SCHOOL
LOGO
NAME
CLASS & SECTION
XII – F
ROLL NO.
To study earth’s magnetic field using a
TOPIC compass needle –
bar magnet by plotting magnetic field
lines and tangent
galvanometer.
DATE OF SUBMISSION
25/07/2023
TEACHER’S NAME
TEACHER’S SIGNATURE
TEACHER’S REMARK
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that ______, a student of Class XII
- F, ________________School, _______ has
successfully completed the course work of Physics,
that is “To study earth’s magnetic field using a
compass needle bar magnet by plotting magnetic
field lines and tangent galvanometer.” under the
guidance of___________ during ________
academic year in partial fulfillment of chemistry
practical examination of Central Board of
Secondary Education.
Signature of Internal Examiner:
Signature of External Examiner:
Signature of Principal:
School stamp:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my sincere and
special gratitude to our Principal
Ma’am, ____________ of our esteemed
______________ School, ________
for always encouraging us to excel in all
that we do.
I would like to thank my Physics
teacher ______________ for his
continuous guidance, encouragement
and immense motivation which helped
me at all stages of this project. Lastly, I
would like to thank my family and
friends for helping me in the
completion of the project.
INDEX
Sr.No. Topic Page no.
1. Certificate 3
2. Acknowledgement 4
3. Aim of project 6
4. Earth’s Magnetic project 7
5. Apparatus Required 8
6. Tangent 9
Galvanometer
7. Finding 10
Earth’s
magnetic field
8. Precautions 15
10. Bibliography 16
Aim of project
To study earth’s magnetic field using a
compass needle bar magnet by plotting
magnetic field lines and tangent
galvanometer.
EARTH’S MAGNETIC FIELD
Earth's magnetic field is a complex and dynamic force that
surrounds the planet. It is generated by the movement of
molten iron and nickel in the outer core of the Earth. The
movement of these electrically charged materials creates
electric currents, which, in turn, generate the magnetic field.
Earth's magnetic field is not only essential for practical
applications like navigation but also crucial for scientific
research across. The information obtained through magnetic
field measurements contributes to a deeper understanding of
our planet's structure, dynamics, and interactions with the
solar system.
Required Apparatus
1)Bar Magnet: Generates a magnetic field; its orientation can
be adjusted.
2)Compass Needle: Detects and aligns with magnetic field
lines.
3)Graph Paper: Used for mapping and recording compass
needle positions.
4)Tangent Galvanometer: Measures magnetic field strength;
coil suspended in the field.
5)Ruler: Provides accurate measurements on graph paper.
6)Conducting Wires: Connects tangent galvanometer to the
bar magnet.
7)Non-Magnetic Surface: Platform to place the bar magnet,
preventing interference.
8)Lab Stand or Support: Holds the bar magnet in place for
stability.
TANGENT GALVANOMETER
A tangent galvanometer is an instrument used to measure the
strength and direction of a magnetic field. It operates on the
principle of the interaction between a magnetic field and an
electric current flowing through a coil of wire.
A tangent galvanometer is a simple yet effective instrument
for measuring the strength of magnetic fields. Its design and
operation make it a valuable tool for the study of magnetism
and electromagnetism.
Finding the earth’s magnetic field
using a compass needle bar magnet
by plotting magnetic field lines and
tangent galvanometer.
STEPS:-
1. Setting up the Experiment:
● Place the bar magnet on a flat, non-magnetic surface to
ensure stability.
● Ensure the bar magnet is free to rotate so that its
orientation can be adjusted during the experiment.
● Confirm that the experiment is conducted in an area with
minimal external magnetic interference.
2. Finding the Magnetic North:
● Allow the bar magnet to come to rest.
● Identify the end pointing towards the Earth's geographic
north as the magnetic north pole. This is the end that
attracts the north-seeking pole of a compass.
3. Placing the Compass Needle:
● Position the compass needle near the north pole of the bar
magnet.
● Observe and note the direction in which the compass
needle aligns itself. This direction represents the local
magnetic field direction.
4. Marking Points:
● Mark the position of the compass needle on the graph
paper.
● Rotate the bar magnet to different angles and repeat,
marking new positions of the compass needle.
● This step helps in creating a set of data points for mapping
the magnetic field lines.
5. Connecting Points:
● Connect the marked points on the graph paper to form a
smooth line.
● This line represents the direction of the magnetic field at
those points around the bar magnet. Magnetic field lines
typically extend from the north pole to the south pole.
6. Repeat for Different Locations:
● Move the bar magnet to different locations on the graph
paper.
● Repeat steps 3-5 for each new location to create a map of
magnetic field lines around the magnet.
● This step helps in observing how the magnetic field lines
vary at different positions.
7. Using the Tangent Galvanometer:
● Place the tangent galvanometer near the bar magnet.
● Connect the galvanometer to the bar magnet using
conducting wires.
● Adjust the orientation of the bar magnet to align it with the
magnetic meridian (the north-south direction).
8. Mapping Magnetic Field Lines:
● Record the deflection angle of the galvanometer needle
when aligned with the magnetic meridian.
● Combine data from the compass needle and tangent
galvanometer readings.
● Use the compass needle data to determine the direction of
the magnetic field lines and the galvanometer readings for
an estimate of the field strength.
● Map the magnetic field lines on the graph paper by
considering both direction and strength information.
9. Analysis:
● Analyze the magnetic field lines to understand Earth's
magnetic field at different locations.
● Note any patterns or variations in strength and direction.
● Compare and contrast the qualitative information obtained
from the compass needle with the quantitative information
from the tangent galvanometer.
PRECAUTIONS:
● Ensure the stability of the bar magnet during measurements.
● Take readings at various distances and angles from the magnet.
● Account for and minimize external magnetic influences.
● Follow safety guidelines and procedures in the laboratory.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
➢ https://ncert.nic.in/textbook.php?leph1=0-8
➢ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s_magnetic_fie
ld
➢ https://www.niser.ac.in/sps/sites/default/files/basic_pag
e/Tangent%20Galvanometer.pdf
➢ https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/bar-magnet/
➢ https://www.sciencephoto.com/
➢ https://iitr.ac.in/Academics/static/Department/Physics/
Preparatory/Spring/2._Bar_magnet.pdf.
THANK YOU
