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Bahir Dar Institute of Technology

Bahir Dar University

Faculty of Chemical and Food Engineering

Introduction to Chemical Engineering
Prepared By:- Mequanint D.

Year 2014 E.C.

1
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Faculty of Chemical & Food Engineering
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27 October 2021
Faculty of Chemical & Food Engineering
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27 October 2021
Faculty of Chemical & Food Engineering
 Faculty Name or Presentation Title
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27 October 2021
Faculty of Chemical & Food Engineering
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27 October 2021
Faculty of Chemical & Food Engineering
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Process and Process Variables

• A process is any operation or series of operations that
causes physical or chemical changes in a substance or a
mixture of substances.
• A process flow diagram/sheet (PFD) is a sequence of
process units connected by process streams. It shows the
flow of materials and energy through the process units
• A process unit is an apparatus/equipment in which one of
the operations that constitutes a process is carried out.
Each process unit has associated with it a set of input and
output “process streams,” which consists of materials that
enter and leave the unit.

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Process and Process Variables

• A process stream is a line that represents the movement of
material to or from process units
• Streams labeled with information like amount,
composition, temperature, and pressure of the components

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Process and Process Variables

• Density, Mass, and Volume

 Density (ρ) is defined as mass (m) per unit volume (V) of a
substance. The proper units reflect mass/length3 (e.g., kg/m3,
g/cm3, and lbm/ft3)

 Density can be used as a conversion factor to relate the mass and

volume of a substance.
 Densities of pure solids and liquids are essentially independent
of pressure and vary slightly with temperature

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Process and Process Variables

 For most compounds, density decreases with temperature
(volume expansion).
 Solids and liquids are incompressible, which means that density
is constant with change in pressure.
 Gases (vapors) are compressible, which means that density
changes as pressure changes.
 Specific volume (1/ρ) is defined as volume occupied by a unit
mass of a substance
 The proper units reflect length3/mass (reciprocal of density)

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Process and Process Variables

• Specific gravity (SG) is the ratio of the density (ρ) of a
substance to the density (ρref) of a reference substance at a
specific condition

• The reference commonly used for solids and liquids is water

at 4 0C and air for gas (15 °C 1.225 g/L)

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Process and Process Variables

• Mass and Volumetric Flow Rates
 A flow rate is the rate (on a time basis) at which a material is transported
through a process line

 The density of a fluid can be used to convert a known volumetric

flow rate of a process stream to the mass flow rate of that particular
stream or vice versa

Material Transports Through A Pipe

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Flow Rate Measurement

• A flowmeter is a device mounted in a process line that provides a
continuous reading of the flow rate in the line.
• Two commonly used flowmeters— rotameter and orifice meter

Flowmeters: (a) Rotameter and (b) Orifice meter.

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Flow Rate Measurement

• The rotameter is a tapered vertical tube containing a float; the
larger the flow rate, the higher the float rises in the tube.
• The orifice meter measures the pressure drop across an orifice (a
small opening) in a thin plate restricting the flow in a conduit.
• Fluid flows through the orifice, and the pressure decreases from
the upstream side of the orifice to the downstream side.
• The pressure difference, which varies with flow rate, may be
measured with a number of devices, including a differential
manometer
• The greater the flow rate, the larger the pressure drop

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Process and Process Variables

• Example Volumetric Flow Rate

Nitrogen from a tank flows at a rate of 6 lbm/min at −350°F, then
enters a heater where it is heated, and leaves the heater as a gas at
150°F and 600 psia. Calculate the volumetric flow rate and the
specific volume of the gas leaving the heater. Molecular weight of N2
is 28 g/mol or 28 lbm/lbmol. Assume the ideal gas law

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Process and Process Variables

• Moles and Molecular Weight

 Atomic weight is the mass of an atom of an element.
 Mole is the amount of the species whose mass in grams is numerically
equal to its molecular weight.
 One mole of any species contains approximately 6.023 × 10^23
(Avogadro’s number) molecules of that species

N.B Molecular weight is the conversion factor that relates the

mass and the number of moles of a quantity of a substance

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Process and Process Variables

• The average molecular weight based on mole fraction is

• The average molecular weight based on mass fraction is

• Example
 A liquid stream flowing at 100 g/min contains 0.3 mole fraction
benzene (Mw = 78) and the balance 0.7 mole fraction toluene (Mw=92).
Calculate the molar flow rate of each component in the stream.

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Compositions of Streams

• Mass Fraction and Mole Fraction

 Process streams occasionally contain one substance; more
often they consist of mixtures of liquids or gases, or
solutions of one or more solutes in a liquid solvent.
 To define composition of a mixture of substances, species A

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Compositions of Streams
• Example Mole Fractions
 A mixture of methanol (CH3OH, Mw =32.04) and ethanol
(C2H5OH, Mw =46.07) is flowing through a circular pipe at
a flow rate of 3.0 m/s. The mixture contains 30.0 wt%
methanol and 70.0 wt% ethanol. The specific gravity of the
mixture is 0.80. If the inside diameter of the pipe is 0.10 m,
what is the flow rate of the mixture in kg/s, kmol/s?

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Compositions of Streams

• Example Mass Fractions

• A liquid stream containing only benzene, toluene, and p-xylene
flows through a conduit that has a square cross section. The total
flow rate of the stream is 10.0 mol/s. If the mole fraction of
benzene (Mw=78) is 0.300, that of toluene (Mw=92) is 0.500, and
that of p-xylene (Mw= 106) is 0.200, what is the mass fraction of
each of the three components? If the density of the liquid is 0.87
g/cm3 and the conduit is 0.10 m on a side, what is the mass
fraction and volumetric flow rate of the liquid inside the conduit?

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Compositions of Streams
• Concentration
 Concentrations can be expressed in many ways: weight/weight fraction (w/w),
weight/volume fraction (w/v), molar concentration (M), and mole fraction
 The weight/weight concentration is the weight of the solute divided by the total
weight of the solution, and this is the fractional form of the percentage
composition by weight
 The weight/volume concentration is the weight of solute divided by the total
volume of the solution
 The molar concentration is the number of moles of the solute, expressed in
moles, divided by the volume of the solution.
 The mole fraction is the ratio of the number of moles of the solute to the total
number of moles of all species present in the solution

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Compositions of Streams

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Compositions of Streams

• Example Air Compositions

 If 100 g of air consists of 77% by weight of nitrogen (N2,
molecular weight=28), and 23% by weight of oxygen (O2,
molecular weight=32), calculate (a) the mean molecular
weight of air, (b) mole fraction of oxygen, (c) concentration
of oxygen in mol/m3 and kg/m3, if the total pressure is 1.5
atm and the temperature is 25°C.

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Compositions of Streams

• Example Concentration of Salt in Water

 Salty water is prepared by mixing salt (NaCl, Mw= 58.5) in
water (Mw = 18). A solution is prepared by adding 20 kg of
salt to 100 kg of water, to make a liquid of density 1323
kg/m3. Calculate the concentration of salt in this solution as
a (a) weight/weight fraction, (b) weight/volume in kg/L, and
(c) mole fraction.

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Pressure Measurement
• Pressure is the ratio of force perpendicular to the area on
which the force acts
• Pressure units are force units divided by area units (e.g.,
N/m2 or Pascal (Pa), dyn/cm2, and lbf/in.^2 or psi)
• The pressure at the base of a vertical column of fluid
(nonmoving) of density ρ and height h, called the hydrostatic
pressure, is given by

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Pressure Measurement

• Absolute and Gauge Pressure Relationship

Reading Assignment
Atmospheric pressure
Absolute pressure
Gauge pressure
Vacuum pressure

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Pressure Measurement
• Standard Temperature and Pressure

Reading Assignment
Pressure-Sensing Devices like Bourdon gauge, diaphragm capsule,
and capacitance sensor, column of fluid, manometer, barometer,
silicon diaphragm, and semiconductor strain gauges
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