D.S.

Chemistry

PgNo
QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS (A)
Physical Examination of the Salt
Experiment Observations Inference
1. a) Colour
Colourless Absence of Cu2 Ni2, Fe2*,
Fes Mn2 co.
|2. b) Smell Ammoniacal Smell Presence of NH**
Smell like that of rotten egg Presence of S
No characteristicsmell Absence of NH", S*,CH CO0,
2) Dry Heating Test Colourless, odourless gas May be presence of carbonate
Small amount of salt evolved which turns lime
taken in a dry test Water milky
tube and heat. White sublimate formed May be presence of NHA"
Descrepitation occur reddish | May be presence of Nitrate
brown gas evolvedd

Residue is yellow when hot May be presence of Zn*

white when cold.

Residue is Brown when hot | May be presence of Pb

and yellow when cold

White residue glows on May be Presence of Ba", S

heating CaMg A ptc
3): Charcoal cavity
test
Smali amount of salt
Residue is brown in hot Presence of Pb2*
is mixed with double
its quantity of yellow in cold.
Sodium Carbonate,
placed it in the
White fesidue which glows
cavity made on the Preseneé of Ba, Ca", Mg"
block of charcoal
Moisten with drop ot
Residue is yellow in hot Presence of Zn"
water and
directeawhite
the reducing flame
in cold

of the bunsen burner No

characteristic change. Absence of Pb, Ca, Zn
on the cavity.
Mg,Ba -

Usha Commerciai Institute, Block11, Neyveli

 No
Experiment Observations Inference
A. CobaltNitrate
Test
Put one (or) two Green residue is obtained. Presence of Zn
drops of cobalt
nitrate solution on Pink residue is
obtained.Presence of Mg
the white residue left Blue residue is obtained. Presence of AI
after charcoal cavity No characteristic residue is Absence of Zn*, Mg2*, A13*
test and heat it in
oxidising flame obtained

5. Flame Test

Take a small | Brick red coloured flame Presence of Ca"

amount of Salt, (not presistent) is obtained.
made a paste with Crimson-red coloured flame Presence of Sr*
Con Hcl and (presistent) is obtained.
introduced into
Presistent grassy-green Presence of Ba2*
oxidising the flame
flameis obtained.
No characteristic coloured Absence of Ca*, S2*, Ba2*.
flame is obtained.

6. Borax bead test

This test is not Absence of coloured salts.
performed Since
given salt is not
coloured.

7 dil. H2S0,test
To sma!l quantity Colourless, odourless gas
a Presence of carbonate
of the salt dil. H2So4 with brisk effervescence,
is added. turns lime water milky.
Colourless gas with smell Presence of sulphide.
ike that of rotten egg turns
lead acetate paper black.

No characteristicchange Absence of Co3, S, So,

NO2 .
 D.s.D.S. Chemistry
Ne 9
Inference
Experiment Observations

| 8. Potassium
permanganate tesst
To a small quantity Presence of Cr.
Potassium permanganate
of the salt
dil.H,S04decolourised.
is added then
No decolourisation of Absence ofCl, Br, F, Fe",
potassium
permanganate KMnO4Solution. C204
solution added
dropwise.

9. Con.H,SO,Test
To a small quantityCold gas with pungent Presence of chloride.
of salt con. H2SO4 is smell, white fumes with
-

added and then aqueous NHAOH and white

heated precipitate with AgNO3
solution.
Reddish brown vapours with Presence of Nitrate
pungent smell, turns FeSO4
solution black.
Absence of CI, Br, 1, NO3.
No characteristic change CH3COO.

a) Testfor
Sulphate
To a smail quantity
A whiteprecipitate which is
insolublein Con. Hcl is Presence of sulphate
of salt dil. Hcl is
added and heated obtained.
then BaCh solution

is added. No white precipitate is Absence of sulphate.

obtained

b) Testfor
phosphate
To a small quantity
Yellow
of salt Con. HNO3 is Yellow precipitateis Presence of Phosphate.
added and boiled obtained.
then excess of Absence of phosphate
Ammonium Moiybdate No yellow precipitate is
soiution is added. obtained.
isha Commer::ialInstitute. Biocki1 Aloshels
 D.S. Chemistry

Experiment Observations Inference

c) Test for Borate
To a small quantity No characteristic change. Absence of Borate.
of salt
ethanol and
Con.H2SO4 added
and heated. **

10.Preparation of Sodium Carbonate Extract

a small quantity of salt twice the amount of Sodium Carbonate added and
dessolved in 10-15 ml of distilled water. Then the solution is boiled for 10 15 min
Ccoied and tiltered. The filterate is known as Sodium Carbonate extract.
11Confirmatory test for Acid Radical. ca
Experiment Observation Inferencce

Confirmatory test
for carbonate
Toa small quantity Colourless odourless gas Presence of carbonate is
of salt dil./Con Hcl with brisk effervescence confirmed.
added and heated turns limewater milky.

CO+ 2 Hcl cr +Co2 1+H20

Ca OH)2 C o 2 - > CaCos + H20.
Limewater

Confirmatory test
for Sulphide
To a small quantity Colourless gas with smell Presence of sulphide
ofsalt dil. Hcl is like that rotten egg turns confirmed.
added. lead acetate paper black.

$2 2Hcl->H2StCr. Rotten egg smell.

Confirmatory test
for Nitrate
a) Copper turning
test. Reddish brown vapours are Presence of Nitrate confirmed.
To a small heated evolved.

quantity of salt with

copperturning and

Con. H2S04
2 NO3+ H2SO4-> SO4 + HNOg.
2

4 HNO3 C u > Cu (NO)2 + 2 NO21+ H2O

(reddishbrown)
 D.S. Chemistry

gN
Experiment Observations Inference

Brown ringtest
To the sodium A dark brown ring is formed Presence of Nitrate is
carbonate extract at junction of layers of acid confirmed.
dil. H2SO4 is added and solution.
and freshly prepared
FeSO4 soiution is
added and
Con.H2SO, added
along the sides of
test tube.

NO3 +H2S04 - > HSO4 + HNO3.

6 FeSOa + 3H2SO4 2 HN03 - 3 Fe(SO.)3 +4 H20 +2NO.
FeSO4 +NO +5 H20- [Fe (H20)s (NO)j SO4
Brown ring
Confirmatory test
for chloride
a) Chromyl Red orange vapours are Presence of chloride is
chloride test evolved. Pass the vapours confirmed.
To a small quantity through NaOH solution. To
of salt solid K2 Cr207 the yellow solution obtained
is added and heated add acetic acid and lead
with Con.H2SO4. acetate acid and lead
acetate solution yellow.
Precipitate is obtaine.d
i) Cr+ K2Cr2O7 +3H2S04 K2SO4 + SO4 +CrO2 Ch t +3H2

(chromyl cloride)
i) CrO2 Cl2 +4 NaOH-> Naz Cr O4 +2 H20+ 2 NaCI
Na CrO + (CHa (O0)2 Pb s Pb CrO4 + 2 CHa Coo Na.

b) Silver Nitrate
test
To the salt solution A white precipitate soluble in Presence of ciBorida is
Con.HNO3 is added | NH4OH solution is obtained.| confimed
and AgNO3 solution
added.
Cr+AgNO3 --> AgCl+NO3
Agcl + 2 NH,OH> Ag(NH3)2] Ci + 2H20.
 N.6
Experiment Observations Inference

Confirmatory Test
for Sulphate
) To the small White precipitate insoluble Presence of Sulphate
amount of water
in Con. Hcl. confirmed.
extract dil. Hcl is
added and Bacl2
solution is added.
SO+BaC2 BaSO4+2 Cr
White ppt.
w.memo

ii) To the small

amountofwater White precipitate is Presence of Sulphate
extract dil. Acetic
acid is added and
obtained. confirmed.
Lead acetate
solution is added.
SO+ (CH3COO)Pb PbSO4 +2 CHcoo
White ppt

Icientification of Basic Radicals

ction of Con.
NaOH solution
A pinch of salt is Brown precipitate is Presence of NH4
neated with Con.
obtained
NaOH, NHs gas
evolved, the gas
No ammonia gas evolved. Absence of NHa"
passes through
Nesslers reagent.

Preparation of Original solution

Sraall of salt dissolved in 10 15 ml of distilled water clear solution
Srnall quantity
solution.
obtained is labelled as original
dissolved in dil. Hcl.
Note :CaCo Salt and dil. HNO
Zns:Salt dissolved in Hot mixture dil. Hcl
of
 Experiment
No-
Observation Inference
1) To the original White precipitate is Presence of group(l)cation.i
solution dil. Hcl is
obtained
added.
No characteristic change. Absence of group()cation.

2) HS gas is No characteristic change. Absence of groupí)cation

passed into the
above solution.

3) To the remaining Gelatinous white ppt. is Presence of group(ll)cation

solution a pinch of obtained.
solid NH4 cl is added
boil and cool the No characteristic change. Absence of group(lll)cation
solution then excess
NH,OH solution is
added.

4) H2S gas is Dirty white ppt. is formed Presence of group(V)cation.

passed into the
above solution.
No characteristic change. Absence of group{!/)cation
5) Boil the above White ppt. is formed. Presence of group(V)cation
solution and NH4CI
and excess NHOH
then (NH,)2CO3 No characteristic change. Absence of group(V)cation
solution is added.

6) To the above White precipitate is Presence of group(Vi)cation.

filtrate NH,CI, obtained.
NHOH and
disodium hydrogen
phospiate is added. | No characteristic change Absence of group(VI)cation;

onf+rmative testfor group(lcation Pb2

issolve the gioup() ppt in hot water divide the solution into three
parts.
i) Cer: one part of White crystalline ppt Presence of Pb.
solution. appeared.
 DS. Chemistry
No
i) To another part of Yellow ppt is obtained. Presence of Pb*.
solution K2Croa is
added
IPb(NO3)2 +K2Cro42KNO3 + PbCro4 ]
(yellow)
ii Third part of Yellow ppt is obtained which Presence of Pb" is
soBution Kl is added. dissolved in hot water and confirmed.
cooled Pbl2 is obtained.
iPb(NO3)2+KI-> Pb l2+ 2 KNO]
(Yellow ppt)
Conirmative test for group (ll)cation Al".
i) To the group ppt A blue ppt suspended in a Presence of Al" confirmed
dil Hcl+few drops colourless medium is
of blue litmus obtained.
solution and NH4OH
solution is added in
excess
Al (OH)3 +3 Hcl AICl + 3 H20-> dissolution
AICla+3 NHOH 3 NH CI +Al(OH)3.
Blue colour

TO the group pptBright red lake is obtained. Presence of Al" is confirmed.

dil Hcl+ few drops
of alumina reagent
added.

Confirmative Test for qroup(IV) cation: Zn2

part.of winiie ppt dissolved in dil. Hcl and divided into two parts.

i) To the one part of Bluish white ppt is obtained Presence of Zn" confirmed.

Soiuion poiassiumn
ferro cyanide is

added.
(Zn+Ka [Fe(CN) Zna [Fe(CN)
Bluish White ppt

To the second White ppt coluble in excess Presence of Zn confirrmed.

) NaOH is obtained.
part of solution
NaOH is added.
 D.S. Chemistry

a Ne
Confirmative Testfor group(V) cations Ba Sr Ca
The group ppt is dissolved in hot dil. CH,COOH and divided into three parts.

Confirmative for
Ba2
To one part of Yellow ppt is obtained. Presence of Ba2*
solution K2CrO4 is
added.
No yellow ppt is obtained. Absence of Ba2*

Ba+2 CH,COOH - (CH CO0)2 Ba+Co2 t + H20.

(CH3COO)%Ba + K2 Cros Ba CrOa+2 CH3 COo
Yellow ppt)
Confirmative for
S
To the second part White ppt is obtaind. Presence of S*
of solution.
.

(NH)2 SC is No white ppt is obtained. Absence of Sr*

added.

SP+2CHCoOH (CH COO)2 [r +Co f+H0.

(CHCOO)»Sr+ (NH)» SO4 Sr SO + 2 NH
*

(White ppt)
Confirmative of
Ca
To the third part of
White ppt is obtained. Presence of Ca
solution ammonium
hydroxide and
ammonium oxalate No white ppt is obtained.
Absence of Ca",
solution added.

CaCOs+2 CH3COOH (CH3COO)2 Ca+ CO21 H20 +

(CtiCOO2Ca (NH4)2 C204

+
2 CH,C0O NH >
+CaC204
White ppt
 S Chenistry

Ccnfirmatorytest for group (VI) cation Mg PaNoD

a) To tie original White precipitate is Presence of Magnesium
solution, NHACI and obtained. confirmed
few drops of NHOH
and excess of
Ammonium
phosphate solution
are added.

b) To the original Blue precipitate is obtained. Presence of Magnesiurn

solution magneson confirmed.
reagent is added.

Confirmatory test for 0 Group NH4

To original solution Reddish brown ppt is Presence of NH4" confirmed

NaOH & Nessler's obtained.

reagentis added.
2K Hgla] + NH+3 KOH> HzN Hgo.Hsi + 7 KI+ H0.
Brown ppt.

Result 4
contains
The given siniple salt
Cation
Anion
salt is
The given simple