Chemical Engineering Fundamentals 2A
CEFCHA2
Lecture 1: Chemical Reaction Principles
V Naidoo
JOB 4137
[email protected]
Objectives
Understand what stoichiometry is
Be able to write stoichiometric equations
Be able to write stoichiometric ratios
Be able to do stoichiometric based calculations using stoichiometric ratios and equations
Understand the difference between excess and limiting reactants
Understand how to correctly identify excess and limiting reactants
Use limiting and excess reactions in calculation problems
2
Stoichiometry
SO2 2SO 2 + 1O 2 2SO 3
SO3
O2 Stoichiometric Coefficients
Input Output
Input Output Input =
S 2 S 2 Output
O 6 O 6
3
Stoichiometry
2SO2 + O2 2SO3
Stoichiometry equation :
(A) (B) (C)
2 mol (Ib-mole) SO 3 produced
Stoichiometry ratio;
1 mol (Ib-mole) O 2 reacted
2 mol (Ib-mole) SO 2 reacted
2 mol (Ib-mole) SO 3 produced
Two reactants, A and B are in Stoichiometry proportion when:
mole A present
mole B present = Stoichiometry proportion ratio obtained from the
balanced equation
4
Stoichiometry
For the production of 1600 kg/h of SO3 , calculate the rate of O 2
needed in kmol/h?
2SO 2 + O 2 2SO 3
5
Stoichiometry
For the production of 1600 kg/h of SO 3 , calculate the rate of O 2 needed in
kmol/h:
2SO 2 + O 2 2SO 3
1600 kg SO 3 produced 1 kmol SO 3 1 kmol O 2 reacted
hour 80 kg SO 3 2 kmol SO 3 produced
= 10 kmol O2/hour
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Limiting & Excess Reactants
7
Limiting & Excess Reactants
A + 2B 2C A:B = 1:2
Limiting Reactant Excess Reactant
Reactant which is less than its stoichiometric proportion relative to
every other reactant The reactant that could keep reacting if the other
had not been consumed.
Initial mol
Has the lowest Stoichiometric coefficient of specie A part of the reactant that is unconsumed/unreacted after
the reaction is complete
Reactant which will be consumed/ reacted first
Fractional excess: Fractional % excess: 100 ×
nfed = amount fed 8
nstoic = theoritical amount
Limiting & Excess Reactants
.
Limiting reactant will d isappear first for a complete reaction
2 : 1
2SO 2 + O2 2 SO 3
ni = 200 mol 100 mol 0 mol C omplete reaction
nf = 0 mol 0 mol 200 mol
ni = 180 mol 100 mol 0 mol
nf = 0 10 mol 180 mol
Limiting reactant = SO 2
Fractional excess of O 2 = (100 – 90)/90 = 0.11 Excess reactant = O 2
% Excess of O 2 = 11%
9
Fractional Conversion
Fractional C onversion, f = mol reacted
moles feed
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑=𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 −𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
Percentage C onversion = mol reacted x
100% moles feed
Example: Calculate the percentage conversion of SO 2 and O 2 for the following reaction.
2SO 2 + O2 2SO 3
150
𝑓 𝑆𝑂 2= = 0.75
= 200 mol 100 mol 200
ninitial
= 150 mol 75 mol
75
𝑓 𝑂 2= = 0.75
nreacted 100
= 50 mol 25 mol 150 mol 75% 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
nfinal
10
Example
Suppose we start with 100 mol of H2 , 50 mol of Br2 and 30 mol of HBr.
a) Which reactant is limiting?
b) If 30 mol of H2 reacts with Br2 to form HBr, calculate the molar compositions of the reactants
and product?
H2 + B r2 2H B r
100 mol H 2 nH2 mol H 2
50 mol Br2 mol Br2
nBr2
30 mol HBr nHBr mol HBr
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Solution
Suppose we start with 100 mol of H 2 , 50 mol of Br2 and 30 mol of HBr.
a) Br2
b) If 30 mol of H 2 reacts with Br2 to form HBr, calculate the molar compositions of the product :
H2 + Br 2 2HBr
= 100 mol 50 30 mol 2 mol HBr produced
ninitial
mol 1mol H 2
60 mol
nreacted = 30 mol 30 reacted
mol
x
nfinal 30 mol H
reacted
= 70 mol 20 90 mol 2
50 mol Br2 mol 30 mol HBr
fed
fed 1mol Br2 reacted 2 mol HBr
- + x 30 mol H2
1mol H x 30 mol H2 reacted produced
1mol H2 reacted
reacted
2
reacted
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