Chapter 3

Strength Analysis of Beams

1
 Acknowledgement
This Powerpoint presentation was
prepared by Dr. Terry Weigel,
University of Louisville. This work
and other contributions to the text
by Dr. Weigel are gratefully
acknowledged.

2
Design Methods

1900 until 1960s – Working Stress Method or

Allowable Stress Method – uses working or
service loads
1963 use of USD becomes more common
USD (strength design) – more rational than
WSD; provides more realistic estimate of
safety; produces more economical designs

SD uses factored loads

3
Use of WSD

Design of fluid filled structures

Calculation of deflection

Design of prestressed concrete

WSD – uses same FS for all loads; does not

account for variations in resistances

4
Advantages of SD

Accounts for non-linear relationship between

stress and strain
Consistent design methodology for all
members
More realistic assessment of FS
More uniform FS against collapse throughout
the structure
More economy than WSD
5
Loads and Resistance

Loads are multiplied by load factors

Nominal resistances are multiplied by

strength reduction factors (f factors)

6
 Derivation of Beam Expression

Strains vary linearly with distance from the neutral axis

Stresses vary approximately linearly

with distance from the NA, up to a
stress level equal to about one-half
the concrete compressive strength
For stresses higher than one-half the
concrete compressive strength,
stress varies non-linearly with strain

7
Derivation of Beam Expression

8
 Whitney Stress Block
Whitney’s Stress distribution block
Replace non-linear variation of stress with the Whitney
stress block

9
 Whitney Stress Block

b1 values are given in ACI Code Section 22.2.2.4.3

f c'  4, 000 psi, b1  0.85
 f c  4000
'

f c  4, 000 psi, b1  0.85  
'
 0.05≥0.65
0.65
 1000 

10
 Derivation of Beam Expression

Design flexural strength is given by fMn

For singly reinforced rectangular beams,
Mu  fMn
C=T
0.85 f c ab  As f y
'

As f y  f yd
a '

0.85 f b
c 0.85 f c'
As
  reinforcement ratio 
bd
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 Derivation of Beam Expression

0.85 f c' ab  As f y
 a  a
M n  T  d    As f y  d  
 2  2
 a
Mu= f M n  f As f y  d   
 2
  fy 
f bd f y   1 
2
' 
Mu
 1.7 f c  Rn 
f bd 2
See text Tables A.8 0.85 f c'  2 Rn 
to A.13 – Appendix A  reqd   1  1  
fy  0.85 f c' 
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13
Flexural Strain
Except for deep members, strain in concrete
and reinforcing steel vary linearly with
distance from the NA
According to ACI Section 22.2.2.1, the
maximum useable compressive strain in the
concrete is 0.003
According to ACI Section 21.2.2.1, the strain in
Grade 60 reinforcement is approximated as
0.002 at the balanced condition
fy 60 ksi
  0.00207
Es 29, 000 ksi 14
 Flexural Strain
0.85 f c' ab  As f y cu
As f y
a '
 b1c
0.85 f b c
c
a d
c
b1 d-c
t d  c

 cu c
t
d c
t    (0.003) Strain diagram
 c 
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Section Types Based on Ductility
Balanced section – a section that has a steel
ratio such that the steel reaches yield
strain (fy/Es) when the concrete attains
strain equal to 0.003
The steel ratio in a balanced section is called
the balanced steel ratio, b
Concrete members with a steel ratio less than
b fail in a ductile manner (i.e. steel yields
before concrete crushes)
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Section Types Based on Ductility

Concrete members with a steel ratio 

greater than the balanced steel ratio fail
in a brittle manner

Ductile members are also called tension

controlled

Brittle members are also called compression

controlled

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Ductile Members
According to ACI Section 21.2.2, members
whose steel tensile strain is greater than
0.005 when the concrete strain reaches
0.003 are called tension-controlled –
considered to be fully ductile

Steel yields before concrete crushes

Deflections are large and there is warning

of failure
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 Brittle Members
According to ACI Section 21.2.2, members whose
steel tensile strain is less than yt when the
concrete strain reaches 0.003 are called
compression-controlled – considered to be brittle

For Grade 60 steel, yt =fy/Es can be approximated as

0.002
Concrete crushes before steel yields
Deflections are small and there is little warning of
failure
19
Transition Region
Members with steel strains between yt and
0.005 are in a transition region

For Grade 60 steel, yt can be approximated

as 0.002

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Strength Reduction Factors (f)
Strength reduction factors (f) account for
uncertainties in material strength,
inaccuracies in design equations,
approximations in analysis, variations in
dimensions and variations in placement of
reinforcement

ACI Code Section 21.2.1 lists f factors

21
Strength Reduction Factors (f)
Tension controlled beams and slabs – f = 0.90

Shear and torsion in beams – f = 0.75

Columns – f = 0.75 or 0.65

Bearing on concrete – f = 0.65

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 Variation of f with Tensile Strain
f

0.90
( t   yt )
  0.75  0.15
(0.005   yt )
Spiral
0.75
( t   yt )
  0.65  0.25
(0.005   yt )
0.65
Lower bound on t for
Other
members with factored axial
compressive load < 0.10f’cAg

Compression controlled Tension controlled

Transition

c
t = yt
t = 0.004
t = 0.005  0.375  ductile
d
c
Grade 60 reinforcement  0.600  brittle
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d
Strength Reduction Factors (f)

Flexural members and Lightly loaded columns

- axial load less than 0.10 f c' Ag
may be used only when t is no less than
0.004 – ACI Section 7.3.3.1

If axial load is greater than this limit, t has

no limits, but f is reduced
Flexural members in the transition region are
not economical
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 Transition Region
General case (i.e. for fy =60 ksi), Text Fig. 3.5
f  0.75    t   yt 
0.15
spirally reinforced members
 0.005   
yt

f  0.65    t   yt 
0.25
non-spirally reinforced members
 0.005   
yt

Grade 60 steel – alternative to text Figure 3.5

 1 5
f  0.75  0.15    spirally reinforced members
 c dt 3 
 1 5
f  0.65  0.25    non-spirally reinforced members
 c dt 3 
25
Minimum Steel Percentage

Lightly reinforced members – ACI Section

9.6.1.2 '
3 fc 200bw d
As ,min  bw d 
fy fy
bw  width of web
3 f c' 200
 min  
fy fy
Read ACI Section 9.6.1.3 and 9.6.2.2
regarding Exemptions to above equation
26
Balanced Conditions

27
 Balanced Steel Percentage

c 0.003 0.003
 
d 0.003  f y E s 0.003  f y ( psi ) 29  10 6
c 87, 000
 d
d 87, 000  f y ( psi )
As f y  f yd
a '

0.85 f b c 0.85 f c'
a  f yd
c 
b1 0.85 b1 f c'
 0.85 b1 f c'   87, 000 
b     

 f y   87, 000  f y 
28
29
 Corresponding to t = 0.005

c 0.003 3
 
d 0.003  0.005 8
As f y  f yd
a 
0.85 f c b 0.85 f c'
'

a  f yd
c 
t = 0.005 b1 0.85 b1 f c'
 0.85 b1 f c'   3 
 0.005    

 fy  8 

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Calculation of  corresponding to
t = 0.005
f’c = 4000 psi
fy = 60,000 psi

 0.85 b1 f c'   3   (0.85)(0.85)(4)   3 

 0.005        
 f  8   60  8 
 y 
 0.01806

Observe the same value in Table A.7

31
 Corresponding to t = 0.005

32
Example 3.1

Determine the values of a, c and t if the

steel yield stress is 60,000 psi and the
concrete strength is 3,000 psi

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Example 3.1
 60 ksi   3 in 2 
As f y
a   5.04 in
0.85 f c b 0.85  3 ksi 14 in 
'

b1  0.85 (3,000 psi concrete)

a5.04 in
c   5.93 in
b1 0.85
d c
t   0.003 in in  
c
21.0 in  5.93 in
 0.003 in in   0.00762
5.93 in
Since t > 0.005, f = 0.90 and section is ductile
34
Example 3.2

Determine the ACI design flexural strength

for the beam if the steel yield stress is
60,000 psi and the concrete strength is
4,000 psi

35
Example 3.2

(a) Check steel percentage


As

 
4 in 2

 0.01111
bd 15 in  24 in 
   min  0.0033 (Text Appendix Table A.7)
   max  0.0181 (Text Appendix Table A.7)

36
 Example 3.2

(b) Compute strain diagram parameters

As f y  60 ksi   4 in 2 
a   4.71 in
0.85 f c b 0.85  4 ksi 15 in 
'

b1  0.85 (4,000 psi concrete)

a 4.71 in
c   5.54 in
b1 0.85
d c
t   0.003 in in  
c
24.0 in  5.54 in
 0.003 in in   0.0100
5.54 in
0.0100  0.005  tension controls and f =0 .9 37
Example 3.2

(b) Compute the design strength

 a
M n  As f y  d   
 2
 4.71 in 
 4 in   60 ksi   24.0 in  2   5194.8 k-in  432.9 k-ft
2

 
f M n  0.9  432.9 k-ft   389.6 k-ft

38
Example 3.3

Determine the ACI design flexural strength

for the beam if the steel yield stress is
60,000 psi and the concrete strength is
4,000 psi

39
Example 3.3

(a) Check steel percentage


As

 4.68 in 2

 0.0260
bd 15 in 12 in 
   min  0.0033 (Text Appendix Table A.7)
   max  0.0181 (Text Appendix Table A.7)
  t less than 0.005

40
Example 3.3

(b) Compute  60 ksi   4.68 in 2 

As f y
strain diagram a   6.88 in
0.85 f c b 0.85  4 ksi 12 in 
'

parameters b1  0.85 (4,000 psi concrete)

a 6.88 in
c   8.09 in
b1 0.85
d c
t   0.003 in in  
c
15.0 in  8.09 in
 0.003 in in   0.00256  0.004
8.09 in
 section is not ductile an d may not
be used (ACI Section 7.3.3.1)

41
Example 3.4

Determine the ACI design flexural strength

for the beam if the steel yield stress is
60,000 psi and the concrete strength is
4,000 psi

42
Example 3.4

(a) Check steel percentage


As

 3 in 
2

 0.02000
bd 10 in 15 in 
   min  0.0033 (Text Appendix Table A.7)
   max  0.0181 (Text Appendix Table A.7)
 not tension controlled

43
Example 3.4

(b) Compute As f y  60 ksi   3 in 2 

a   5.29 in
strain diagram 0.85 f c b 0.85  4 ksi 10 in 
'

parameters b1  0.85 (for 4,000 psi concrete)

a 5.29 in
c   6.22 in
b1 0.85
d c
t   0.003 in in  
c
15.0 in  6.22 in
 0.003 in in   0.00423
6.22 in
0.00423  0.004; 0.00423  0.005
 beam is in transition zone
44
Example 3.4

(b) Compute the design strength

 a
M n  As f y  d   
 2
 5.29 in 
 
3 in 2
60 ksi  15.0 in    2223.9 k-in  185.3 k-ft
 2 
f  Figure 3.5  
 250 
0.65   0.00423 in in  0.002 in in     0.836
 3 
f M n  0.836 185.3 k-ft   154.9 k-ft

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