PRELIMINARY OR DRY TESTS

Inference
Observation
S. No. Test

1. Physical examination
Cut indicated
(a)Colour (i) Blue or bluish green
N+2 indicated
(ii) Green
Fet indicated
(iü) Light green
Fet indicated
(iv) Dark brown
(v) Rose red
Cot indicated

(vi) Light pink Mnt indicated

Pb+2,Ast3cat2
(vii) White
AI3 Znt2 Ca+2
Bat2 St2 , Mgt2
(i) Vinegar CHC00
(b) Odour
(i) Rotten egg
+
(ii) Ammonical NH
() Heavy
Pb+2, Ba*2 or Hg?
Mc) Density
(i) Light fluffy powder CO,Ca* indicated
(ii) Deliquescent NO,CI or CHaCO0 may be p

2. Dry heating test

(a) Gas evolved (i) Colourless and odourless CO indicated
(i) Colourless gas with rotten eggsSS indicated
(i) White fumes with suffocating SO indicated
smell
 XIl
/SC ChemistryLab MaNual [39]
Nootan
(j) Yellowish green with pungent CI indicated
smell

(v) Browncolour gas

Br, NO;, NO, may be present
(vi) Purple of violet fumes T indicated
(vii) Vinegar like smell CH,C00 indicated
(b) Sublimate formation (i) White sublimate NH indicated
(ii) Grey or black Hg salts
(ii) Purple or black solid T indicated
(c) Decrepitation On heating Pb(NO3)2 or Ba(NO3)l2
(crackling sound)
(d) Intumescence POA or AIt3
(swells up)
(e) Colour of the residue ()White when hot,blue when cold Cut indicated
|() Yellow when hot, white when Znt indicated
cold

(iii) Blue when hot, pink when cold Cot indicated

(iv) White residue glows on heating Mg* or Art indicated
(v) Reddish brown residue Fe or Fe indicated
(vi) Dark brown when hot and Pb* indicated
yellow when cold

(vii) Brown in hot and cold Cat indicated

(vii) Colour changed from green to Nit indicated
yellow
3. Flame test
Certain salts form volatile () Persistent golden yellow Na indicated
chlorides with conc. HCI by
dipping the platinum wire in
Conc. HCI and touching it
with given salt and heating
it in the flame of
bunsen
|burner and observe the
colour of flame.
(ii) Violet colour for short time K* indicated
(ii) Apple green flame Bat indicated
S,t2 indicated
(iv) Crimson red flame
(v) Brick red flame Cat indicated
(vi) Immense blue surrounded by Cut indicated
green flame
 test these all
dilute sulphuric acid is used to Tal
Tests) tut
Preliminary Tests for Anions (Wet an
(A) Observation Inferenc:
S. No. Experiment
Dilute H,SO4 test gas with co,
1.
tube and add () Colourless, odourless lime water
Take a little salt in a dry test effervescence, turns
reaction occurs.
dil. H5SO4. Warm if no milky.
suffocating S0,
() Colourless gas withwhich turns
smell of sulphur
acidified KsCr,07 paper green.
(ii) Colourless gas with having smell
of rotten eggs which turns lead
acetate paper black. NO, hem
(iv) Brown gas having pungent smell ()
which turns FeSO, black.
Chemical Reactions
they decon
When salts of weak and volatile acids are treated with dil. HCl or dil. H,SO4,nature ofthe
with the evolution of gases. The identification of the gas evolved indicates the
radical.
 2.
heat.
andtube Take

H2SO4
Conc.
test
and a
add little
conc. salt

in
HSO,
test

(vii) (vi) (v) (iv) (ii) (ii)/ Colourless(i)

burnsvinegar.
No
Colourless Yellowish evolved
smell fumes
ColourlessVioletturnsBrown
gas
with vapoursFeSO, and with
evolved coloured
turnsbrown whichgives
blue gas vapours rod
solution pungent
turn dipped in
flame. with starch
gas gas
starch
no
having evolveddark having
paper black)
dense (Brownish
smelling
smell paperbrown. NH,OH. esO4NO
smell yellow.
pungent
blue. which white
and gas
of

Br C
CH
CI, Cz0, CH,C00 NO
C00, Br,
CzO4
,
NO3. 2
absent.
S04
2
 example, but takes TheoryS.E.of of
called carbonate is 20 the
distilled known
theplace. When
sodium
Take (ii) ml() salt. For
cation of
an aboutextract Sodium distilled Aqueous
asconfirmatoryEither
So water
insoluble
is carbonate aqueous
converted that, 1 in
tocarbonate g is water aqueous
the it. of solution
prepared.the solution. or
BaCl) anion salt extract. Boil and wet
into is the
salt solution
extract boil Take : test, (B)
presentheated contents and
carbonate the
+ add Confirmatory a
with or
little solution
In:mixture
Na,CO,’ in about sodium
the fo r case, amount
and sodium 5-10
salt 3 the for of
gets g carbonate the
forms
carbonate minutes. of salt 2-3
(about
precipitated the minutes.
saltTests
is is
(Insoluble) soluble solid not 0.5
BaCO, extract
prepared
Cool for
in completely
sodium g
water, Cool of
sodium and is
which salt) usedAnions
+ filter.
and depending
2NaCl double carbonate
issalt soluble filter. in for
The a
removed boiling this
which
decomposition upon
filtrate to in Collectpurpose.
goes
it. water, tube. the
by Now the
so
filtration. into obtained add the filtrate Addsolubility
soluto reacti sodium about
20 and
s m of
 5. 1.
Nogtan
No. S.
4 3 2
SC
(a) (0) (C) (b) (a) (c) (b) (a) (c) (b) (a) (e) (d) (c) (b) a)
tube. Ri ng solution
Starch-iodide add
Diphenylamine f
add
ew add carbonate. 0.2
CdCo,
Na,[Fe(CN)GNO]. add Lead add extract, H5SO4 aci
boi
and
d l
BaClz HzS04. To
solution. solution.
Add To Treat shake.
water
and Take Chemistry
tube and of Heat KMnO, aceticFes04 Nap[Fe(CN)5NO] KyCr207 KMnO4
freshly dil. another one
to test dil. few a phenolphthalein the a
soadd Neutralise
acid test g acetate test: part
thatconc. expel and drops of drops test test acetic few add and test little Test Lab
prepared : H5SO, of test Test residue
Take Test and : Test Test part of
it few : T0 salt for Manual
formsHSOA CO, test of To
To freshly : test drops acídífied then : CO2.
To acid :Acidify Addoff for the
for followed test then a for sulphide (S)for Toadd a
it2-3 diphenylamine
drops reagent. acidified
KMnO4. another part a test part of
sulphite of aqueous with carbonate in XI|
solution gas with nitrate :
To nitrite and : Test
another ml : add part To of 1 aqueous to a
from To of :
KaCrs0, ml dil. test
andacetic of of part a a precipitated then asodium To drop a a soda another
starch by part partFeSO4 soda(NO2) of part a of part solution,
the ofcool. soda(N0,) part BaCl, (SO,) HCI. tube,(CO)
layer. a of soda lead sodium of solution. extract, solution
ferrous ofextract, of solution. KMnO4 of part
side Add acid extract solution. few a of solution.
acetate. nitroprusside,
soda of S.E.
soda soda soda extract, soda add add
of or drops White
acetic add of
sulphate carbonate solution. with
the 10dil. in
extract, extract, extract, add cadmium extract, extract, add aqueous MgSOa distilled|Salt
dropssolutions. a of
test HCIl.at testA dil. add dil.Pink dil.
KI
Deep Dark | Pink Dark Yellow Black Purple Solution gas.
SO2 withHCI milky.
water
lime CO, Pink Whitewater milky
lime CO2
the dark gas colour
blue brown colour brown precipitate colour gasinsoluble
ppt violet ppt. precipitate. Observation
junctionbrown turns evolved evolved
colour evolutionthe of
or
discharged colour colour discharged dissolves in
black green
which which water.
ofring
the
formed colour dil.in turns turns
two
Sconfirmed confirmed
confirmed
SO Soluble confirmed
CO3 Soluble
CO, SolubleCO (Presence
Inferenceof)
InsolubleInsoluble CO
NO3 confirmedconfirmedNO confirmed
NO confirmedNONO, confirmed s Sconfirmed confirmed
confirmed.
SO SO
contirmed confirmed
CO2
2
present
[43]
 10. 9. 8.

Calcium(a) (c) |(b) (a) (c) (b) (a) e) (b)

carbonate gently.
heatand of (c) (o)
solution. Boll Ester HCI,FeCl3 withOxalic conc.MnO,layer. chlorine
CS, of Chlorine to or AgNO3 and H2SO,
conc,MnO,
dísulphíde HCI, add1-2ml
well Chlorine addNaOH the and 2) b)
conc,
addAgNO2 2acetíc salt,
Chrornyl conc. testMnC, add add
AgNO2 atandCoper
expel soda
off boil and warm dil. gasconc. add tube.
test add testoxalíc acid HSO, test
test HzS04. 1dil.
Test extract, totest solution. test ml test turming
neutral
C0,chloride Test HaSO,
extract : water, CO. water note water HNO3. test: Testfor acidevolved chloride 0.3 then
To :acid test : expel :
followed to
solution.
AgNO of HSO Add HNO2,
of Test
and To for Heat
in Test Heat AgNO2: :
a To
: testin a the expel To g Take To oonc.
Cool and Heat
for andneutralised
test pinch solution.
ferric acetate: test shake add test test about for test:
add(S.E.) oxalate Make the CO, soda for colour the
Heatabout (chrormnyl
If of a
bromide
(Br) yellow 2 test about Boilsmall
a Heatsolíd the solution. chloride H2s0
calcium Acidify :
tube. solid
well
and dil. : and iodide solíd with CO. To
To : it ml to
fewchloride
a tube. Add
to
of (CH3C00)
paste extract, of 23 of potassíunthe To: tube. g4 rermIove
0.2 quantity
with(Cz0,) drops salt,
soda add HCI th e add chlorine soda expel leadchloride
solution of
salt and (1 salt CS, Cool oopper
2-3 aqueous ) ml test a g (C) Heat
chloride
(CaCl,) dil. solution. of and solutíon.
acetate small MnO of
ofadd extract with note CS, till AgN03 add
acidic.
withlayer. extract, CO2. of tube
sodiumml
acetic of ethyl a the water. soda gas) solid CO2. soda of thechipstoa
MnO, followed
the add is
dichromate and
few solid dil. MnO, miture
alcohol wit h solution.which
solution add Cool obtained, andquantity
through salt in Cool
acid. dropsPleasant colour Warm HNO3|Deep Shakecarbon extract,Pale 2
extract,White
salt|Smell
dil. and|Violet and|Brown turns
gas and pass ml little
by dil.Orange and
ofYellow aEVolution of
White
ppt. Wine turns layer. solution.
Purple yellow.
paper |NH,OH.which insoluble black.
ín paper
blue.turns gas NHOH.
soluble in which
NaOH brown
Dark
red ofstarch gas or yellow is yellow having
colour is ppt. moist ppt. turn
fruity colour vinegar violetinsoluble partially solution. of in is
paper is is
smell evolved ppt. in ppt. formed starch greenish
pungentconc.HNO3 formed FeSO4fumes
colour moist
blue. in is CS2soluble in
is
NH¡OH
informed|| layer. formed which solution evolved,
which starch soluble| iodidesmell,yellow Chermistry NootanISC
CS|I but
is
present be
Oxalate
(CO0)2 |Cconfirmed
HJCO0 I Br confirmed Br Br Cr
confirmed
CH,CO0confirmed CHgC00 confirmed CI CI NO3
confirmed confirmed
confirmed confirmed confirmed confirrmed confirrmo Conirme
 cae followt
In
another.
the
in
the
solvent
after
another
one
solvents
heating,
following
on
even
thesolvent
with
cations. particular
treat
(0.S.)
and
Solution hot)
suspected hot)
tube that
or hot)
testin
hot) or
(cold
Original
dissolve or (cold
of
a
or (cold
Confirmation
in used: water
(cold HNO,
of saltnot Distilled
HCI
HCI
Preparations
little be
does Dilute
Conc.
must Dil.
(iv) Take salt (a) (b) (c) (d)
order
the
[49] in Theammonium
add
and
then(NH4)2CO3 salt
and
NH40H
The solution.
NH¡. solution
in
excesS.
HN03.
solution.of
:below smells HS
VIGroup
and
conc. NH,Clit off
Boil Filtrate (Mg* presence
(NaOH)
HCI.
till Pass
gas
H,S original
given Filtrate
excess
gas ofdrops
Heatofpinch
cool.
and soda conc.
the
as H,S in
off
few
a NH,OH
Filtrate require indicates
caustic
of
separation rod
BoilAdd Add
Pass
H,S
gas
() (i) (ii)
Filtrate (BaCO3, (NHZ)
CaCO3)
SrC03, ZERO
GROUP
not some
moistened
group MnS) does smell
IV
Group
ppt. V
Group withammonical
Filtrate pp. It
the ZnS, with
(NH).mixture
for
Fe(0H)3l
[AI(OH)3, NiS, fumes
As,S3) II|
Group
ppt.
proceeded (CoS, ion
Add
dilute
HCI with
identification.
Black
oryellow salt dense
ammonium
I| CdS,
Group of gas
CuS, amountwhite
be 0.S. colourless
can ppt.HgS,
XI only
its
gives
Manualit (PbS,
O.S,, for small
contains of gas
Lab preparing used evolution
the This
Chemistry |Group
ppt. is
group
(PbCl) stateHeat lon.
/SC After Thissolidl
Nogtan
the
 Lab a
Chemistry
This 2H,0 in solution.
theprecipitate
cations condition. is
brown. H,0 indicates ppt.
C
SC +
Nootan 7KI yellowK,CrOa
+ I +
Pb(OH),
turns Group thehot 2KCI
NH, ppt. 2KCI
+
+ Takein A add
which 2H
Hgl HCI, white it part.
+
reagent HgO GROUP-I groups.
(Pb) with
dilute of test first
part,
+
’PbCrO
+
NH2(Brown ppt.)’Na,CrO4
mixture.
Nat NH,CI
(Dense
white
fumes)
ppt.)
subsequent the
second PbCI,
(White
ppt.) Pbl,ppt.)
L
(Yellow
(Soluble)
Or Appearance (Yellow
HN and
Nessler's Hg Hg cold to
the
cation. dissolved solution
’ in
salt To
preparedfor
through
the I HCI. test:
NaOH
+ 3KOH Group filtrate
gets KI 2HCI 2KI
+
PbCl, +
K,CrO42NaOH
+
in HCI dilute : Add
ion parts
precipitate (K,CrO4)
passed been
the the
ammonium :
add twotest +2PL+
+
NH, hasforms retainPb+2
is NH NH3 solution, in (KI) chromate
Potassium
formed.) PbCl, PbCrO4
gas solution andThe solution
Chemical
Reactions Pb for iodide
evolved
of + Reactions
Chemical
water.
only Filter Test
presence 2K,Hgl4 on
dissolves
boiling. :test
original
original hot Potassiumis
The syllabus
cations.
with
Confirmatory NaOH
the : KzCrO4
test
2. 1. 2. the the it Divide in
I boil KI
If
present
To Group 1. 2. soluble 1. 2.
[50] and
 solution
KI
ppt. NaOH
add
white acetate part, second
in
soluble
(Pb*)
solution
Colourless
A first the
ethanol.ammonium To ppt.
the :
testYellow Pb
confirmed
To
:test
(K,Croa)
little in
ppt. : solution ’
ppt.
Yellow
and parts (KI) solution
white chromate
H5SO, two iodide
the KyCrO,
into Potassium Potassium
dilute Dissolve
divide solution.
formed. add
[52] Add land |2,
1
 Ma Drecini di To
Lab But H.S fi [Fe(OH)]
of (K4[Fe(CN)l)
or test:
the quantity solution solution
Chemistry directly. of
solution
original :
all the
pinch Preserve parts (KCNS)
confirmed
group.
remove If two
ppt.minimum addcoloured KCNS
/SC a
addammonia.brown intoferrocyanide
solution,
sulphocyanide
Nootan correspondingprecipitate. add t3Fe
to Now solution
time in blue
solution,
colouration.
red
(Fe,
AL)
GROUP-III cool.
Reddish
ppt. thePrussian
some of the of Potassium
smells the Potassium
and the divide part of
of thefor Dissolve
one part
ml boil Filter and
+3 5
of boiled it till 1. then2.
withfiltrate HNO3,cations. by NaOH colourless
paper.solution
is drop heat.
proceed :parts and
theit conc.
filtrate,
acetate solutionof and
III excess solution
with hydroxide two
Group
NH,CI a in
of [Al(OH)] ppt.
absent, drops into
is lead
begin NaOH in of litmus floating
solution of divide dissolves
pinch
areshall with few confirmed
presence
ammonium ppt. add blue
blue
groups H,Sadd ánd
gelatinous part
a
add
which
we starting
solution, HCI
first solution,
of Pale
drops At3
for
present, thesubsequent formed.
second group.
the dilute appears ’
thetest excess confirms
White
the two
negative in To excess. excess
inNH¡OH
if
above drop thisis Add appears.
till liquid
andisgroups
these
However,
ppt. : ppt. ppt.
and To
the it the test white :
solution.test
first
NaOH
white
chloride
formed, Dissolve
gives
To Lake
If -A A
[54] 2.
it
 and Group for
containing filtrate
solution the
NH,OH. ofpresence
Filter
the
Fe°
confirmed original retain
and
group solution.
2Go) of
of thirdthe
Co presence
ml indicates
Ni2 5withof this cations
IV
in filtratefrom
sulphides
begin it analysis
Group
for
precipitate
+2 theformed,
Mn shall take
their VI
is and
we Otherwise
(Zn as absent,precipitate
+2
precipitated V
Group
GROUP-IV are NH,OH. the Analyse
a
groupsIf for
are gas. proceed
IV third excess
HoS
Group precipitate.
andandpassappears,
of second Now subsequent
groups.
NH,CI
cations the
collect
alld
precipitate
NH,OH.
first,of
The pinch
If
and o
a
 add dryness. : it layer.
Lab Now test Shake
Chemistry H2. solution, organic
Co*
confirmed
solid
(MnS) ppt. to Part thiocyanate
Third (NH,CNS).
ofT ppt. solution
and
boil abovewhiteBrown confirmed in
/SC coloured
ppt. acetone colouration
and
Nootan the Ammonium nitritethiocyanate
of
HCI theformation t2 Evaporate
To of
dil. ppt. Mn ml Blue
Flesh test:
in white 1
ppt. HNO). theadd
waterthe
the till this Acidify
CoS) and
Dissolve Bromine to
solution conc. potassium
water acid
or
(NiSof Part test: (KNO,)
Second ppt. Cot
Yellow confirmed
and NaOH NaOH the
ml acetic
ppt. 1 nitrite or
gas To. and
addexcess solution Black withsodium
HaS : HCI AddPotassium
solution, test : bysolution
off conc.parts
in KaLFe(CN);] Scarlet|solid
(ZnS)bojl KA[Fe(CN)a
thesoluble of three
Zn
confirmed
ppt. and of
ml
followed
HCI part (3 into :
white ppt. of regia Test
dilute first ferrocyanide solution
ml (DMG) Niconfirmed
Dirty parts. White aqua excess
the 2 First
Part excess
in addBluish
white
ppt.
ppt.two To Solution’ in the glyoxime
in
part, ppt. divide in
solution
theinto test Potassium solution
solution. second the
it NaoH
DISSOlve and Dimethyl
divide Dissolve NH,OHred
[56] water ppt.
DMG
2.