ld = cos −1 ( 0.866)= 30.0°
Qo ld= 5k tan ( θold
)= 2.89 kvar
θn ew ≤ cos −1 ( 0.975)= 12.84°
Qn ew ≤ 5k tan ( θnew
)= 1.14 kvar
QC ≥ Qold
− Qnew
= 1.748 kvar
QC
C ≥ ________
= 114.96 μF
2πf ( 220 2)
8.7.10 An industrial load consumes 44 kW at 0.82 pf lagging from a 240 /0° V rms 50-Hz line. A bank of
capacitors totaling 500 μF is available. If these capacitors are placed in parallel with the load, what is the
new power factor of the total load?
Solution:
θ old = cos −1 ( 0.82)= 34.92°
Qo ld= 44k tan ( θ old)= 30.712 kvar
QC = 2πf ( 2402)(500 μ)= 9.047 kvar
Qn ew = Qo ld − QC = 21.665 kvar
θ new = tan −1(_____
new )= 21.22°
Q
44k
pf new= cos ( θ new) = 0.8971 lagging
Section 8.8 Solutions
8.8.1 A single-phase three-wire 50-Hz circuit serves three loads, as shown in Fig. P8.8.1. Determine IaA,
InN, Ic, and the energy use over a 24-hour period in kilowatt-hours.
IaA A Ic
a
120 0° V rms + 150 W
−
InN 0.5 kVA
n N pf = 0.9
lagging
120 0° V rms + 150 W
−
FIGURE P8.8.1
120 + 120 / /
Solution:
_ 0.5k 0° − cos −1 (.9) = 2.08 − 25.84° A
I c = _________
= 1.25 /0° Arms
rms
120 /0° )
_ _
= (
150 + j0 *
I AN = I NB ________
_ _ _
+ I c = 3.25 /− 16.19° Arms
I nN = I AN − I NB
= 0 A
_ _ _
I aA = I AN
pt otal= 150 + 150 + 0.5k(0.9)= 0.75 kW
W = pt otal × t = 0.75(24)= 18 kW-hrs.
c08SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 501 02-Feb-22 10:19:14 AM
502 C HA PTER 8 Steady-State Power Analysis
Section 8.9 Solutions
8.9.1 A 5.1-kW household range is designed to operate on a 240-V rms sinusoidal voltage, as shown in
Fig. P8.9.1a. However, the electrician has mistakenly connected the range to 120 V rms, as shown
in Fig. P8.9.1b. What is the effect of this error?
a A
120 0° V rms +
−
Range
5100 W
120 0° V rms +
−
b B
(a)
a A
120 0° V rms + Range
−
n N
(b)
FIGURE P8.9.1
Solution:
If the range acts as a constant power load, connecting to a voltage source half the intended valve will
cause the range to draw double the current. ( p = VI cos (θ υ − θ z))
If the range acts as a constant resistance, halving the voltage will cut the power draw by a quarter.
( R )
( V/2) 2
______
p =
8.9.2 A number of 120-V rms household fixtures arc to be used to provide lighting for a large room. The
total lighting load is 8 kW. The National Electric code requires that no circuit breaker be larger than
20 A rms with a 25% safety margin. Determine the number of identical branch circuits needed for this
requirement.
Solution:
Max current allowed per breaker:
I max = 20(1 − 0.25)= 15 A
Total load current (it is reasonable to assume unity pf):
8k = 66.67 A
p = ____
I total = __
V 120
It otal
# branches = ____ = 4.44
Im ax
⇒ Use 5 branches
c08SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 502 02-Feb-22 10:19:14 AM
Solutions to Problems 503
8.9.3 To test a light socket, a woman, while standing on cushions that insulate her from the ground, sticks
her finger into the socket, as shown in Fig. P8.9.3. The tip of her finger makes contact with one side of the
line, and the side of her finger makes contact with the other side of the line. Assuming that any portion of
a limb has a resistance of 65 Ω, is there any current in the body? Assume |Vsource| = 120 V. Find the current
flowing through the fingertip.
FIGURE P8.9.3
Solution:
8.9.4 An inexperienced mechanic is installing a 12-V batter in a car. The negative terminal has been
connected. He is currently tightening the bolts on the positive terminal. With a tight grip on the wrench,
he turns it so that the gold ring on his finger makes contact with the frame of the car. This situation is
modeled in Fig. P8.9.4, where we assume that the resistance of the wrench is negligible and the resistance
of the contact is as follows:
R1 = Rb olt to wrench= 0.012 Ω
R2 = Rw
rench to ring= 0.012 Ω
R3 = Rr ing= 0.012 Ω
R4 = Rr ing to frame= 0.012 Ω
What power is quickly dissipated in the gold ring, and what is the impact of this power dissipation?
R1 R2
+ 12 V R3
−
R4
FIGURE P8.9.4
c08SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 503 02-Feb-22 10:19:15 AM
504 C HA PTER 8 Steady-State Power Analysis
Solution:
12 = 250 A
I = _______
4(0.012)
= I 2(0.012)= 750 W
p ring = pR3
This power is dissipated as thermal energy. The mechanic will be burned.
8.9.5 A man and his son are flying a kite. The kite becomes entangled in a 6300-V rms power line close
to a power pole. The man crawls up the pole to remove the kite. While trying to remove the kite, the man
accidentally touches the 6300-V rms line. Assuming that the power pole is well grounded, what is the
potential current through the man’s body? Assume the body (except for the hands) is isolated with
clothes. Find the current (a) for dry skin and (b) for wet skin. Assume Rskin = 15 kΩ, Rarm = 100 Ω for dry
skin and Rskin = 150 Ω, Rarm = 100 Ω for wet skin.
Solution:
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. or the author, All rights reserved. Instructors who are authorized users of this
course are permitted to download these materials and use them in connection with the course. Except
as permitted herein or by law, no part of these materials should be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording
or otherwise.
c08SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 504 02-Feb-22 10:19:15 AM
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