| whicentra est conta SS When eon a eeUses of the conditional shoud have ouvir + tint {ntti 8; oUvDI + nine] mean el one oo " means cout have, and vou + (tne eas Yous aurler dU étudier un peu Ns aurion Phi longtemps. Nam aulon a reader in You should have studied a We would have Med to wach lute tonger difeen fm Tuaurals quand méme pu mv'appeler auras yout lire anit sates hier soi sources dentpe You could have atleast called me would have lke o read the atte last night aout energy souces * Use the conditionnel or the past contol vith the expressin au eas on case) Prends ton portable au eas ot Je vam areiverait en retard. Bring your cell phone incase Prens ton portable au eas ol ain serait 5a pal quand vous arrverez& la ga Bring your cel phane in case the trai has abr left when you arrive othe station | 1e conditionnel can express & aa eet * mare unt eae ein eee ee gaa ‘nous avait dit qu'elle serait remtrée Manna mae 8 DE mds ashe weal mc Mo dag tse con Maman nous a dit qu’elle rentrerait Mom told us that she would come hhome before midnight. © Just as the egress uncer tau evens nt eS the past inty about + as the conditionnel can express ae inky about ev Conditional ean express uncertain Selon le journal iy aor Sehr anes ame cea ne newspare ME “niga bene nie © this tow" Inhabitants i th sre ne pst onl he condone se Srctrs 83, p. 202-2 uesone spn uous aay oa | Sa mo sane on e000 fe MOK © sect sy er aA or ey a fy 2800 a os a mY rma werd 9 on wpe, oo 6 | ease spat dys yo eI Rey ep Ou wade Aowaye ant | uss es “ide eons sos epomn pr ovate am mip ya te | ake i path yo da wer oere eee tc nme | mown tr ene unweede adr me wai weet aoe ‘wy AO APIO eo + TT | teereretes | ence Re | Satess| Sms) Ses) S fectore| ecctse arate (ors | hema | yeu ” yapad ainyny ayy jenuarqya near ‘resume 2 at smooch nase, saunionuis—sng uemebeitsuy) ‘re a ee wo pug yaa ag ce an AYO A gr as a | wmewnaunpe napaammane SN a smsad age . ept-nb-smd ou um Sosme 1S eat Fob te votes sana secon vonsttns ‘ieee aru ay ws FO ao yep 2 Bee 4 uonpao 70 YL oO RMR MENA | | aa oy Ba oe “snap uso sana se [cement oes | semen | Somat ado ys sg uo 9 BIE M39 sassy peg se — aren aa pee wena pon a janionwis“soma yeaa es “yen pei es ( de mente is uy nora a gu 2 8 og vein app aMoucn nga 26 wm 120 sn gg een Metin \ \| imei ee it som | pet sos | me. on | erm cs | wma oe) | ‘sat balan auc ae «| “Witaihls, wilh iN me gma} pea NO = mse) firm | daar moan | suede) oom) yssa) nom een oera) wean | Say oosumsem | ano syed 9g WoO, aw pea eM SOB SON & vom) sven | gunn) tem 9) eno ova) snes wroue) mars | aa) BORD ‘ares (waa) anes 1uns@) os jue) sue pam saa spat ate swoon sa sro, = ea anu a 3) a arma) sue 3 Rb opens essOND a1ION? YI ja) mua) ae ou awesome ka NOI SMAPS « —— owed syst | ed wm \ oped son um \ os ved | e349 WOO 9p TE SA LAL SO « | ja- Je\nfias JO aSua} JUaSalg f Meld ue os | a 80 Sp airs awn eafous sop uo? Yi sqian aJ- puleae , Queci ano ed st ee = a | nce [4 se ee awe se «nine mares inne a cae I| evi prbren vrei pune tee Don’t forget cur date! Dow’ benerous! «+ inatiematie comands, chet pronouns and rllesve pronouns Too the werh and are I ey angen nea comands, pronouns ae pace nant of he vero wt | Torin yeaa tse | yg Soc 5390-7 Doers Ne me les donnez past | Give them tome! Don’t give them to me! Level Nete live past Get) Don't get up! m6Nouns and articles ar ub th 8 FE hey my in gender 1+ Detinto and indefinite articles age aa singular plurat m al | i — (oiert ae | fomany mascuing | Ye usin mae | iD eo | mmr bane ‘Musicians v3 the gender of the Y peopl typically ratches the person: a e Oe a mune chanteuse, un enfant / une enfant tun gargon/ une ile, un canto || TREE «+ cern nun ening provide cues to ter onder ceptors eee, fe burns 1 te baasin alle traval , argent mon sumbatisme tin Feta : a al lojural Ye boon Parsement teaver HY pone as lorepas “Typlal feminine ena ace tape | -tre la pouangire -tde cane | esse see -tine a sne atte Fassete i amie so kone |e newnee 1 t2¢éion te tajumio | lo lapssen | tree Patrice set tempts | te aise | hms pte * Totorm the plural of most French nouns, add an -s. If @ singular noun ends in -s, “e084 4s plural fom remains the same: le gaz —> les gaz; le pays > ies pays; = la voix tes vox. * M2 ogden ends ina, eau, oF a, pla om usualy ends in ox tg Singur noun ends inal, kop the -al and ad aux. Yeetupea —ejeu echo Veschapeaux les jeux tes chevau * Afew nouns have very regular plural forms: Pil > : Temonsiur es pone, Pua fms Peal — es yeux: cel > es ci,a Hest and c'est © Crest and Welle est can beth they are Ai ofthese express n mean ais or res Ce sort Ad S/S Son gay vows can eter to pear oF HN + Use cst and ce sont to ety people o ONS Ce sont smes amis They are my file Creat mon stylo I's my pen Cent tail Oso «Use ete est and isles sont to describe specific people or "ings that Nave been ‘previously mentioned. | Voici Mad a fille, i ae Elles sont b est vraiment dlicieux! i | Try this chocolate croissant — I's realy delicious! ie and her daughter =a + When stating a person's nationality, religion, political aliation, or prolesion, Welle agg eee and eet untune and their especve plural forms ils/elles sont 2d Ce sont des, are : seventeen teh correct If you indude an adjective, you can only Use c'est Un/Ne OF Ce sont deg we, Test jouratise, Crest unjouraliste, Crest un journalist cdl, Hesajoumalat, — Hervajournalist, ‘He's c furs journal, | Hetsa dc é + Todescribe an idea or concep expressed as an nie rather tan noun, use the oe impersonal constuction i est + [adectve| + de (8) + [ni They ae sss ———_____|_nestimpoctant de se brosser Mest essentiel d'apprendre les dens aps les rp. tne langue trangére 3 ecole {is important io brush one’s is essential o learn teeth fer meas, a frien language at School 1 Use crest + fadjectie| + & + [infitive if the object of the infinitive isnot stated immediately after tor not tated a al Compare hese sentences . Westtace de vendre Unemmaion, est facile Crest fale \ ne mao, aveadve a vende! 1s easy tsell A boase i a7 Ws easy | che ore fib (ESE — «* tsecest + (aetveto cesrve an eso concep that has already been ‘Secaue nines and concep | Stated Catlin a sentence. 'y been mentioned or Seeaiteven pc uae Se bros ls de : 5 nil estor est wth ho, bros Les dens aps les rpas,_apprends une langue étrangére a My teat ee Ceo Pritts oe tiowegtens cts ishing one's eth afermeals Ym earning Seectote thm weheerme ano kg ha |\|- Store Is |\|\ _ See4 song wit he oon instead. ‘a maison de ma mire my notes hse i Possossive adjectives Ponsnssive adjectives are used 10 express ‘ommership or possassion my _ 7 e fos yur ar an soqu) fo" fl s eo oe ows o ote ; ‘9 your rma ex pro | var ™ hia tian owt aie | + Posuessveadjoctves are placed tore the nouns they mc Cesta radio? Non mist ma ein 1s that your radio? No, but that's my telesion + Unike English, French possessive adjectives agree in gander and uber with theo ‘owned rather than the owe. mon magazine ma bande dessinge ‘mes journaux ‘my magazine my comie strip ny Reipapers ‘© Notre and votre are used wih singular nouns whether they are masculine or feminine, notre neveu notre nite votre oncle votre tante ‘our nephew our niece your uncle your aunt ‘© Regardless of gender, the plural forms of notre and votre are nos and vos. nos cousins nos cousines vos fréres vos sceurs ‘our cousins our (female) cousins ‘your brothers YOU sisters ‘© The possessive adjectives son, sa, and ses reflect the gender and number ofthe noun /ossessed, not the owmer. Context should tll you whether they mean his or her. som pére hissher father samére histher mother ses parents hhisther parents \ THEE] * Us" mon, ton, and son before a eine singular noun or adjective that begins with a ‘vowel sound, ‘mon ainie Nathalic but ‘ma meilleure amie Nathalie ‘my friend Nathalie imy best friend Nathalie som ancienne publiité but hisher/ts former advertisement sa publicté hisiherius advertisement‘The impart snd Pe passe compet oe bot) used otk about the pact tut they are ‘ot iterchangeatie Use the [passé compost fo tk about ‘completed actions or events in| ‘he past To review tw passe compose vs the impart see ‘Structures 3.3, pp, 98-99. | Verbs that end in -gor ad an fe belore al endings excopt In te nous and vous forms. Similar, the in verbs that end In-car becomes ¢ before all endings except nthe nous and vous forms Jemangeais but nous mangions Acommengait but ‘ous commencier tion and uses The impartait: forma’ ' «+The impartait is used to talk about what used to fappen oF 19 GescrIb8 Contos iy ae Hi rait one ih regaralent le fevileton Ce rls ee ae «+ To form the impartalt, drop the -ons from the nous form of the present tense, and agg these endings vendre (nous a pense fase yodiie tw ens fini ond ‘Weteion pens fis 4 pon | cs tele ail vous | penser finiss| vader tienes | pensient fis sds jo buvais ‘> taisais, je sortais, et, « Inegular verbs, too, follow this pattern: alas, j'avals ‘© Only the verb étre is irregular in the impartalt. Tomar of J étals: | nous étions tuétals vous étiez Weliefon était isles étaient le tat fatigue, ‘¢- The impartaitis used to talk about actions that took place repeatedly or habitually. Je lisais toujours mon horoscope. Talways used to read my horoscope. Nous faisions du jogging le mat We went jogging every morning, «© When narrating a story in the past, the imparfait is used to set the scene, such as describing the weather, what was going on, the time frame, and so on. n'y avait personne dans le pare. There was no one in the park ‘© The impartaitis used to describe states of mind that continued over an unspecified of time in the past. Deriod Nous avions peur, We were afraid. Je voulais partir. I wanted to leave.| S o Demonstrative adjectives tien a omar 69 They a ty, apectty 100 OAs * mn io Cette eroyance est Ces droits sont Ce drapeau est bleu, Cette royance est Dias of mage absunde, A mon avs orn : This (That) flag is blue, That (This) belief i Tice Thos) right on white, and red absurd, in my opinion. pee "REESE + noun must be masculine singuar and begin with @ vowel sound order to use oat Use et etre an adctie Cet homme politique était vctorieux. Cet avocat détend les minorité, mos eeas wt owe tung This (Thar poltacian was victorious. This (That) lawyer defends minoitie sooo * Ce, cot, cette, and ces can eter toa noun thats near (this) o> tar (tha hoe ese Context wil usually make the meaning lear. nose, ‘is tomer iterate pots | * 7 dstngish between two diferent nouns of the same kind, add Gi (this/these) or (that/those) to the noun, . Ce parti potitique-ei est libéral This political party is aberal Ce parti poltique-ta est conservateus ‘with a vowel sour © The suffixes -ci and -1a can also be used tc : together to distinguish between. ‘ce jeune homme ‘that are near and far. : — ae 4 ee Je voudras ce geal sil vous On au ees magazines-c arn Dist pseegienets eles magazines it sony Rcrayeeaetet | Taould nie ee say We read these magacines (he San ne et please otha cate fe ad those magaines (hes, ie | : L . a‘rman et set me ‘moor that red De bi eugn we cnet Amo ar ws rp wer. panne simple ts he ober ser vets Penet non atames, (water your ates (Weta ata Rates arent See composé (a the fom enone 0b wae Passt simple | (ett He. Sh rod te boos vauay opt 8,0 rng om Lae te| ne fd pera ange (rect cc rome have gran The morec'oomet | (ronan Wh es ot it and Sis sses ony pongee ona trum Ore jet ronaura | a sod Jon teral poea ‘Noose voyons. Weve net ‘Noosa voyons We see hort ‘nous tt partons. We are speaking hiner ——“ I ‘ast negates pce ne. pas acund eo Broan ans te conmgated vr, Ane msime as, He does he me 42 0 pas wie) {i see yo In sertences with ‘Bas ooes andthe enjgated vers, tutte eject ronan Eotain wal es belo fe ‘Tne vas pas réscouter, You are not going to stent it Object pronouns ect ht MEN oy, rect and nec fe eget te ft of he Harta, te obec rong In spe tense pcan tnt of vr iigpe me tléghane quekqeto | tne te we me/m nous as weit vous: ce = esast tes wu ‘© Direct object pronouns directly receive the action of a verb, Elles nous voicn: Je Paime ove him/her They see us ‘Indirect object pronouns identity to whom or for whom an action is done Tu me parles? Elle vous a acheté une robe bleue? Are you speaking to me? She bought a blue dress for you? * When a pronoun sth obec of a compound tense, such asthe passé composé, iti placed in front ofthe helping verb. Vous avez attendu? Je tui ai envoyé une lettre Did you wait for himiit? Isent him/her a letter ‘* When a pronoun isthe object of an infinitive, itis placed in front of the infinitive Nous voudrions t'inviter Elle va leur écrire une chez nous, carte postale, We would like to invite you ‘She is going to write them to our place. 4 postcard,Past participle agreement servo torent rc sceuraw freneh for several + Pet partic mgrmernar ore un en who ire + When the helping verb Is Ate, the past participle agrees with the subject Nous sommes arrivés on avance fe A x heures a Wo arrived eu Anne © Are Kft at 6 + Vorb tat ake tre a the ing ver usualy donot av crt OC. Wen gy gy they take the helping very avolr, in which case there i no Past participle agreemeng” °° Lie w sort la poste She took out the trash File ext sortie She went out * Retexive vorbs take the helping verb tre in compound tom 06 the passé ‘composé and plus-que-partalt. The past particle agrees wi Wve reve pronoun {the refexive pronoun functions as a direct object Nous mous somes habillées Michele s'était réveitée We got dressed Michele had woken * Ma direct object fovlows the past participle of a reflexive verb, no agreement occurs, Nadia s'est coupe. but Nadia s'est coupé 1s doigt Nastia cut herself Nadia cut her finger * Wan abet pronoun i indrect, ater than diet the past particle does not agree hig also means there is no past participle agreement with soveral common eciprocal veg ‘uch as se demander, série, se parler, se rendre compte, and se téléphoner Elle nous a téképhone. Nous nous sommes «éléphone, She called us. We called each other. * lm compound tenses with avoir, past participles agree with preceding direct ‘object pronouns. J'ai mis tes feurs sur la table, Je les ai mises sur la table, 4 put the flowers on the table. I put them on the table. om rect aes tat use the retatve pronoun que, past participles agree with thee Voici tes pommes que j'ai achetées, Here are the apples that! bought. H M parle des buts qu'il a atteints, ‘Stalking about the goals he reached1, Wem tae yeoeesk Naya saci kaa DA Hae 4 ivi) I {pits fla) WW ave Wa «al a wa iw ai AWes Weld | ‘hil W hp Nil il! \\ WW Hi hi te \ Ve earn tn Wa aA Ww Ain, A \ He asf 10 \ i | ik a hi ity 46 im ay ‘Wi 1 Wi 8% jh Ay aw ie ie Wisi aie Bea hy (Heian i Ag WA “sat wk i Muay ‘i i Vata he en c_ {MUAH iid 9h A MA] YW i eH i Ne NNN NA ee We HAA a \r (vn Fa it SUN O * Seok aa na Forth \ —_ | ‘Ya| Possessive Labatt rear, pose oro 8G fam «Were posse Possessive adjective | rt rr tf phon? | 18 yb whe cae yO’ Possessive pronoun Hom, eft 0 a 8 Mo 109 mine who calied ma umes 6 denn’ mon cade. Vic fe tom Possessive pronou ber with the nouns they replace. Like ° uns agree in gender and numt rons hey re TERRE | * posessivesjocves, they also chang farms according tothe possessor Plead masculine feminine __mascuine feminine S Sta yours | letien | atonne fest es Somme finer ts | tesien —_lasionne os ternal ours | erste anitre tes i tes nttres yous lovitee | lavétre —leswises os votes fers | fete | amar | testers tes te | * fe.cen. ta slene, les sien, and les slennes can mean his, hes, or ts. The form ig determined by the gender and numberof the noun possessed, rot the possessor * Notice that possessive pronouns include definite articles. When combined with the Drepositions a and de, the usual contractions must be formed. Mme Michelin a parlé & mes Je me souviens de mon remier ei Parents et aux tiens, ‘Vous souvenez-vous du ‘votre? = Mme Michelin spoke tomy 1 remember my frst dow ‘Parents and to yours. rs Po you remember yours? * Possessive pronouns can also replace possessive structures with de, Les voitures des voisins sont belles The neighbors’ cars are beautiful {4 grand-mére d’Ahmed 392 ans, La sienne 2 92 ans, Admed's grandmothers 92 years old. isis 92 ears old, Les leurs sont belles, Theirs are beautifulpaye(o) pinto) rise) preparé(e) répare(e) terminé(e) prepared repaired ItnisheaoO Expressions of time ene vee 4d CD hy ig been ding Sng wih dps + To say someon has ot tn a Tn fn time, you can us te rs Wns bios Nie eps 2008 Nt in Eg, tal ‘ho oe tat has gone 0s ben gig on as nt ge, Foch ne pent ais depos un a ie le francais ep Ae French Me ho Lala has been stu for oe yew cant wd et of ogo cory + When eombined with ue, es similar meanings. Notice the caer word 0" Ga fat de sera que Chantal 8 Fry deux semaines qo Chantal et 700 anal est serves Yo deus semaines que Ch | Chama has Ben a irs or 0 Wee ‘+ When taking about the past nya + [tine expression come avd ro yasirmet. HY82008 ca Cone ii Pass months gs. TH er din ec, TTR] + tat att mata at ccd in te pst 2 tof te, bts 0 ‘The pegostons dos, longer accring, use pendant + (tine express leet ea tabi cher Kare Pendant it Reminabeze | pendant i ces ‘the present tease to tak about ‘She lived at Karine's For wine hey srudied DSepomeamre joints. tse tor «wast eng sneb tating grg 71 Dt Me 1 eee ean eanln de ees (Be og? fice, en 6 he L 5 ang for sic mons. passe composé. enuteombn deemed rose nse ste pena real pu? comben dt? a penta? Paro ng de te he ab? saat ng smeig as oe avers go hls ly se enc dpus comb ees? rv ng?) Tevey | | Sic be est se puis qin ce eussct —epucombln dotemprawisevay | snl per? Tecan eae cinta ent totoring hemor crabtree | ‘+ The past composd ay be ese wit depuis hing has | an amount a me, dap to say tat something has nat occumed for | saci eae int Norns a | fontaeiet Now nagar dp Seecrncecime Neha thed Ts | shots ene ted 7st | 3. jouer | a sesps | | 5 sora = L yo 5Prepositions with infinitives that can be fotlowed directly by another verh, . Yo a teat i Te rt ara nftive form Oriy the First wert 19 cause — ‘we atc Yale jouer pte gig [be totowed drecty ty an 1 like to play petanque no fritive n Pe ire we preposition & before an i pee ‘Several verbs require the prt fis se mettent A jouer aux féchettes ih append ie de aie Nemeea They begin to play darts. Marithé learns to mountain climb: ‘+ These vorbs take the preposition & before an infinitive, er 8 fohep® | wheter 8 fo get wed fy samuserh 10 pas ine by | itor fo hese ty seprendre oleate o teach to | vitr b hme aver to manage to | se moti 8 tobogin to | commenced to bein | asa & to succeed n \ contuer fo continue to | toni to helt on | fencourager 8 to encourage fo | TREE + Serra wets regu the preposition de before an inne | Do netcantse to eae accepter do to acopt to fini reposts rd de aniterde to stp soccuper de eto = ae ehoisir de to choose to ‘oublier do E Rec eee canseiler de ioatvio 0 permetre do topermit to podem cider de to decide o prometire de ‘0 promise to cane naa emander de oaskio retuserde tortie to pres tr my babe rede we | rover de ‘0am about fempicher de fopreventtom | isquerde risk Ee cssayerde ——totytb | sesowenirde —torememberto tre oblige) de tobe eauiedo | venir de ‘0 have st refuse de s'arréter de fumer. ein! ons gue de ort He refuses to stop smoking. a. = Careful! You risk falling! ‘Several expressions with avoir als take the preposition de before an infinitive. ‘vor besoin de tonved to ‘voir eave efoto ike ‘ire eo beinpatent i» ‘0 ntention deo inter to ‘voir peur de 10 be afraid | voir raison de 10 be night o avoir tor defo be wrong in (Going someting) (oe ee“pemembe faa aneondert 1 rg that archer vee ‘perent sc a8 a pronoun, {tows and Yo whCh refers ‘ces jowur be foot? J os ‘we soce players? | ae onc orn Siete re Girect abject pronoun tes, finite antecedents bjunctive after inde! he in a eriative statements c The subjunctive after indefinite antecedents ‘¢ Use the subjunctive in a subordinate cla 190 when the anteced tn the main clause ig ‘ornonexstent. the antecedent is Known and specific, use the indicative, unknown oF nonexistent Subjunctive: non-specific. Je cherche wn ordinateur qui pew ‘ovvrt mes documents plus vite Frm ooking fora computer tat can ‘pen my documents faster Véquipe a besoin de joveurs qui ‘et Ab ee protessionnals The team needs players who have ‘ead been professionals ‘© The subjunctive is used in indefinite structures that corres ending in -ever. aut que. 01 que... ui que. ‘Quoi que tu fasses, n'oublie pas ‘obtenir des billets Whatever you do, don't forget to Bet tickers but Indicative: specific \Voiel ordinateur qui peut oot meg, documents ps vite Here's the computer that can open my L¥équipe vient de trouver cing joueurs qu» d6)9 0% protessionnets, The ten just found te players whe have ated boon professional ind {9 several English words whatever. wherever. whotmjever.. Qui que ce soit au telephone, ne réponde pas encore. Whoever itis on the phone, don't answey ityet. ‘The subjunctive in superlative statements ** In subordinate clauses following su erative statements, use the subjunctive when expressing an opinion, When stating a fact, use the indicative, ile de la Réunion a les plages tes plus but agréables que nous ayons visitées, Reunion Island has the most Pleasant beaches that we visited. * Some absolute statem Subordinate clause af ints are considered superlati Latour Eiffel est le pus prana monument qu’on a Conseut spy The Eiffel Tower is the tallest _ monument ever bull n Pee Wves. Use the subjunctive in the ter a main clause containing one of rotor ing one of these ex There's nobody who ean surprise me. ‘pressions: le/ Personne (nobody), ne... rien (nothing), sa n'y a personne qui puisse m*étonner, and ne... que (only, ouda est a seute qui fasse du ski Houda is the only one who skig.o Savoir vs. connaitre nd conmatire both mean to know, but they Are a ee) rer ditferently ben ox vont 7 ‘vous saver Welton sat vtes saver ‘Pcomais | yous comalsser | Woncomat | ves omen | one | NW sait économiser. Saver-vous ois Do you know wher Connaltre means to know or to be familiar with a person, pla Mare connait un bon comptable Marc knows a good accountant. le distributeur? He knows how to save. {TM Is located? Nous connaissons bien ce grand maga We know this department store wel, In the passé composé, se connaitre means met forthe first time 1s se sont connus en mai Nous nous sommes connues au bureay, They met in May We met at the office. ‘nthe passé composé, savoir means found out ‘Nous avons su qu'il avait beaucoup Elles ont su que leur pare était de dettes, au chamage. | We found out that he had a tot of debs They found out their father was unemployed. gated in the conditionnel, in Note the meaning of savoir when it is ne ‘offen used without pas. Ths particular us this cont, sage is used mostly in iterary Frengh Me "ne sural vite as ti 4 : Je me saurals vous le dire Hewoul'hnow how tole who you! conte ry