POOL RECIRCULATION SYSTEM: - Each swimming pool shall be provided

with a recirculation system which will convey, clarify, chemically balance and

disinfect the swimming pool water. The recirculation system shall include

pumps, pipings, filters, chemical feed equipment, and associated controls and

monitoring devices.

Pool water must be circulated through filters and other pool equipment in

order to keep it physically Clean. The Regulation requires that pool water be

taken from the overflow gutters or skimmers and the main drain, then filtered

and treated before being returned through inlets back to the pool. The

circulation system must be designed to encourage water mixing and prevent

areas in the pool where water does not move, so called ‘dead spots’, from

occurring.

A. Turnover Rates

When an amount of water equal to the total volume of the pool has moved

through the recirculation system, it is called a turnover. The time it takes for

the total volume of water to circulate once through the recirculation system is

called the turnover period. The turnover rate is a measure of the amount of

water moving through the recirculation system in a 24 hour period of time.

POOL TYPE OPTIMUM TURNOVER RATE

Swimming Pool - New 4 hours (6 turnovers/day)

When clean water comes to the pool from the filter, it dilutes the pool water

making the whole pool somewhat less turbid. Initially, if four turnovers per

day are accomplished, approximately two days are necessary to remove 98%

of suspended matter.
A pool operator needs to know the required turnover rate in order to

determine how to properly size and operate the recirculation pump so that the

water flows fast enough to meet the required turnover period.

How to Determine Turnover Rate

To calculate the turnover rate the following information is required:

a. The pool volume, or number of litres of water in the pool; and

b. The number of turnovers required per day.

Turnover rate = volume of pool x # of required turnovers/day

For example, an existing swimming pool is known to have a volume of 100,000

litres. This pool only has 4 turnovers per day (6hr).

Turnover rate = 100,000 litres x 4 turnovers/day

Turnover rate = 400,000 litres/day

Note: For conversion of metric to Imperial measurements, please see Appendix

H.

1. Calculating Pool Volumes

If the pool volume is not known, calculations can be done to determine it. For

pools with a square or circular pattern, the following formulas may be used.

To determine the volume of an irregular shaped pool, an operator may have to

consult the manufacturer. Please note that the calculated volume of the pool

may not be exact, as the level of water may vary and some water exists in

the circulation system. The calculated water volume will be close enough for

the purpose of operating the pool when you follow the information contained in

the pool manual.

a. Rectangular Pool with Constant Depth
Volume (V) = Length (L) x Width (W) x Depth (D)

V = L x W x D

b. Rectangular Pool with Variable Depth

(Use this formula for each section of depth and add together)

V = L x W x (D1 + D2)/2

Example: Determining Turnover Rate in a Swimming Pool with Variable Depth

Pool shape is:

In this example, the pool width is 15 metres.

To Determine Pool Volume

Shallow end 12 m x 15 m x 1 m + 1.5 m = 225 m3

Middle section 6 m x 15 m x 1.5 m + 3.4 m = 220.5 m3

2

Deep end 9 m x 15 m = x 3.4 m = 459 m3

Total 225 m3 + 220.5 m3 + 459 m3 = 904.5 m3

1 m3 = 1000 L

904.5 m3 x 1000 L/m3

= 904 500 L in the pool

To Determine Turnover Rate

Turnover Rate = volume x # of required turnovers/day

= 904 500 L x 4/day

= 3 618 000 L are required to go through the recirculation system

each day

2. Flow Rate

The flow rate is a measure of the water volume passing through the

recirculation system over a period of time. It is usually measured in litres per

minute (L/min) or gallons per minute (gal/min). The flow rate is monitored by

the flow meter (which will be discussed in more detail later). Pool operators

must ensure that the observed flow rate meets the turnover requirement.

To Determine Flow Rate

Flow Rate = Turnover Rate/ (24 hours/day) x (60 min/hour)

3 618 000 L/day (24 hours/day) x (60 min/hour)

= 3 618 000 L

1440 min

2512.5 L/min
This pool's recirculation system must be designed to operate at 2500 litres

per minute. This is what the minimum flow meter reading should be for this

pool in order to meet the requirement of 4 turnovers per day.

B. Recirculation Equipment
1. General Recirculation Pattern

A good working knowledge of your pool equipment and performing regular

maintenance is

needed to maintain a safe and well-operated pool. Swimming pool operators must be

familiar with all equipment in the pool facility. A flow chart diagram is an excellent

guide

and can be posted in the equipment room.

All equipment should be clearly identified. Water lines should be identified to

determine the

direction of water flow. In an equipment room where more than one pool system

exists, thedifferent systems must be clearly identified. Color coding or labelling of

lines is a

convenient method of identification.

Diagram: General Recirculation

2. Skimmers

Skimmers are located under the pool deck at the water level. The mouth of the

skimmer is

flush with the pool wall. The purpose of skimmers is to remove water from the pool

surface

for recirculation and filtration. This will also remove body oils, hair, etc. that float

on the

surface. To remove the maximum contaminant load, 80% of water that is being

recirculated

should flow through the skimming devices when the pool is being used.

A floating weir is required in a skimmer. This device allows only one way flow from

the

pool into the skimmer so that scum, lint, hair, leaves, etc. cannot flow back into the

pool.
Floating weirs, which usually look like a gate hinged at the bottom of the skimmer

opening,

operate best when they are floating at a 45 degree angle. The water level needs to

be

constant to ensure the proper angle is maintained. Water levels can be affected by

bathers

entering the pool. This is especially true for smaller pools or whirlpools. An

automatic water

levelling device may be required if water levels fluctuate greatly in order to keep

the water at

the optimal level.

Another type of weir that can be used is a floating ring that sits inside the

skimmer.

A strainer basket, also known as a leaf basket, is provided in the skimmer to stop

debris

from entering the recirculation line. This strainer basket should be cleaned on a

regular

basis.

An equalizer line is provided on skimmers to protect the recirculation pump. The

line

ensures that the pump is always sucking water and not air. When the pool water

level is too

low (below the floating weir), the valves on the equalizer line open and allow water

to flow

through to the recirculation line.

The equalizer line may be located in the main drain to prevent an entrapment

hazard.

Diagram: Skimmer

3. Overflow Gutters

Overflow gutters serve the same purpose as skimmers, but skim a much larger

surface area.
A balancing or surge tank needs to be used with the gutter system.

The surge tank will store water that is displaced by bathers entering the pool. As

bathers

leave the pool the water is sent back to the pool from the surge tank to maintain

water level

at the lip of the gutter system for constant skimming action. A surge tank will also

ensure the

pump pulls water rather than air.

Picture: Overflow Gutters

4. The Main Drain

The main drain is located at the lowest point of the pool floor. It is used as part of

the

recirculation system to remove heavier debris that does not float. It is also used

to drain the

pool when required.

The main drain is a good indicator of clarity. If the main drain can be seen from

the deck,

then an underwater swimmer or swimmer in distress would also be visible in the

deep end.

Following are some safety concerns with the main drain:

grates covering the main drain must be secure to the floor

suction through the main drain must be at a velocity that swimmers

will not be drawn down onto the grate

holes in the grate must be sized properly so that fingers or toes do not

become lodged between them

the grate should be painted a contrasting colour (aids in visualizing water

clarity; stands out as a warning to swimmers)

Note that the Building Code also has requirements that must be met at time of

construction

regarding size of the main drain and rate of water flow.

Entrapment Prevention
Pools with submerged suction outlets should be equipped with one of the following

anitentrapment

devices:

A minimum of two outlets per pump with pipe centres at least 920 mm (3 feet)

apart with covers listed, approved and installed in accordance with American

Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) and American National Standards

Institute (ANSI);

Anti-entrapment covers on all suction outlets other than the skimmer(s), listed,

approved and installed in accordance with ASME A112.19.8M performance

requirements and flow through drain grate which does not exceed 1.5

feet/second;

A safety vacuum release system that relieves suction when a blockage is

detected

and that is installed to meet the performance standards of the ASTM

International

F2387 and/or ASME/ANSI A112.19.17s

Drains which are at least 46 cm x 59 cm (18 x 23 inches) in size, or

If approved by the Executive Officer, alternative anti-entrapment devices or

solutions may be implemented which:

Comply with Guidelines for Entrapment Hazards: Making Pools and Spas

Safer. United States Consumer Product Safety Commission March 2005, or

Are approved by a professional engineer

The responsible person must ensure that all anti-entrapment devices are properly

installed

and in good working order.

The responsible person must be able to demonstrate that no entrapment or

entanglement risk

exists in the operation of a pool.

5. Hair and Lint Strainer

The hair and lint strainer is located ahead of the recirculation pump (usually it is

part of the

pump unit). Its purpose is to remove objects, hair, or lint that may damage the

pump.

This strainer must be checked daily and cleaned as often as necessary. It is

recommended

that a spare basket be used so that the pump is only shut off for a limited time

while

changing the hair and lint basket.

Picture: Hair and Lint Strainer

6. Recirculation Pump
Centrifugal pumps
6. Recirculation Pump
Centrifugal pumps are used in swimming pools to either pull water from the pool

and push it

through the filter (closed filter tank) or to pull water through the filter and push

it back to the

pool (open filter tank).

The two characteristics against which pumps are measured are flow rate

(measured in

gallons or litres per minute) and water resistance or total dynamic head (measured

as ‘feet of
head’). A pump must circulate enough water to meet the required number of

turnovers and

overcome any resistance in the system.

The friction of water in the pipes and filters, as well as the necessity to lift water

causes

resistance in the system. Pump manufacturers supply a pump curve with each pump

that

states the flow rate as compared to the feet of head.

Once the total resistance in the system is calculated, one will be able to read how

many litres

of water per minute a pump will pump at a determined resistance.

Pictures: Centrifugal Pump

Pictures: Centrifugal Impellers

Diagram: Example of a Pump Curve

7. Filters
A swimming pool filter consists of a tank containing some small pore material such

as sand

through which water is forced. As the water passes through the filter, some of

the particulate

matter in the water will cling to the grains or fibres and others will be trapped in

the spaces

between them. As the spaces, or voids, between the materials become clogged with

dirt, it

becomes increasingly more difficult to force water through. Either the force used

to move

the water through must be increased, or the rate of flow will decrease.

Specific filter types will be discussed in the next section of the manual.

8. Flow Meter
The flow meter measures the actual flow rate of the water as it moves through

the

recirculation system and can be used to ensure the required number of turnovers is

met.
The flow meter is located after the filters in order to measure the flow rate of

the water

returning to the pool. Flow meters improperly located ahead of the filter are

influenced by

the increasing pressure from the filter and are not an accurate indication of water

flow.

Sand particles or other debris may restrict movement of the float located inside

the meter. As

such, flow meters must be cleaned on a regular basis.

Flow meters must be installed according to manufacturer recommendations to

accurately

reflect the water flow. Improper installation of a flow meter may affect the

reading obtained.

Elbows, pipe diameters and space constraints are some determinants regarding the

location

of installation. Typical installation requires a distance equivalent to 10 times the

pipe

diameter prior to the flow meter and 5 times the pipe diameter after the flow

meter.

Picture: Flow Meter

10. Chemical Feeders and Automation
Most well operated pools have automated mechanical chemical feeders to add
chemicals
directly into the return line in order to maintain pH and disinfection levels in the
proper
range. These chemicals are usually soda ash, sodium hydroxide, muriatic acid and
various
chlorine products.
Picture: Chemical Feeders
 a.
Automation
Chemical feed pumps must be controlled by an automated monitoring device.
Automation includes the real time monitoring of the disinfection value and the
pH of the pool water. Disinfection and pH monitoring probes continually check
the water. The probes monitor water being returned to the equipment room
(typically after filtration to reduce fouling of the probe) and record a value which
is monitored by a control panel. The control panel then sends a signal to the
chemical feed pump when chemical adjustment is required which automatically
adjusts the chemical level.
b. Oxidation Reduction Potential (O.R.P.)
Automated systems typically measure disinfection values in millivolts indicating
the strength of the Oxidation Reduction Potential (ORP) or Redox. Redox refers
to the property of disinfectants and their ability to be strong oxidizers. ORP works
with all standard disinfectants and is an accurate way to judge the actual
disinfecting power of the chemical used for disinfection.
ORP cuts through the complicated tangle of variables (type of disinfectant,
influence from pH, temperature, etc.) and gives a simple, reliable and accurate
reading of disinfectant activity and water quality. It directly measures the
electrical potential resulting from oxidizing agents in the water. In effect, ORP
indicates the total disinfection level; therefore by relying on an ORP reading, you
are not as concerned about how much chlorine is in the pool, but rather how
effective the chlorine is.
ORP measuring instruments are like a highly sophisticated voltage meter. Data
has shown that when 650 millivolts (mV) or more is measured, the water being
tested has good bacteriological qualities. However, when the ORP falls below
650 mV, bacteriological contamination was evident. When a pool has an ORP
value of 700 mV or more, a free chlorine residual of at least 0.5 ppm must be
maintained. Chlorine residuals must be higher if the ORP value is below 700
mV.
In pools where cyanuric acid (CYA) is used (outdoor pools), inaccuracies in ORP
readings can happen due to high levels of the CYA. It is therefore very importantnot to
exceed the maximum recommended concentration of CYA in the water.
Data has shown that high pH values and high CYA levels can lead to low ORP
levels, even though the parts per million of free chlorine is above the minimum
recommended value. c. Probes
An ORP probe is two electrodes contained in one casing. A reference electrode
and a platinum electrode allow the transfer of electrons to be measured when the
probe is immersed in water. The pool water acts as a conductor to complete the
circuit.
d. Controllers
There are a number of manufacturers of ORP/pH controllers. All controllers use
basically the same type of electrodes. The installation of the ORP/pH controller
is shown below:
Examples of ORP/pH controllers and probes are shown below.
Sensors

Sensors are mounted on the recirculation line with standard PVC fittings. The
controller activates chemical feed pumps (or a solenoid valve to control water flow
through an approved erosion feeder) when pH or ORP readings drop to a pre-set
point. Feed is stopped when readings increase to a pre-set point.
Manufacturers of ORP/pH controllers recommend these units be calibrated based on
the conditions at the individual facility. Calibration is also required after cleaning
ormaintenance is performed on the probe. Follow manufacturer’s instructions for
calibration.
Cleaning of the probe is performed with a soft, non-abrasive cloth. Acid solutions
and degreasing solutions are often used to prevent scratching of the metal sensing
surface.
Automated systems do not replace the need to do manual tests. If you have an
automated system, you must still complete manual tests of chlorine and pH at least
once per day.
e. Amperometric Titration/Probes
Another type of automated system that can be used to monitor disinfection levels is
amperometric titration. This is an oxidation-reduction titration procedure which
determines the concentration of chlorine. A small electrical voltage is applied across
two electrodes and measures the change in current from chemical reactions after a
titrating solution has been added. The titrating solution measure changes in millivolt
readings from the start of the titration to the end of the titration and gives a direct
reading of free available chlorine. This test is not subject to interference from
colour or turbidity.
Although extremely accurate, amperometric titration goes beyond the requirements
of smaller pool facilities.
Picture: Amperometric Titration

C. Summary - Physical Treatment: Pool Recirculation

Operators of swimming pools must be familiar with all the equipment they are required to
operate. A flow chart diagram is an excellent guide and should be posted in the equipment
room.
All equipment should be clearly identified and colour coded. A good working knowledge of
your
pool equipment is essential. Regular checks and maintenance of all recirculation system
components must be done to keep them in good repair and prevent damage to your pool or
harm
to the bathers.

PART 2: FILTRATION
A. Concept of Filtration
Water for swimming must be physically clean. Water in a swimming pool that appears dirty
or
cloudy is said to be turbid. Water that is turbid may not be physically safe as bathers
may not be
clearly seen if they are in distress. Turbid water can also interfere with the disinfection
process
causing harmful bacteria and viruses to remain in the water. Pool water must pass through
a filter
system to remove dirt, oils and other particles that make the water unclean.
1. Turbidity
Physically clean water is free from particulate matter which includes dirt, oils, and
dissolved minerals. Clean water is obtained by pumping the water through a filter to
remove
the solids prior to returning it to the pool.
Turbid water will appear hazy or cloudy. Slightly turbid water does not have the desired
sparkling look. Excessively turbid water can be so cloudy that the pool bottom cannot be
seen. Excessive turbidity is unsafe. If you cannot see to the bottom of the pool, you
cannot
see a swimmer in trouble.
If the main drain cover cannot be seen in detail, use of the pool must be prohibited. The
pool
should have the best possible clarity, not only for safety, but also for proper disinfection
of
the pool water and improved length of filter runs.
2. Turbidity Standard
Turbidity measures how clear the water is. The pool should set a standard of 0.5 turbidity
units or less for swimming pools. Testing equipment is available to measure turbidity.
Where clarity problems persist, turbidity testing equipment may be required for the
facility.
3. Backwashing
When it becomes too difficult to move water through the filters at an adequate flow rate,
the
filter must be backwashed (cleaned) with the dirty water sent to waste. Once
backwashing
is completed, the pressure reading(s) should be recorded and the filter put into operation
again.
After backwashing, a new filter run begins. A filter run is the length of time between
backwashes and may vary from a few hours to several days or weeks in some cases. The
factors that will dictate how often backwashing will be required are:

i. The quality of the water supply.

ii. The type, design and size of the filters.
iii. Bather load.
iv. The location of the pool (indoor, outdoor, near a dusty street).
v. Algae growth.
Filter pressure is the factor that determines when a backwash is required. The filter
pressure
desired to initiate backwashing is dependant on the type of filter being used. All filters
must
be backwashed and cleaned according to manufacturer instructions.
B. Types of Filters
1. Sand Filters
The most common type of sand filter in use today is the high rate pressure sand filter.
The
low rate pressure filter (also known as rapid sand filters) is not in common use now, but
is discussed in the text for your information.
a. High Rate Pressure Sand Filters
i. How They Work
The high rate filter consists of a closed tank containing an upper
distribution system or baffle, sand and a collection manifold. On
the top of the filter tank is a multi-port valve that allows the
operator to control the direction of the water flow from one valve.
This is where the water coming from the pool enters the filter tank.
Large filters may have water distribution line valves to manually
control water direction in the absence of a multiport valve.
The water passes through a baffle that evenly distributes the water
over the filter bed of sand. The water travels through the filter bed
leaving debris on the filter surface.
As more water passes through the filter, the added debris forms a
mat on the surface that increases the pressure. The pressure pushes
this dirt into the filter, allowing the surface to continue the filtering
process.

Filtered water is collected at the bottom of the tank through the

underdrains in the collection manifold. This water is sent back to
the pool.
As the dirt is pushed deeper and deeper into the filter bed the
pressure continues to increase until such time that the flow of
water is restricted through the filter and the flow rate is affected.

Diagram: High Rate Pressure Sand Filter (Water Flow While Filtering)
ii. Flow Rate
Optimum operating procedures indicate that filtration rates for
swimming pools should not be more than 57 litres/minute/square
foot (15 US gallons/minute/square foot) and 47
litres/minute/square foot (12.5 US gallons/minute/square foot) for
whirlpools, or follow manufacturers specifications.
iii. Backwashing

For filters with pressure gauges on both the influent (incoming)

and effluent (outgoing) sides, a backwash should be done when the
pressure differential between the two gauges is 68-103 kPa (10-15
psi).
Where only one pressure gauge is present, it must be located
before the filter. After backwashing, the pressure gauge will
measure the backwashed or clean filter pressure, which the pool
operator should note. The pressure reading on the gauge will
increase over time. Follow the manufactures instructions as to the
pressure reading that indicates another backwash is required. This
is generally a pressure rise of about 8 psi.
During a backwash, water from the pool enters the filter tank and
is directed to the manifold (underdrains) at the bottom of the tank.
Water is then circulated from the underdrains up through the filter
bed to expand the sand and loosen the dirt particles, which are sent
to waste.
General procedures for backwashing high rate filters are:
1. Shut off boilers (heaters) approximately 30 minutes prior to
starting backwash. This prevents excess heat build up and
potential explosion.
2. Shut off pump to prevent excess pressure on the multiport
valve.
3. Arrange valves/multiport in backwash position.
4. Turn on pump and leave on until water runs clear.
5. Shut off pump.
6. Clean hair and lint strainer at this time as the system is
already turned off.
7. Arrange valves to downwash or rinse position.
8. Start pump and run for 1 minute.
9. Shut off pump.
10. Arrange valves to normal filter position and start pump.

The time required to backwash a high rate pressure sand filter can
vary, but generally takes 2 to 4 minutes. A sight glass should be
present to view the water going to waste. The sight glass allows the
operator to determine when the backwash water is clear, indicating
backwashing is complete.

Diagram: High Rate Pressure Sand Filter (Backwash Water Flow)

Downwashing is setting the filter to the normal flow pattern, but
discharging to waste for the first 30-60 seconds. Downwashing is
designed to prevent a small surge of dirt from entering the pool as
the sand in the filter settles back after backwashing.

iv. Operational Problems

Problems occur if the filter is not operated properly. Insufficient
backwashing or insufficient flow rates during the backwash cycle
may not remove all of the debris and dirt in the filter bed. This
will eventually lead to accumulation of debris in the filter referred
to as mudballs.
Mudballs will build up on the filter surface and reduce the area
available for filtering. As these mudballs grow in size and weight
they are forced deeper into the filter. With the existence of
mudballs, the water will tend to channel along side and reduce
filtering efficiency. When water flows around a restriction and
makes a permanent path in the filter media it is referred to as
channelling.
Channelling may occur from mudballs being present in the filter.
Channelling may also occur as a result of a broken baffle that no
longer distributes the water evenly over the filter media causing a
channel to occur in the sand.
Another problem due to insufficient backwashing is calcification.
This is a common problem in hard water areas due to the high
number of calcium compounds. Calcium carbonate crystals can
build up into a solid mass encrusted into the filter bed. At the
point when the filter bed becomes impervious and channelling will
result. Both of these problems can be corrected by chemical
treatment or filter sand replacement.
Other problems may arise from backwashing too frequently. As
the sand filter starts to build up some pressure, more effective
filtering is achieved. A small amount of sand can be lost during
backwashing which after repeated loss may result in poor filtration.
If the pump pressure is not properly matched to the filter problems
may arise. Insufficient pressure may cause incomplete backwashing. The sand bed
will not be properly expanded
(fluidized) and mudballs or calcification may occur. Excess
pressure during backwashing may result in over expansion of the
sand that is then lost to waste. Backwash rates must match
filtration rates.
An annual inspection of the filter and filter media should be
conducted to check for any of the above noted problems.
Sand needs to be replaced after a period of time (dependant upon
your facility’s operation). Typical replacement occurs on an annual
basis.

Pictures: High Rate Pressure Sand Filters

5. Basic Formula for Chlorinating
If chlorine is added to shock the pool, to superchlorinate, or simply to add chlorine after a
drain and refill, the basic formulas found below can be used to determine the desired
chlorine to be added depending upon the type of chlorine product used. (The different
types

of chlorine products will be discussed in greater detail in the following section of this
manual.)
a. Using Sodium Hypochlorite (liquid):
Litres of pool water x desired chlorine dosage (ppm) = litres of sodium
10,000 x % chlorine in sodium hypochlorite hypochlorite
b. Using Calcium or Lithium Hypochlorite or Gas Chlorine (solid):
Litres of pool water x 1kg/L x desired Cl2 dosage (ppm)
= kilograms of
10,000 x % of available chlorine in product chlorine
Example: Shocking a Pool with Sodium Hypochlorite
A pool containing 522 100 litres (115 000 gallons) of water is to be shocked to 15 ppm
using
12% sodium hypochlorite. Calculate the amount required.
(Note: The present chlorine level is 0 mg/L.)
522 100 litres x 15 ppm = L of sodium hypochlorite is
10 000 ppm x 12 required
522 100 litres x 15 ppm = 65.26 L of sodium hypochlorite is
120 000 ppm required to shock to 15 ppm
RECIRCULATION RATE: - A swimming pool recirculation system shall be
capable of processing one pool volume of water in six hours or less.

MATERIALS:-Recirculation system components in contact with the swimming

pool water shall be of non-toxic material, resistant to corrosion, and able to with
stand operating pressures. Acceptable materials are copper, stainless steel, cast
iron, ductile iron, plastics approved for potable water contact by the appropriate
regulatory agency, or other materials suitable for potable water contact, subject
to approval by the regulatory agency.

PIPE SIZING:-Swimming pool recirculation system piping shall be

designed so that the water velocity shall not exceed 3m/sec on the
discharge side of the recirculation pump, and 1.8m/sec in suction
piping.

DRAINAGE AND INSTALLTION:-All equipment and piping shall be designed

and fabricated to drain completely by use of drain plugs, drain valves or other
means. All piping shall be supported continuously or at sufficiently close intervals
to prevent sagging. ALL suction piping shall be sloped in one direction, preferably
toward the pump. All supply and return pipe lines to the pool shall be provided with
insert able plugs or valves to allow the piping to be drained to a point below the
front line. Provision shall be made for expansion and contraction of pipes.

OVER FLOW SYSTEMS:-All pools shall be designed to provide

continuous skimming (removal of surface water).make up water supply
equipment shall be provided to maintain continuous skimming.

GUTTERS (Perimeter overflow systems):-The gutter shall

extend around the full perimeter of the swimming pool except at
stairways ramps entering the swimming pool. It shall be level within a
tolerance of plus or minus 3mm .piping connections shall be provided to
permit water to flow overflows to waste, as well as to the recirculation
system.
 SIZE AND SHAPE: - The gutter system shall be
designed to allow continuous removals of water from the pools upper
surface at a rate of at least 100 percent, an preferably 125 percent,
of the recirculation rate. The gutters shall be designed to serve as a
hand grip and to prevent entrapment of arms or legs. It shall permit
ready inspection, cleaning and repair.

OUTLETS: - Drop boxes,converters,rerurn piping of

flumes used to convey water from the gutter shall be designed to handle at least
100 percent, but preferably 125 percent, of the recirculation rate. Drainage shall
be sufficient to minimize flooding and prevent back flow of skimmed water into the
pool.

SURGE CAPACITY:-All overflow systems shall be

designed with an effective surge capacity of not less than 41ltre/m2 of pool
surface area. surge shall be provided within a surge tank, in the gutter or filter
above the normal flow line, or elsewhere in the system. surge tanks gutters and
filter tanks should have overflow pipes, gutters and filter tanks should have
overflow pipes to convey excess water to waste. Surge tanks shall be provided with
means for complete draining. In pool surge is allowed only with an engineered
perimeter gutter system which includes an integral surge weir for each 46m2 of
water surface, and a tank to allow balancing of main drain and gutter flows.

MAIN DRAIN SYTEM (OUTLET):-Main drains of the pool shall be

installed in the pool floor at the deepest point.

Design and location:- The main drain shall be designed to

prevent against suction entrapment; one or more of the following arrangements
shall be used:

\ Mutiple drains:-two or more main drains shall

be installed. The drains shall be at least 91cm apart, shall be connected in
parallel, and shall not permit and drain to be individually valves off.
 SINGLE DRAIN:-A single main drain shall
have a total area of at least 930cm2.

Antivotex covers

Spacing:-The drains shall not be greater than 6.1m on

centers, and an outlet shall be provided not more than 4.6m from each
side wall.

Anti vortex covers on gratings:- Main drains shall be protected

by ant vortex covers or gratings. The open area shall be large enough so the
velocity does not exceed 46cm per second through the grating. Openings in grates
shall not be over 13mm wide. Gratings or drain covers shall not be removable
without the use of tools.

Piping:-The piping shall be designed to carry 100 percent of the

recirculation rate, and shall be equipped with a valve.

PUMPS AND STRAINERS

Strainers:-Strainers shall be provided

through which all water shall pass before entering the pump. The strainers shall be
of rigid construction, fabricated of corrosion resistant material, and sufficiently
strong to prevent collapsing when clogged. The openings shall be no greater than
3mm in any dimension.

The total clear area of all openings shall be at least four times the area of the
connecting pipe. The strainers shall have a quick-opening cover. In systems where
the filter is located on the suction side of the pump, strainers are not required.

Pumping Equipment:-A pump and motor shall be provided for the recirculation
of the swimming pool water. The pump shall provide the recirculation flow rate
required …….. and the filter backwash rate required …….against the total dynamic
head generated in the recirculation system. The pump shall be self-priming or shall
be installed so that there is a net positive suction head on the pump inlet whenever
the pump is opening. Multiple pumps should not be provided except for standby
purposes. A gauge which indicates both pressure and vacuum shall be installed on
the pump suction header, and a pressure gauge shall be installed on the discharge
side of the pump.

Pumps and motors shall be readily accessible for inspection and service.

FLOW MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL

Flow Measurement:-A flow meter or other device

which gives a continuous indication of the flow rate in gallons per minute in the
recirculation system shall be provided. If sand filters are used, a device should be
provided to measure the backwash flow rate in liters per minute. Flow meters shall
have a measurement capacity of at least 1.5 times the design recirculation flow
rate, and shall be accurate within 10 percent of the actual flow rate. The indicator
shall have a range of readings appropriate for the anticipated flow rates, and be
installed where it is readily accessible for reading and maintenance, and with
straight pipe upstream and downstream of any fitting or restriction in accordance
with the manufacturer’s recommendation.

Flow Regulation:-A device for regulating the rate of

flow shall be provided in the recirculation pump discharge piping.

INLETS:-The recirculation system shall inlets adequate in design, number and

location to insure effective distribution of treated water and maintenance of
uniform disinfectant residual throughout the swimming pool. All other types of
inlet systems not covered below shall be subject to approval by the authority.

Number:-Wall inlets shall be spaced not over 6.1m apart, with one
inlet within 1.5m of each corner of the pool and one in each recessed step area.

Location:-Wall inlets shall be located at least 30cm below the design

water surface, or not less than 15cm if designed to provide downward flow. Bottom
inlets shall be uniformly spaced, with a separating distance of no greater than
1.5m, and with rows of inlets within 4.6m of each side wall. in any pool over 18m in
width, bottom inlets should provided.
 Type:-Inlet fittings shall be of the adjustable rate-of-flow type.
Direction flow inlets shall be used with skimmer-type pools. Inlets shall not extend
from the floor or wall to create a hazard.

Testing:- Dye testing (crystal violet or equivalent) should be

performed to determine and adjust the recirculation system.

FILTRATION (General):-A swimming pool water treatment system shall have

one or more filters. Filters shall be of a type approved by the regulatory agency.
They shall be installed with adequate clearance and facilities for ready and safe
inspection,maintenance,disassembly and repair.

SAND TYPE FILTERS

Filter Rate:-The design filtration

rate of rapid sand filters shall not exceed 2.0 liter/sec/m2 of filter area. High-
rate sand filters shall not exceed a filtration rate of 10.2 liter/sec/m2 .higher
rates may be used if the filter has been successfully tested against NSF/ANSI
standard 50 at the higher rate. The sand filter system shall be equipped to
backwash each filter at a rate of a10.2Liter/sec/m2 of filter bed area, or as
recommended by the manufacturer. The backwash water shall be discharged to
waste through a suitable air gap.

Filter Media:-Sand or other media shall be carefully

graded and meet the manufacturer’s recommendation for pool use.

Accessories:-Accessories shall include influent pressure

gauge, effluent pressure gauge, backwash sight glass, and air relief valve. The
filter system shall have valving and piping to allow isolation,drainage,and
backwashing of individual filters, if needed for proper operation.

DIATOMACEOUS EARTH-TYPE FILTERS

 Filter rate:-the design filtration rate for pressure or
vacuum filters shall be not greater than 1.0liter/sec/m2 of effective filter
area,axcept that a maximum filtration rate of 1.4litre/sec/m2 may be allowed
where continuous ‘’body feed’’ is provided. Higher rates may be used if the filter
has been successfully tested against NSF/ANSI standard 50 at the higher rate.

Precoating:-the filter piping shall be designed to refilter

or waste the effluent until a uniform body coat is applied. For pressure –type
filters, recoat feed equipment shall be provided to apply not less than 0.49kg/m2
of filter area.

Body feed equipment:-Body feed equipment capable of

applying not less than 0.49kg/m2 of filter areas per 24 hours should be provided.

DISINFECTION AND CHEMICAL APPLICATION EQUIPMENT

CHEMICAL FEED EQUIPMENT:-Feeders

shall be of sturdy construction and materials which will withstand wear, corrosion
or attack by the chemical to be used therein and which are not adversely affected
by repeated, regular adjustments or other normal use conditions. The design shall
minimize potential for blockage.

Maintenance:-feeders shall be capable of being easily

disassembled for cleaning and maintenances.

Intended use:-the chemical feeder shall be being

only for chemicals recommended for use by the feeder manufacturer.

Safeguards:-the feeders shall incorporate anti-

siphon safeguards so that the chemical cannot continue to feed in to the swimming
pool, the pool piping system, or the swimming pool enclosure if any type of failure
of the pool equipment occurs. Chemical feed systems shall be recirculation pump is
off.
 DISINFECTION:-Swimming pools shall be designed to provide for
continuous disinfection of the pool water with a chemical which is an effective
disinfectant, and which imparts an easily measured, active residual.

Disinfectant feeders:-an automatic feeder which is easily

adjustable shall be provided for the continuous application of disinfectant.

Capacity:-feeders shall be capable of supplying

disinfectant at a rate of 45g chlorine or equivalent per gallon per minute
recirculation flow. The chemical feed system shall be designed to provide a 24-
hour supply of disinfectants at the above rate.

GAS CHLORINATION:-The proposed use of gas chlorination

should be reviewed with the reviewing authority regarding potential public health
hazards, prior to final system design. When compressed chlorine gas is used, the
following features shall be provided:

New Installation:-All new installations shall be

vacuum-type. All existing pressure –feed-type systems should be converted to
vacuum-type.

Location:-The chlorine room shall be located on

the opposite side of the pool from the direction of the prevailing winds. A separate
room shall be provided for chlorine and chlorinating equipment. This room shall be
at or above grade, and have no opening to other interior spaces.

Venting:- The chlorine room shall have an airtight duct

beginning a maximum of 20cm above the floor and terminating at a safe point of
discharge to the out-of-doors in a direction away from the pool deck. A ventilation
fan, capable of one air change per minute and operated from a switch located
outside the chlorine room door, shall be provided in conjunction with the airtight
duct. A louvered air intake shall be provided near the ceiling.

Lighting:-Adequate lighting shall be provided inside the

chlorine room with the light switch located outside the chlorine room, adjacent to
the chlorine room doo.
 Construction:-the enclosure ,including the door shall be
vandal-reistant.the door of the chlorine room shall not open to the swimming pool,
and shall open outward to the out-of-doors.the door shall be provided with a
minimum of a 30cm by 30cm shatterproof inspection window, and should be
provided with ‘’panic hardware’ on the inside of the door.

Chlorine cylinders:-All full and empty chlorine cylinders shall be

anchored. The cylinders in use shall stand on a scale capable of indicating gross
weight with 0.23kg accuracy. Storage space shall be provided so that all full and
empty chlorine cylinders are not subjected to direct sunlight.

Injection Location:-the mixing of the chlorine gas and water

shall occur in the chlorine room, except where ‘’vacuum type’’chlorinations are used.

Safety Features:-the chlorine feeding device shall be

designed to automatically terminate gas feed when the water supply flow is
interrupted. The release of chlorine gas shall be terminated when the recirculation
pump is shut off.

Respiratory Protection Device:-A respiratory

protective device suitable to provide protection during exposure to chlorine gas, or
a type approved by the appropriate regulatory equipment should meet the selection
criteria set forth in the code .A closed cabinet shall be provided to house the
device in a convenient location outside the chlorine room which is quickly and
readily accessible.

Leak Detection:-a plastic bottle of ammonia for leak

detection shall be provided and automatic chlorine detectors should be provided.

Emergency Number:-The phone number of the fire

department or other agency trained in the handling of chlorine leaks must be
posted on the outside of the chlorine room door.
 PH Adjustment: - mechanical feed equipment for the
purpose of adding a chemical for PH adjustment shall be provided. The capacity
shall be consistent with the chlorine feed rate.

HYPOCHLORINATORS:-where hypo chlorinators are used,

the following requirements shall apply,

Feed:-Feed shall be continuous under all

conditions of pressure in the recirculation system.

Solution tanks:-If calcium hypochlorite is

used, two solution tanks, each with minimum capacity of a one-day supply, should be
provided.