REVISION
Chapter 1 & 2
Process: Any operation or series of operations by which a particular
objective is achieved.
Inputs Outputs
Process Process
(feed) Unit Unit
(product)
WHAT do we want to know about these streams?
Moles
For 1 mol of a substance, its mass in gram is equal to its
molecular weight.
eg. CO has molecular weight of 28. Hence, for 1 mol of
CO, mass of CO is 28 g. For 1 kmol of CO, mass of CO is
28 kg.
Formula : moles = mass/molecular
weight
Unit : mol, kmol, lb-mole etc.
One mole of any species contains 6.02 x 1023 (Avogadro’s
number) molecules of that species.
4 Relationship between mass flow rate
and molar flow rate
The molecular weight of a
species can be used to relate the
mass flow rate of a continuous
stream to the corresponding molar
flow rate.
5
mass
density(r) =
volume
moles = mass/molecular weight
Unit for molecular weight??
Average Molecular Weight
The average molecular weight is mean molecular weight of a mixture
(kg/kmol, lbm/lb-mole, etc.).
If yi is the mole fraction of the component i of the mixture and Mi
is the molecular weight:
M = y1M1 + y2M2 + ..... = yM i i
all component
If xi is the mass fraction of the component i of the mixture and Mi
is the molecular weight:
1 x1 x2 xi
= +
M M1 M2
+ ..... =
all component Mi
Exercise: Mass fraction to mole fraction
7 A mixture of gases has the following mass composition:
O2 (M=32) 16%
CO (M=28) 4%
CO2 (M=44) 17%
N2 (M=28) 63%
What is the molar composition?
4 steps to convert from mass fractions to moles fractions:
Assuming a mass Using the known Convert these Taking the ratio
of the mixture as mass fractions to masses to moles of the moles of
a basis of calculate the mass
using their each component
calculation (e.g. of each
component in the molecular to the total
100 kg or 100
basis quantity. weights. number of moles.
lbm).
Strategy in Solving Material Balances
8 • Draw a flowchart and fill in all known variables values.
1
• Choose as basis of calculation. State the basis of calculation in the flow chart.
2 Then label unknown stream variables on the chart.
• Express what the problem statement asks you to determine in terms of the
3 labeled variables.
• If you are given mixed mass and mole units for a stream (such as a total mass
flow rate and component mole fractions or vice versa), convert all quantities
4 to one basis.
• Do the degree-of-freedom (DOF) analysis.
5
• Solve the balance equations (if DOF=0).
• Calculate the quantities requested in the problem statement if they have not
6 already been calculated.
9 Multiple Unit Processes
more than one unit processes exist in real chemical
industries - such as a series of separation unit after
reactor and etc.
to solve material problem for multiple unit process- need
to define system boundary.
SYSTEM:
Any portion of process that can be enclosed within a
hypothetical box (or boundary)
It can be the entire process, an interconnected of
process unit, a single unit, a point which two or more
stream come together into one stream or etc.
The inputs and outputs to a system are the process
streams that are intersect to the system boundary
10
Material Balance for Reactive Process
Stoichiometric Ratio
Ratio of stoichiometric coefficients (species)
in the balanced reaction equation.
2 SO2 + O2 → 2 SO3
2 mol SO3 generated 100 mole SO2
fed to reactor.
1 mol O2 consumed
Fully converted
2 mol SO3 generated
2 mol SO2 consumed
A stoichiometric ratio can be used as a
conversion factor to calculate the amount of
reactant (or product) consumed (or generated) using
another given amount of product or reactant.
Limiting and Excess Reactant
A reactant is said to be “limiting’’ if it is present in
less than its stoichiometric proportion relative to
every other reactant.
The reactant that would run out if a reaction
proceeded to completion is called the limiting
reactant, and the other reactants are termed
excess reactants.
If all reactants are present in stoichiometric
proportion, then no reactant is limiting.
Fractional Excess and Percentage
Excess
fractional excess (fXS) – ratio of the excess to
the stoichiometric proportion.
n feed − n stoich
Fractional Excess =
n stoich
n -n
Percentage Excess = feed stoich
100%
n stoich
n=
number of
moles
Fractional Conversion
fractional conversion (f) – ratio of the amount of
a reactant reacted, to the amount fed.
Moles Reacted Moles Feed – Moles
Fractional Out
= =
conversion, f Moles Fed Moles Feed
If 100 moles of reactant are fed, and 90 moles reacted, f = 0.9
and percentage conversion is 90%
Percentage conversion moles reacted
x 100%
= moles fed
15
n -n
Percentage Excess = feed stoich
100%
n stoich
Fractional Moles Reacted Moles Feed – Mole
conversion, = = Out
f Moles Fed Moles Feed
Percentage conversion moles reacted
x 100%
= moles fed
Extent of Reaction
Outlet/ ni = nio + vi Batch
product
or
n io + vi
i = n Continuous
ξ = extent of reaction
ni = moles of species i present in the system after the reaction
occurred (outlet)
nio = moles of species i in the feed
vi = stoichiometric coefficient for species i in the particular
chemical reaction equation (+ve for product, -ve for
reactant)
