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HEADSTART COLLEGE OF COTABATO

Main : Datu Balabaran,Mother Barangay Tamontaka
Annex : Japal Guiani Street
Cotabato City

COURSE CODE : CDI 7

COURSE TITLE : VICE AND DRUG EDUCATION AND
CONTROL

COURSE DESCRIPTION :

This course studies the drug abuse prevention and education

program of the government that includes recognition, nature and
extent of drug problems, causes and influences of drug abuse, origin,
identification and classification of commonly abused drugs,
prohibited and regulated drugs and symptoms of drug abuse. This
course also includes preventive drug abuse education and
information program in schools and communities; and treatment and
rehabilitation program for drug dependents.

References:

MANWONG, Rommel K. (2007) Drug Education & Vice Control. 2nd Edition

BERALDE, Wilfredo R. Drug Education and Vice Control

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PRELIM COVERAGE

TERMS TO PONDER IN THE STUDY OF DRUG ABUSE

Administer. The act of introducing any dangerous into the body of any person with or
without his knowledge.

Chemical. It is any substance taken into the body that alters the way and the mind and
the body work.

Chemical Abuse. It is an instance when the use of chemical has produced negative or
harmful consequences.

Cultivate. It means the act of knowingly planting, growing, raising or permitting the
planting, growing, raising of any plant which is the source of a prohibited drugs.

Drug. Traditionally, drugs are synthetic chemicals used as medicine or in the making of
medicines, which affects the body and mind and have potential for abuse.

Drugs. In its criminological meaning, refers to substance, other than food and water that
is intended to be taken or administered for the purpose of altering, sustaining or controlling
recipient’s physical, mental or emotional state.

Drug Abuse. It is the illegal, wrongful or improper use of any drug.

Drug Addiction. It refers to the state of periodic or chronic intoxication produced by the
repeated consumption of a drug.

Drug Dependence. It refers to the state of psychic or physical dependence or both on

dangerous drugs following the administration or use of that drug. Who defines it as the
periodic, continuous, repeated administration of a drug.

Drug Experimenter. One who illegally, wrongfully, or improperly uses any narcotic
substances for reasons of curiosity, peer pressure or other similar reasons.

Drug Syndicate. It is a network of illegal drug operations operated and manned

carefully by groups of criminals who knowingly traffic through nefarious trade for personal or
group profit.

Manufacture. The production, preparation, compounding or processing a dangerous

drug either directly or indirectly or by extraction from substances of natural origin or by
chemical synthesis.

Narcotic Drug. It refers to illegal used drugs or dangerous drugs which are either
prohibited or regulated drugs. It also refers to drugs that produces sleep or stupor and relieves
pain due to its depressant effect on the central nervous system. The tern Narcotic comes from
the Greek word “Narcotikos” . It is sometimes known as “Opiates”.

Physical Dependence. It is an adaptive state caused by repeated drug use that reveals
it self by development of intense physical symptoms when the drug is stopped (Withdrawal
syndrome).

Psychological Dependence. It is an attachment to drug use which arises from a drug

ability to satisfy some emotional or personality needs of an individual.

Pusher. Any person who sell, administer, deliver or give away to another, distribute,
transport any dangerous drug.
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Rehabilitation. It is a dynamic process directed towards the changes of the health of

the person to prepare him from his fullest life potentials and capabilities, and making him law
abiding and productive member of the community without abusing drugs.

Tolerance. It is the tendency to increase dosage of drugs to maintain the same effect in
the body.

Treatment. It is a medical service rendered to a client for the effective management of

his total condition related to drug abuse. It deals with the physiological and psychosocial
complications arising from drug abuse.

Use. The act of injecting, consuming any dangerous drugs. The means of introducing
the dangerous drug into the physiological system of the body.

WHAT ARE DRUGS

A drug, as defined, is a substance used as a medicine or in making medicines, which

affects the body and mind and have potential for abuse. Without an advice or prescription from
a physician, drugs can be harmful.

Hundreds of pure chemicals have been developed from plants and put into pills,
capsules or liquid medicines.

There are also two forms of Drugs;

1. Natural Drugs – include natural plant leaves, flowering tops, resin, hashis, opium
and marijuana.

2. Synthetic/Artificial Drugs – are produced by clandestine laboratories which include

those drugs that are controlled by law because they are used in the medical
practice. Physician prescribed them and are purchased in the legitimate outlets like
drugstores.

Drugs also help the human body and mind to function better during an illness. But drugs
have to taken correctly in order to do these things. The wrong drug or the wrong amount of the
right one can make an illness, worse, destroy blood cells, damage the body and many cause
death. For this reason, most drugs can be legally purchased only with doctor’s written order
called prescription. Only a medical doctor can prescribed drugs. These prescribed drugs could
be dangerous and must be used with care and according to the doctor’s prescription.

The Prescriptive Drugs

These are drugs requiring written authorization from a doctor to allow a purchase. They
are prescribed according to the individual’s age, weight and height and should not be taken by
anyone else. It is a personal requirement and self-medication that should be strictly avoided.
The pharmacist should never allow the consumer to request them knowingly without first
consulting a doctor.

The Over- the-Counter Drugs (OTC)

The OTC drugs are non-prescription medicines, which may be purchased FROM ANY
PHARMACY OR DRUGSTORE WITHOUT WRITTEN AUTHORIZATION FROM A DOCTOR.
They are use to treat minor and short term illnesses and any persistent condition should be
immediately referred to a physician. It should be strongly emphasized that “directions” be
closely followed and all precautions necessarily taken to avoid complications.
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OTC drugs are used for the prevention and symptomatic relief of minor ailments.
The precautions that must be observed when dispensing OTC’s are the following:

1. The correct drug with the correct drug content is given to the correct patient in the
correct dosage form;
2. The pharmacist must counsel the patient to make sure that he/she takes the drugs
correctly; and
3. The pharmacist must be aware of and know about the possible toxicity’s possessed by
the OTC drugs to avoid food/drug incompatibilities and overdoses.

OTCs must be used properly in order to:

1. Avoid the dispensing of OTC to known identified habitual drug users.

2. Avoid complications, this is done by inquiring from the buyer of the drugs as to the
identity of the patient, the patient’s age and other information such as pregnancy,
hypertension, etc. and
3. Counseling the patient so as to avoid the “Self –medication” syndrome by inquiring
about the buyer’s source of information about the drug.

What is “ Self-Medication Syndrome”

The “Self-Medication” syndrome is found in users and would be users of drugs whose
source of information are people or literature other than doctors, pharmacists and health
workers. These could be members of the family, relatives, and /or neighbors, all of whom may
have previously used the drug for their specific diseases, or disorder. Self-medication may
work against the good of the user because it can be lead to intoxication and other adverse
reactions.

The Possible outcomes of self-medication are:

1. Adverse reaction towards the drug, such as allergies which may be mild or severe.
2. Possible non-response of the patient to the drug effectively due to incorrect drug usage.
3. Possible drug toxicities, through overdose which may lead to severe reactions such as
nausea, vomiting, rashes, etc.
4. Possible habit-forming characteristics due to periodic use of the drug even when such
are no longer needed.

THE PHYSIOLOGIGY OF DRUGS

How Drug Works?

Most drugs act within a cell, rather than on the surface of a cell or in the extra-cellular
fluids of the body. Similar to normal body chemicals, a drug enters a cell and participates in a
few steps of the normal sequence of a cellular process. Thus, drugs may later, interfere with or
replace chemicals of normal cellular life, hopefully for the betterment of the person. The actual
action of a particular drug depends on its chemical make-up.
When two drugs are taken together or within a few hours of each other they may
interact with unexpected results. This is one reason a physician should always know the
names of all drugs one is using. A dose of drug ids the amount taken at one time. The doses
taken become an extremely important part of drug abuse. The amount of drug in a dose can
be described as:
1. Minimal Dose – the amount needed to treat or heal, that is the smallest amount of a
drug that will produce a therapeutic effect.
2. Maximal Dose – the largest amount of a drug that will produce a desired therapeutic
effect, without any accompanying symptoms of toxicity.
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3. Toxic Dose – the amount of drug that produces untoward effects or symptoms of
poisoning.
4. Abuse Dose – the amount needed to produce to produce the side effects and action
desired by an individual who improperly uses it.
5. Lethal Dose – the amount of drug that will cause death.

How Drugs are Administered ?

The common methods of drug administration are as follows:

1. Oral – this is the smallest most convenient and economical route whenever
possible. There are however, drugs which cannot be administered this way because
the digestive juices readily destroy them or because they irritate the mucous lining of
the gastro-intestinal tract AND INDUCE VOMITING.
2. Injection – this is form of drug administration offers a faster response than the oral
method. It makes use of a needle or other device to deliver the drugs directly into the
body tissue and blood circulation.
3. Inhalation – this route makes use of gaseous and volatile drugs which are inhaled
and absorbed rapidly through the mucous membrane.
4. Iontophoresis – the introduction of drugs into the deeper layers of the skin by the
use of special type of electric current for local effect.

What is Toxicology?

Toxicology is commonly known as the science of poisons, their effects and antidotes.
In connection, drugs may cause dangerous effects because of any of the following:

1. Overdose – when too much of a drug is taken into the physiological system of the
human body, there may be an over extension of its effects.
2. Allergy – some drugs cause the release of histamine giving rise to allergic symptoms
such as dermatitis, swelling, fall in blood pressure, suffocation and death.
3. Idiosyncrasy – it refers to the individual reaction to a drug, food etc. for unexplained
reasons. Morphine for example, which sedates all men, stimulates and renders some
women maniacal behaviors.
4. Poisonous Property – drugs are chemicals and some of them have the property of
being general protoplasmic poisons.
5. Side Effects – some drugs are not receptors for one organ but receptors of other
organs as well. The effect in the other organs may constitute a side effect, which are
most of the time unwanted.

Importance of Drugs

Drugs are medicine and the best use of medicine depends upon the physician, the
user of patient, and the pharmacist. This idea was subscribed to by both Metro Manila
Physicians (PNC Health Education Survey, 1983) and the Pharmaceutical Manufacturer’s
Association of Washington, D.C. ( U.P., MEC, DDB 1979). Their common agreements on the
intelligent use of drugs are presented as follows:

1. Take medicines on doctor’s advice. In prescribing medicine, the doctor considers

factors like age and weight, prevalent of laboratory signs and symptoms, severity of the
disease, results of laboratory examinations, route of administration tolerated by patient,
and presence of impairment in the organ or system. The physician has always a reason
for his orders.
2. When taking prescribed medicines, remember carefully the dosage, manner of
administration, frequency and time when to take it. Patient must not trust his memory
when taking medicine. The label of the medicine should be read three times- once when
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medicine is remove from cabinet, again before medicine is taken and a third time after it
is taken. Medicine should not be taken in the dark even if patient knows its location.
3. If patient goes to more than one doctor, each one of them must know about all the
drugs being taken.
4. Avoid self-medication. Patient should not try to guess what is wrong with him or to
select his own medicines even if his symptoms seem to be familiar to those of his
neighbors.
5. Report any untoward effects of medicine to the physician. After taking medicine, tell the
doctor if any symptoms develop.
6. Patient should not take additional drugs without asking his physician.
7. See whether the medicine has expired or not.
8. Be sure that the label stays on a prescription container until all is used.
9. Store medicine in a safe, cool and dry place and out of reach of children.
10. Some people just purchase and use common drugs without knowing their functions and
contradictions. Thus, instead of being relieved of some symptoms, their conditions are
aggravated. Physicians share the same opinion that the following drugs are better used
under medical supervision to avoid harmful consequences and habit formation.

What are the Medical Uses of Drugs?

The following are some of the many medical uses of drugs:

1. Analgesics – are drugs that relieve pain. However, they may produce the opposite
effects on somebody who suffers from peptic ulcer or gastric irritation.
2. Antibiotics – are drugs that combat or control infectious organisms. Ingesting the same
antibiotics for a long time can result in allergic reactions and cause resistance to the
drug.
3. Antipyretics – those that can lower body temperature or fever due to infection.
4. Antihistamines – those that control or combat allergic reactions. People who on
antihistamine therapy must not operate or drive vehicles since these drugs can cause
drowsiness.
5. Contraceptives – drugs that prevent the meeting of the egg cell and sperm cell or
prevent the ovary from releasing egg cells. Pregnant women must not take birth control
pills to avoid congenital abnormalities. This advice also applies to women suffering from
heart disease, varicose veins, breast limps, goiter and anemia. The effectiveness of oral
contraceptives may be reduced when taken with antibiotic.
6. Decongestants – those that relieve congestion of the nasal passages. Prolonged used
of these decongestants might include nasal congestion upon withdrawal.
7. Expectorants – those that can ease the expulsion of mucus and phlegm from the lungs
and the throat. They are not drugs of choice for the newborn that not know to cough the
phlegm out.
8. Laxatives – those that stimulate defecation and encourage bowel movement. They
should not given to pregnant women and those suffering from intestinal obstruction.
Taking purgatives (Stronger than laxatives) unnecessary might result in rupture of the
intestine or appendix if there is an obstruction. Consultant use might make the intestine
sluggish.
9. Sedative and Tranquilizers – are those that can calm and quite the nerves and relieve
anxiety without causing depression and clouding of the mind. Precautions must be
taken in the use of tranquilizers since they can cause impairment of judgment and
dexterity.
10. Vitamins – those substances necessary for normal growth and development and
proper functioning of the body. A person who eats a balanced diet does not need
supplements. If they are found necessary, vitamin preparations should be taken with
meals. Vitamins should be treated as drugs since the body does not manufacture them.
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Excessive dosage of Vitamins A and D can be dangerous and harmful to health. Excess
of Vitamin D can lead to nausea, diarrhea, and weight loss, calcification and heart and
kidney troubles. Too much vitamin A might result in symptoms of a disease of the liver.

THE DANGEROUS DRUGS IDENTITIES

Dangerous drugs refer to the categories or classes of controlled substances are

generally grouped according to pharmacological classifications, effects and as to their legal
criteria.

Under the Comprehensive Dangerous Drug Law in the Philippines (RA 9165),
dangerous drugs includes those listed in the schedules annexed to the 1961 Single
Convention on Narcotic Drugs, as amended by the 1972 Protocol, and the schedules annexed
to the 1971 Single Convention on Psychotropic Substances (Art 1, Sec 3). As an example:
MMDA – Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (known as Ecstacy), Tetrahydrocannabinol (MJ);
Mescaline (Peyote).

GENERAL DRUG CLASSIFICATION

A. According to Effects, the dangerous drugs are classified as:

1. Depressants – are grouped of drugs that has the effect of depressing the Central
Nervous System.
2. Stimulants – are group of drugs having the effects of stimulating the Central
Nervous system.
3. Hallucinogens – refers to the group of drugs that are considered to be mind altering
drugs and give the general effect of mood distortion.

B. According to Medical Pharmacology, dangerous drugs are classified as :

1. STIMULANT – it is a psychoactive drug which induces temporary improvements in either

mental or physical function or both. It is also known as UPPERS that affects the central
nervous system. Its possible results are alertness, wakefulness, locomotion, and excitation.

a) METHAMPHETAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE (SHABU) – stimulates and alerts

the body. It is referred to as POOR MAN’S COCAINE because it is cheap.

- It is the first synthetic stimulant drug developed by the Japanese, originally

called as KAKUZEIZAI, a Japanese term which means KAKUZEI “waking” and

ZAI “drugs”.
- It is white colorless drug that is bitter and results into a numb ling face.
- It is can be inhaled, injected, or orally taken – intravenously or muscular

 Immediate Effects:

1) Produces anxiety, irritability, irrational behavior, talkativeness and loss of self-

control
2) Loss of appetite and inability to sleep
3) Produces violent and destructive behavior and recklessness
4) Produces chest pain, irregularity of heart beat and hypertension

 Long Term Effects:

1) Psychosis
2) Convulsion
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3) Death from cardiac arrest

b) COCAINE – it is odorless white crystalline powder also known as COKE,

SNOW, FLAKE, WHITE, BLOW, NOSE, CANDY, SNOWBIRD, LADY
and BIG C.
- most popularly known as KING’S HABIT because it is expensive.
- It has been structured in 1814 from Brazilian Coca Leaves –
Erythroxylon Coca that is medically used in tropical, local and anesthetic.
- When ingested, the person becomes high for 15-30 minutes. - When
injected, the person becomes high for 45-90 minutes
- It can be also applied to sex organ during sexual intercourse.

 Kinds of Cocaine
1) Cocaine Hydrochloric – it is an odorless fine white crystalline that is most
readily available formed which is medically used as anesthetic.
2) Street or Rock – it is the large pieces of cocaine hydrochloride.
3) Free Base – it is the purified substance of rocks that is strongly addictive
cocaine.
4) Coca Paste – it is a crude product smoke used in South America, considered
as the most dangerous drug because it has contaminants such as kerosene.

 Immediate Effects:
1) Dilated pupils
2) Elevated blood pressure, heart rate and body temperature
3) Euphoric effect or light feeling
4) Feeling of being energetic and alert
5) Loss of appetite and slurred speech

 Long term Effects:

1) Psychosis
2) Lung damage
3) Occasional or runny nose
4) Ulcerate the mucous membrane of the nose
5) Confusion

c) METHYLENEDIOXYMETHAMPHETAMINE (MDMA) – it is a designer drug, also known as

ECSTACY, PARTY DRUG or X.

 Immediate Effects:
1) Euphoria
2) Feeling energetic and hyperactive
3) Sense of well being

 Long Term Effects:

1) Brain damages
2) Hard complication
3) Death

D) Caffeine - it is p[resent in coffee, tea, chocolate, cola drinks and some wake-
up pills.
E) Nicotine - an active component in tobacco which acts as a powerful stimulants of the
central nervous system. A drop of pure nicotine can easily kill a person.

2. DEPRESSANTS – it depresses and weakens the body. It is also known as DOWNERS,

HYPNOTIC DRUG and SEDATIVES that affects the central nervous system.

a) BARBITURATES - 1863 Adolph Von Baeyer synthesized malonyl carbonide known

as BARBITUTIC ACID - 1903 Emil Fisher and Joseph Bon Mering synthesized
diethylbarbituric acid compound with hypnotic qualities known as BARBITONE that comes
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form eurea and malonic acid that is marketed on the trade name of VERONAL that comes in
the form of tablet and capsule.

 Commonly Abused Barbiturates:

1) Pento Barbital Sodium – it is a solid yellow capsule form known by
abusers as YELLOW JACKETS or NIMIES.
2) Seco Barbital Sodium – it is a red capsule form known by abusers as REDS,
RED BIRDS, RED DEVIL and SEGGY.
3) Amo Barbital Sodium – it is a blue capsule form known by abusers as BLUE
BIRDS, BLUE DEVIL and BLUE HEAVENS.
4) Amo Barbital Sodium combined with Seco Barbital Sodium – it is red and
blue capsule form known as RAINBOWS, RED & BLUE and DOUBLE TROUBLE.

 Symptoms of Abuse:
1) Drunkenness without alcoholic threats
2) Slurred speech
3) Impaired judgment
4) Stagery
5) Altered perception and coordination

 Immediate Effects:
1) Psychological and physical dependence
2) Unconsciousness
3) Tuberculosis
4) Death from withdrawal and overdose b) METAQUALONE – known as TABLET
or MAX and CAPSULE or BLUE. - It is used to induce sleep which is bitter
in taste and odorless that is taken orally.

 Local Terms:
1) Korta;
2) Ekis
3) Kulit
4) Pety
5) Yanga

 Symptoms of Abuse:
1) Drunkenness without alcoholic threats
2) Cloudy thinking
3) Staggering
4) Loss of appetite
5) Numbness of body

 Immediate Effects:
1) Psychological dependence
2) Proneness to accident due to intoxicant

3. HALLUCINOGENS – it affects the way we think, the sensation, self-awareness and

emotions that causes hallucination and delusions to the person taking drugs. It is also
known as PSYCHEDELICS and DISSOCIATIVES that affects the central nervous system.

a) MARIJUANA – most popularly known as 5 FINGERS, GRASS, TUNGKI, GANJA,

BHANG, DAMO, MARY JANE, ACAPULCO GOLD
- All parts of the plants whether growing or not the seeds thereof, the resin extracted
from any parts of such plant every compound salt derivative, mixture or preparation of such
plant.
- It scientific name is Cannabis Sativa Linn

 Major Components:
1) Tetra Hydro Cannabenol – it is purple and most active alkaloid and one causing
hallucinogenic effect.
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2) Cannabenol – it is red and physiologically inactive.

3) Cannabidiol – it is pink and physiologically inactive.

 Forms of Marijuana
1) Marijuana Joints or Cigarettes – came from dried leaves, tops and most available
form of marijuana.
2) Hashish or Hash – it is the resin extracted of the plant usually granular or solid
chunky in form ranging from mustardy yellow to dark brown. It is stronger than
crude marijuana and maybe smoked or eaten.
3) Hashish Oil – it is the highest form of marijuana that is not usually available
because it is expensive. Is it brown in color and considered as concentrated
cannabis.

 Immediate Effects:
1) Faster heartbeat and pulse rate
2) Blood shut eyes
3) Dry mouth and throat
4) Altered sense of time and disorientation
5) Forgetfulness 6) Inability for coordination and lower reflexes

 Long Term Effects:

1) Chest pain
2) Irregularity of menstrual cycle
3) Temporary loss of fertility of both sexes
4) Premature babies and low birth weights
5) Cancer of the lungs

b) LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE (LSD) – it is the most powerful of all hallucinogens that
is 100 times stronger than cocaine or peyote. It came from the Rye Ergot or cereal
fungus that is odorless, colorless, tasteless organic compound.

- It became popular during 60’s – 70’s as the height of the hippies culture.
- It can be orally injected or liquid drop in the eyes.

 Immediate Effects:
1) Cause hallucinations and trans-like stage
2) Dilated pupils, elevated temperature and tremors
3) Increase in blood pressure and heart rate
4) Sweating, chills and trembling of hands
5) Distortion of perception

 Long Term Effects:

1) Psychological dependence
2) Psychosis
3) Promosumal damage

c) MESCALINE – trimethoxyphenethyiomine, it is alkaloid hallucinogen extracted from the

peyote cactus and can also be synthesized in the laboratory. It produces less nausea than
peyote and shows effects resembling those LSD although milder in nature.One or two hours
after the drug is taken in a liquid or powder form, delusion begin to occur.
- It is the primary ingredients of peyote cactus in plants known as Lophophora
William Si in US and Mexico.
- Also known as BUTTONS, CACTUS, MESC
- Used by American Indians in inter-religious ceremonies.
- When it is consumed in 350 – 500mg, it will produce delusion and hallucination
for 5-12 hours.
- Can be ingested or taken orally, chewed or placed in capsule and even brewed
in tea.
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 Immediate Effect:
1) Induces sense of well being
2) Visions in color
3) Hallucination or trans-like

 Long Term Effects:

1) Psychological dependence

d) PSILOCYN and PSILOCYBIN – came from Mexico PSILOCYBE mushroom, this

hallucinogenic alkaloid from small Mexican mushrooms are used by Mexican Indians today.
These mushrooms induced nausea, muscular relaxation, mood changes with visions of bright
colors and shapes, and other hallucinogens.
- Known as MAJIC MUSHROOM that is use in Indian rites for centuries
- Usually chewed and swallowed
- When consumed with 4-8 mg, it will last for 4-6 hours and later be followed by
depression, laziness and complete loss of time and spaced perception.

 Immediate Effect:
4) Induces sense of well being
5) Visions in color
6) Hallucination or trans-like

 Long Term Effects:

2) Psychological dependence

e) KETAMINE – its chemical name is KETAMINE HYDROCHOLORIDE

- Its common name are SPECIAL K or K
- Use as human anesthetics
- It is used as general anesthetic for children, people of poor health and
veterinary medicine.
- It is a liquid bought in pharmacy that is cooked into a powder or snorting. –
Lower dosage will cause mild creamy feeling of numbness and extremities
- High dosage will produce hallucinogenic effect and may cause the user very far
from his body.
- The experience will be called entering “K” hole - If snorted, effects comes to 5-
10 minutes
- If injected intramuscular, effects comes in 4 minutes, it can never be injected to
the vein.
- If ingested, can be feel within 10-20 minutes

f) MORNING GLORY KEEPERS or SEEDS – commonly abuse because of its hallucinogenic

effect that caused behavioral changes having an active principal component of the seeds
closely related with LSD.

4. NARCOTICS – a drug that produces insensibility, stupor and produces sleep due to
depressant effect.

a) OPIUM – derived from the plant opium poppy with botanical name PAPAVER
SOMNIFERUM
- Also called as PARIGORIC, DOVER’S POWDER, PAREPECTULIN - The word
“papaver” comes from the Greek means “poppy”
- The word “somniferum” comes from the Latin means “dream or induce sleep”
- It is called as the plant of joy
- It grows from 3-6 ft, roots and flowers of different colors
- Greek physician Hippocrates prescribed juice of opium poppy as a treatment for
sickness as early of 500 BC
- It can be smoked or eaten - Opium is obtained by incision or cutting of blunt
instrument either vertically or horizontally which allows the milky juice to seep
from the plant.
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- Thee refined opium will turn into morphine.

b) MORPHINE – it is a derivative from opium, most commonl;y used and best used opiate.
Effective as a painkiller six times potent than opium, with a high dependence producing
potential. Morphine exerts action characterized by analgesia, drowsiness, mood changes, and
mental clouding.
- It is a raw opium named after Mopphius (Greek)
- Referred to as a dream for sleep
- Also called as PECTORAL SYRUP and SWEET MORPHEOUS - It can be
injected taken orally and even smoked
- 10 kg of raw opium will produced 1kg of morphine
- Small dosage will cause euphoria and tolerance rapidly

c) HEROINE – it is another derivative from opium, is three to five times more powerful than
morphine from which is derived and the most addicting opium derivative with continued use,
addiction occurs within 14 days.
- Referred to as the strongest of all opium derivatives because it is sensitized
from morphine
- Derived from the word HERO
- It suggest courage, daring and impressive power
- Its chemical name is diacetyl morphine also known as smack, horse, brown
sugar, junk, mud, bid H, Hab Tar
- It can be injected, inhaled through nasal passage or smoke

d) CODEINE – it is a synthetic drug

- Another opium derived from morphine that is intended to cure morphine heroine opium
addicts
- It is widely use using to cup syrup a day - It can be taken orally or injected

e) METADONE or DEMORAL – it is known as DOLLY, DOLOPHINE, METHADOSE,

AMIDONE
- It is a synthetic opiates which synthesized medically to reduce heroin addiction
- It is the most commonly abuse by hard core addicts

5. TRANQUILIZERS – it has the ability to sedate or calm without producing sleep also known
as SEDATIVES that affects the central nervous system.

a) PHENOTHIAZINES and RESERPHINE – it is considered as a potent tranquilizer but

it does not cause dependency. It is also anti-psychotic and a feeling being relief.
b) MOPROBOMATE and CHLODIAZEPOXIDE – it is a minor tranquilizer and chronic
abuse will lead to psychic and physical dependence

6. SOLVENTS – it produces intoxication also known as DELIRIANTS.

a) GLUE – produce dizziness, stupor, vomiting and unconsciousness
b) LIGHTER FLUID – induce euphoria
c) GASOLINE – it is more toxic than lighter fluid but effects are the same
d) ETHER – it is the distilled or diluted alcohol and highly flammable. It is also difficult
for users to obtained, produces symptoms of euphoria

C. According to Legal Categories ( In accordance to R.A. 6425). Pursuant to

Republic Act No 6425, the Dangerous Drugs Act of 1972, the dangerous drugs are
classified as:

1. Prohibited Drugs
a. Narcotics – refers to the group of the drug opium and its derivatives, Morphine,
Heroin, Codeine, etc. including synthetic opiates.
b. Stimulants – refers to the group of the drug Cocaine, Alpha and Beta Eucaine,
etc.
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c. Hallucinogens – refers to the group of drugs like Marijuana, LSD (lysergic acid
diethylamide) mescaline, etc.

2. Regulated Drugs

a. Barbiturates – refers to the group of depressants drug known as “Veronal” like

luminal, Amytal, Nembutal, Surital, Butisol, Penthontal, Seconal, etc.
b. Hypnotics – are group of drugs such as Mandrax, Quaalude, Fadormir, and
others.
c. Amphetamines – are group of stimulant drugs like Benzedrine, Dexedrine,
Methedrine, Preludin, etc.

3. Volatile Substance (P.D. 1619)

The group of liquid, solid or mixed substances having the property of releasing
toxic vapors or fumes which when sniffed, smelled, inhaled or introduced into the
physiological system of the body produces or induces a condition of intoxication,
excitement or dulling of the brain or nervous system. Examples of these drugs
are Glue, Gasoline, Kerosene, ether, Paint, Thinner, Lacquer, etc.

Note : The passage of Republic Act 9165, Comprehensive Dangerous Drug Law declassified
the above to include their essential ingredients and precursors or chemical elements.

DRUG TRAFFICKING

OVERVIEW

This module will bring us to understand the worldwide and local scenarios on the drug
traffic routes. It will show the past and present trends of illicit drug distribution. With this, it will
somehow make us aware on the “hows” and “ whys” of the danger and difficulty of controlling
the worldwide drug problem.

This module will be considered as a guide in the law enforcement strategic planning as
it will show information relevant to law enforcement operations. In addition, it will be useful in
programming international cooperation programs against illicit drugs.

This module will be divided into the following lessons:

1. Drug Trafficking : Concepts and Operations

2. World Wide Drug Outlook
3. Drug Abuse Situation

DRUG TRAFFICKING : The Illicit Drug Trade

Drug abuse has become not only a national issue or a problem of just a few countries
but it is a clear and present global danger. Trade in drugs of abuse such as cocaine, heroin
and amphetamines (Synthetic Stimulants) has long been a frustrating feature of the
international scene. After attempting for years to combat the drug trade on an individual or
bilateral basis, nations have belatedly come to realize that coordinated international action is
the only effective way to restrain the trade and, in addition, that social and other broad action is
the only means to reduce incentives to participate in it.

Today, highly entrenched, well-organized drug syndicates are behind this menace. They
employ the most advanced and most sophisticated technology coupled with unlimited financial
resources at their command and disposal. Police agencies around the world, pooling their
resources together are more often that not, the losers in a game of hide-and-seek with the
international drug syndicates (Sotto, 1994).
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Drug Trafficking is also known as illegal Drug Trade. It is a global black market
activity consisting of production, distribution, packaging and sale of illegal psychoactive
substances. (en.wikipedia.org). It simply involves smuggling across borders, and distribution
within the demand country. This set up applies in the local scene where local producer’s
scouts demand areas for their illegal drug trade.

The following are some techniques used by drug traders when crossing borders:

 Avoiding border checks, such as by small ships, small aircraft, and through overland
smuggling routes.
 Submitting to border checks with the drugs hidden in a vehicle, between other
merchandise, in luggage, in or under clothes, inside the body, etc.
 Buying off diplomats to smuggle drugs in diplomatic mail/luggage, to avoid border
checks.
A mule is a power-echelon criminal recruited by a smuggling organization to cross the
borders carrying drugs, or sometimes an unknowing person in whose bag or vehicle the
drugs are planted, for the purpose or retrieving them elsewhere.

There are two Primary means of Distribution:

1. Hierarchy - a Hierarchical arrangement includes the manufacturer who uses his own
men to smuggle, wholesale and store, and distributes the drugs.
2. Hub-and-Spoke – a hub-and-spoke layout takes advantage of local gangs and other
localized criminal organizations
Smuggling – is accomplished via small boats and yachts , air vehicles, and by gangs paid
with some of the merchandise. Sometimes small aircraft are disposed of and destroyed (burnt)
immediately after the unloading process.

Wholesalers routinely accept the materials from the smugglers (often more than one and
of varying types), cut it (for obvious reasons of economy, most of all items, adulteration takes
place only after the smuggled substances has crossed the last expected border), and sell it to
the distribution chain or chains. For the most part , wholesalers are not individual people; it is
typically an expansionary endeavor by already established rouge enterprises, such as Mafias
and sometimes local gangs.

Distribution and adulteration may traverse a selectively chosen group of cartel employees
who purchase from a wholesaler and utilize a prominent population of mules or it may
encompass a heavy chain of users who are selling to finance their own use. (en.wikipedia.org).

WORLD WIDE DRUG OUTLOOK

First Important Drug Traffic Route

Middle East
Discovery, plantation, cultivation, harvest

Turkey
Preparation for distribution

Europe
Manufacture, synthesis, refine

United States
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Marketing, distribution
The first important traffic route as illustrated above shows how illicit drugs are
distributed from its discovery, preparation up to marketing in the illicit market.

It is noted that plants such as the opium poppy, as sources of dangerous drugs are
cultivated and harvested mostly in the areas of Middle East while Europe became the center of
drug manufacture and synthesis. United States became the over all center for drug marketing.

SECOND MAJOR DRUG TRAFFIC ROUTE

On the other side of the globe is the second major drug traffic route, which is composed
of the popular Golden Triangle and the Golden Crescent.

Golden Triangle is composed of three countries namely Burma/Myanmar, Laos and

Thailand.

Golden Crescent is composed of four countries namely Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan

and India.

1. Drugs that Originates from the Golden Triangle

Burma / Myanmar

Laos Thailand

In Southeast Asia – the Golden Triangle approximately produced 60% of opium in the
world, 90% of opium in the Eastern part of Asia. It is also the officially acknowledge source of
Southeast Asian heroin.

Heroin is produced in the Golden Triangle and pass through nearby countries in
relatively small quantities through air transport while in transit to the United States and
Europeans countries.

2. Drugs that Originates from the Golden Crescent

Afghanistan
Pakistan
Iran
India

In Southwest Asia – The Golden Crescent is the major supplier of opium poppy, MJ
and Heroin products in the Western part of Asia. It produces at least 85% to 90% of an illicit
heroin channeled in the drug under world market.

WORLD WIDE PERSPECTIVE

Middle East – the Becka Valley of Lebanon is considered to be the biggest producer of
cannabis in the Middle East. Lebanon is also became the transit country for cocaine from
South America to European illicit drug markets.
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Spain – is known as the major transshipment point for international drug traffickers in
Europe and became “ the paradise of drug users in Europe”.

South America – Columbia, Peru, Uruguay, and Panama are the principal sources of
all cocaine supply in the world due to robust production of the coca plants-source of the
cocaine drug.

Mexico – is known in the world to be the number one producer of Marijuana (Cannabis
Sativa).

Philippines – is the second to Mexico as to the production of Marijuana. It also became

the major transshipment point for the worldwide distribution of illegal drugs particularly shabu
and cocaine from Taiwan and South America. It is also noted the Philippines today is known
as the drug paradise of drug abusers in Asia.

India – is the center of the world’s drug map, leading to rapid addiction among its
people.

Indonesia – Northern Sumatra has traditionally been the main cannabis growing area in
Indonesia. Bali Indonesia is an important transit point from drugs in route to Australia and New
Zealand.

Singapore, Malaysia, and Thailand – is the most favorable sites of drug distribution
from the “ Golden Triangle “ and other parts of Asia.

China – is the transit route for heroin from the “ Golden Triangle” to Hongkong. It also
the country where the “ Epedra” plant is cultivated – source of the drug ephedrine – the
principal chemical for producing the drug shabu.

Hongkong – is the world’s transshipment point of all forms of heroin.

Japan – became the major consumer of cocaine and shabu from the United States and
Europe.

THE DRUG SYNDICATES

A Drug Syndicates is a group of organized and professional criminals with a formal

hierarchy of organization set in illicit drug trade. It is also otherwise known as “ a drug cartel”. It
is perhaps one of the most important reasons why international drug trafficking is hardly to
control because of their involvement in the illicit drug trade.

One of known world’s notorious drug syndicate is the Columbian Medellin Cartel,
founded during the 1980’s by Colombian drug lords Pablo Escobar Gaviria and drug bosses
Jose Gonzalo Rodriguez Gacha and the top aid cocaine barons Juan David and the Ochoa
Brothers. The cartel is reputedly responsible for organizing world’s drug trafficking network.

The Columbian government with the aid of the United states succeeded in containing
the Medellin Cartel, which resulted in the death, surrender, and arrest of the people behind the
organization. This further resulted to the disbandment of the Cartel led to its downfall.

THE CALI CARTEL

Was another drug cartel based in the south part of Colombian, around the city of Cali.
According to some estimates at its height the Cali Cartel controlled 80% of the cocaine exports
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from Colombia to the United States. Gilberto Rodriguez Orejuela founded the Cali Cartel in
the 1970’s with his brother Miguel Rodriguez Orejuela, Jose Santacruz Londono and
Helmer “Pacho” Herrera. During the height of Pablo Escobar’s Medellin Cartel, the two
engaged in sonstant conflict.

The Cali Cartel helped fund the vigilante group Los Pepes, who fought against
Escobar under the banner of persecution, although they were funded by Escobar’s Rivals.
Some observers consider the cartel to have fragmented somewhat in recent years, and that it
does not hold as much power as it once did, due to law enforcement efforts and the
emergence of smaller cartels, though many of its newer members and drug trade routes still
continue to operate.

The Norte del Valle Cartel, or North Valley Cartel, is a drug cartel which operated
principally in the north of the Valle del Cauca region of Colombia. It rose to prominence during
the second half of the 1990’s after the Cali Cartel and the Medellin Cartel fragmented, and
became known as one of the most powerful organizations involved in the illegal drug trade.

The leading druglords of the Norte del Valle cartel included Diego Leon Montoya
Sanchez, alias “Don Diego”, Wilber Varela, alias “Jabon” (soap), and Hernando Gomez
Bustamante , alias “Rasguṅo” (scratch). Diego Montoya was part of the list containing the
FBI’s Ten Most Wanted Fugitives.

Other organized crime groups involved in the control of illicit drug trade are : Chinese
Mafia known as the Triad, the Cosa Nostra based in the United states, Octopus Napolitan
Camora based in Europe, the Yakuza of Japan, the Sicilian Mafia of Italy, and some locally
organized crime group in the country.

THE CHINESE TRIAD

The Chinese Triad, also called Chinese Mafia is the oldest and biggest criminal
organization in the world. It is believed to be the controller of the “ Golden Triangle” with
international connections on drug trafficking.

Drug Syndicate in the Philippines

The Binondo-based Chinese syndicate has been identified as the nucleus of the
Triad Society, the Bamboo Gang-based in Taiwan and the 24K based in Hongkong.

The Bamboo Gang is the influenced of the Green Gang of the Chinese Triad while
the 14K is the newest among the triads families established in 1947.

The Filipino-Chinese drug syndicates are groups responsible in smuggling shabu into
the country. Most drugs couriers use Hongkong and Taiwan as their embarkation point for
the Philippines. And recently, intelligence reports reveals that large quintets of shabu are
smuggled in the country directly from Mainland China through commercial airlines and ocean-
sea vessels.

The most common “modus operandi” by the syndicates-posing as fishermen along

Philippine such as La Union, Ilocos, and Pangasinan where they drop their loads of shabu
to shoreline based members. The syndicates are famously involved in Marijuana cultivation
and other smuggling including drug manufacture.

CAUSES AND INFLUENCE OF DRUG ABUSE

BASIC CONCEPTS
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WHAT IS DRUG ABUSE?

The term Drug Abuse most often refers to the use of a drug with such frequency that it
causes physical and mental harm to the user or impairs social functioning. Although the term
seems to imply that users abuse the drugs they take, in fact, it is themselves or others they
abuse by using drugs.

Traditionally, the term drug abuse referred to the use of any drug prohibited by law,
regardless of whether it was actually harmful or not. This meant that any use of Marijuana, for
example, even if it occurred only once in a while, would constitute abuse, while the same level
of alcohol consumption would not.

The term drug is commonly associated with substances that may be purchased legally
with prescription for medical use. Other substances that may be purchased legally without
prescription and are commonly abused include alcohol and the nicotine contained in tobacco
cigarettes (Groiler, 1995).

WHAT IS DRUG DEPENDENCE?

Drug abuse must be distinguished from drug dependence. Drug dependence which is
sometimes called Drug addiction, is defined by three basic characteristics (Groiler, 1995):

1. The users continue to take a drug over an extended period of time.

2. The users find it difficult to stop using the drug. They seem powerless to quit the drug
use. Users take extraordinary and often harmful measures to continue using the drug.
They will drop out of school, steal, leave their families, go to jail and lose their job to keep
using drug.
3. The users stop taking drug if the supply of the drug is cut-off, or if they are forced to quit
for any reason – they will undergo painful physical or mental distress. The experience of
withdrawal distress, called the withdrawal syndrome, is a sure sign that a drug is
dependency producing and that the user is dependent on the drug. Drug dependence
may lead to drug abuse – especially the illegal drugs.

WHAT IS DRUG ADDICTION?

Drug addiction is a state of mind in which a person has lost the power of self-control in
respect of a drug. He consumes the drug repeatedly leaving aside all values of life. In other
words a drug addict will resort to crime even to satisfy his repeated craving for the drug. The
effects of addiction are mainly deteriorative personality changes. They include insomnia,
instability, lack of self-confidence especially when not under the influence of drug. The addict
can not concentrate on any work. He avoids social contacts. Slowly, mentally, physically, and
morally he becomes from bad to worse and burden to the society.

CHARACTERISTICS OF DRUG ADDICTION

One or more of the following attributes characterizes drug addiction :

1. Uncontrollable Craving – the addict feels a compulsive craving to take drug

repeatedly and tries to procure the same by any means.
2. Tolerance – it is the tendency to increase the dose of the drug to produce the
same effect as to that of the original effect.

3. Addiction – the addict is powerless to quit drug use.

4. Physical Dependence – the addict’s physiological functioning is altered. The body
becomes sick, inactive and incapable of carrying out useful activity in the
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absence of the drug. The withdrawal syndrome will occur once the drug use is
stopped.
5. Psychological Dependence – emotional and mental discomfort exist to the
individual. The drug addict feels he can not do without drug, consequently if he does
not take drug his mental processes are affected. He can not carryout his work
efficiently.
6. Withdrawal Syndrome – the addict become nervous and restless when he does not
get the drugs. After about 12 hours, he starts sweating. His nose and eyes
become watery and continue doing so increasingly for another twelve hours. It is
followed by vomiting, diarrhea, loss of appetite and sleep. Respiration, blood
pressure and body temperature also rises. This will continue up to three days. After
which, the trouble starts subsiding and most of it is gone in about a week’s time.
Complete recovery takes place in three to six months.

HOW ADDICTION IS ACQUIRED?

People have generally different motivation in life. The young ones are very much
adventurous and some of them have strong attraction in drug-taking, because these “space
are era belongs to them so to speak, thus, the “IN” thing these days are drugs. To see drug
abusers around seemed to be of a common sight.

The drug habit is acquired primarily in three ways:

1. Association – the tendency of a drug abuser to look for peer groups where he
feels being wanted and accepted.
2. Experimentation – the tendency of a person to try and explore the effects of drugs
due to curiosity or other reasons.
3. Inexperienced Doctors – the tendency of doctors and physicians to unnecessarily
prescribed drugs.

Likewise, addiction may also be acquired through:

1. Habituation – repetitious engagement of drug use which is closely related to the

experience of the euphoric effect of drugs, and the relief of pain or emotional
discomfort.
2. Tolerance – refers to the necessity to increase the dose to obtain an effect
equivalent to the original dose.
3. Dependence – the altered physiological state brought about by the repeated
administration of the drug, which necessitates the continued use of the drug to avoid
withdrawal syndrome.

UNDERLYING INFLUENCE OF DRUG ABUSE

The drug addict or abuser is generally an emotional unstable person before he acquires
the habit. He can not face painful situations without help, he has less will power and self-
control. He has not adjusted himself to his emotional reaction. Due to this, drug addicts have
low capacities for dealing with frustrations, anxieties and stress.

Drug abuse is a multi-faced problem that exists in our locality and countryside; there is
usually more than one reason why this problem occurs. Any of the following factors may
influence people to abuse drugs.
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BIOLOGICAL FACTORS
There are some reasons or pre-existing induced biological abnormalities of chemicals,
physiological or structural in nature that induced a person to take drugs.

The following are some to consider:

1. Individual’s General Health – there are several diseases that easily make a person
become a drug abuser. Examples are fatigue, chronic cough, insomnia, and
discomfort.
2. It is believe that drug has the special power to prevent or to increase sexual
capacity.
3. One specific genetic theory proposes that there is an inherited defect in the
production of endorphin, similar to morphine. A deficiency of the substance leads to
bodily discomfort. With the use of the morphine, this feeling is induced or
disappeared. According to theory, a person who uses morphine has the
physiological abnormality where endorphine production is less. The drugs when we
use the body cells work actively cells work actively.

FACTORS IN YOUTHFUL DRUG ABUSE

Psychological, Mental Health, Family Conditions)

1. Motives and Attitudes

Psychologically speaking, in terms of motives and function of drug abuse, some of
which may not be recognized by users themselves. The more a drug used, the more it tens
to satisfy more than one motive or need.

Try to ask s drug dependent on the reason why he or she engaged in drug use and
he or she will reveal about curiosity sake. There is the eagerness to explore what they have
not experienced. Other reasons would be “Pakikisama” sake – peer group pressures, to
feel more courageous, to find out more about oneself, to satisfy a strong craving or
compulsion, to prove their guts, and to escape from problems. Others would say to
increase or reduce appetite, to feel less dull or sluggish and improve sex , to improve
intelligence or learning, prepare stress, to feel less depress of sad, relieve tension or
nervousness, to make good moral mood last longer, relieve anger or irritation, and many
more.

2. Personality and Pathology

This pathology has been described as follows:

a. Chronic
b. Low grade depression
c. Smoldering
d. Tense and restlessness
e. A sense of not being taken seriously
f. narcissism or egocentricity
g. Preoccupation with issues or identity
h. Autonomy and freedom of expression

i. Repeated dwelling on drug taking and its effects

j. Difficulty in interpersonal relations

3. Family Background
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The kind of personality disturbances found in some young addicts and heads
cannot, in the current state of knowledge, be identified as brain damage or schizophrenia. It
is more

in the manner of character disorder. And the behavior may be the result of inadequate
socialization, condition of child rearing and family interaction. The few available facts about
families of young abuser lend credence to this idea. In high addiction areas, the families of
adolescent narcotics users showed the following characteristics.

1. Absent or weal father

2. Overprotective, overindulgent and domineering mother
3. Inconsistent standards of behavior, lack of definition of limits
4. Hostility or conflict between parents
5. Unrealistic aspiration for children
6. Modeling, if parents of key influence to drug users, young persons often tend to
model the behavior they are at home.

The family therefore is a strong influence to drug abuse. Common factors are:

1. Children of broken home easily join peer groups as substitutes to their lost family
solidarity
2. To strike and over protectiveness of parents
3. To assert their independence
4. And to revel from parental authority

4. Other Psycho-social Factors

Drug abuse is a manifestation of an underlying character of personality disorder. Thus

majority of the drug users are fundamentally immature , emotionally childish, insecure or are
suffering from problems of adolescence.

It is also a sign or symptom of family problem involving parent and child relationship,
peer pressures, unethical values. However, drugs use does not only occur in isolation of
environmental factors but rather, is greatly influenced by many factors. Some of these
sociological factors as follows;

1. Availability of over-the-counter and prescription drugs variety of drugs available for

children ailments.
2. Influence of media advertisement message that all ailment can be cured through the
use of chemical substances toward messages and help to create the acceptance of
drugs.
3. Impact of affluent lifestyle.
4. Effect of increased travel and exposure to different culture and social values.
5. The collapse of religious values
6. Alienation and enemies feeling of powerless
7. Lower value on academic achievement

8. They believe that drug can give deeper insights

9. The belief that medicines can magically solve problems
10. The easy access to drug or various sort in an affluent society
11. The enjoyment of euphoria or excitement induced by drugs
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12. The beliefs that they are just talking it like alcohol
13. The tendency of persons with psychological problems to see easily solution with
chemicals
14. The statement of proselytizers who proclaim the goodness of drugs
15. Slum condition – the most critical is that the slum dweller are often deprived of
emotional support.

THE PRIMARY CAUSES OF DRUG ABUSE

Any of the seven deadly sins could be the primary cause why people tend to abuse
drugs despite knowledge of the dangerous effects of drugs.

1. Pride – excessive feeling of self-worth or self-esteem, sense of self-importance.

2. Anger – unexpressed, deep-seated anger against himself, his family, his friends or the
society in general.
3. Lust – burning sexual desire can distort the human mind to drug abuse.
4. Gluttony – “food trip” in the lingo of junkies.
5. Greed – wealth, fame, recognition as exemplified by people under pressure in their
work of art, such as musicians, actors athletes who indulge in drug abuse.
6. Envy – to get attention from someone: as a sign of protest envy is a major cause of
drug abuse.
7. Laziness – “I cant syndrome” incapacity to achieve – the breeding ground of drug
abuse. Boredom coupled with poor self-image.

GROUP CLASSIFICATION OF DRUG ABUSERS

In order to understand the groups of people who abuse drugs, the group classification of
drug addicts are presented as :

1. Situational Users – those who use drugs to keep them awake or for additional energy
to perform an important work. Such individual may or may not exhibit psychological
dependence.

2. Spree Users – school age users who take drugs for “kicks” an adventurousness daring
experience, or as a means of fun. There may be some degree of psychological
dependence but little physical dependence due to the mixed pattern of use.

3. Hard Core Addicts – those whose activities resolve almost entirely around the drug
experience and securing supplies. They show strong psychological dependence on
drug.

4. Hippies – those who are addicted to drugs believing that drug is an integral part of life.

IDENTIFICATION OF DRUG ABUSERS

A drug abuser will do everything possible to conceal his habit. To be able to recognize
the outward signs and symptoms, it is equally important to realized that the drug problems is

so complex. Even expert advice not to judge abruptly an individual taking narcotics drug as it
could lead to falsely accusing an innocent person.

What to Observe ?
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1. Change in Interest – they lost interest in their studies and in their work. They fail in
school, shift from one course to another, transfer of school of power standard until
eventually drop out.
2. Frequent Shifting of Mood – they are euphoric, elated and sometimes even ecstatic
when under the influence of drugs. They would be indifferent, irritable and even hostile
when the effect of drug is waning from the system.

3. Changes in Behavior – they usually spend a lot. They are usually in the company of
known drug users in the community. They come home late, they become disrespectful
and would sell personal or family valuables.
4. Changes in Physical Appearance – if they can be seen while still under the influence
of drugs the following can be noted:
Detecting a drug user is not an easy task. The signs and symptoms of drug abuse,
especially in the beginning stages can be identical to those produced by condition having
nothing whatsoever to do with drugs.

PROFILE OF DRUG ABUSERS

As an informational materials, the table below show drug profile of abusers. The data
may help one in understanding drug abusers in the Philippines.

As to : The Profile
Age Mena age of 26 years (since 1996), 27 years (199)
Sex Ratio of Male to Female remained 12:1
Civil Status Single (55.78%), Married (32.58%), Separated (4.43%
Family Size Three to Four Siblings in the family
Occupation Workers/Employees (42.51%), Unemployed (21.75%), Self-
employed (12.58%), Students (12.16%), Out of Youth
School (3.68%)
Educational Attainment High School Level (27.77%), College Level (27.07%), High
School Graduate (22.77%)
Economic Status Average Monthly Income of P5,290
Place of Residence Urban
Duration of Drug Taking More than two years
I.Q. Average
Nature of Drug Taking Monodrug use
Drugs of Abuse Shabu and Marijuana

Dangerous Drug Board (DDB) Annual Report (1998-1999)

Check Recent updates from DDB Annual Reports

PROCESS OF DETECTING DRUG ABUSERS

The detection of drug abusers involve five processes namely:

A. OBSERVATION
Observation of the signs and symptoms of drug abuse may take relatively a long
period of time. Good sensory equipment and a high degree of objectivity are two

requirements for a good observer. To be an effective observer, the observer should not
let his own personal judgment and reactions affect his observations. He should exercise
care in his observation such that the suspected drug abuser is not made aware of being
observed.

B. HISTORY TAKING
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1. Collateral Information (Interview with Information) – the best information is

from the patient himself, but collateral information is necessary. Ideally, a parent or
close relative or a close friend should be present to furnish to furnish useful details as to
the different changes observed in the patient that made them suspect the subject is
abusing drug. These changes may be in his appearance, behavior, mood, or interest.

2. Interview with Patient – inquire regarding the drugs being abused, onset of
his drug taking activity, reason for abusing drugs, how he supports his vice, etc.

C. LABORATORY EXAMINATION
Accurate laboratory examinations cannot be performed by any ordinary chemist
since detection of dangerous requires sophisticated equipment and apparatus, special
chemical reagents and most of all, the specialized technical know-how.

D. PSYCHOLOGICAL EXAMINATION
This phase of drug detection requires the expertise of trained psychologists.
Teachers therefore are not in the position to administer psychological examinations among
their students. Psychological Examinations findings will corresponds to the general findings
of a drug prone individual: drowsy or lethargic appearance accompanied by scratching and
without alcoholic breath, tendency to giggle excessively at things which others don’t
consider funny, and over-active and over talkative. Example are test are:

1. Intelligence Test – the test is designed to cover a wide variety of mental functions with
special emphasis on adjustment comprehension and reasoning.
2. Personality Test – this type of test is used to evaluate the character and personality
traits of an individual such as his emotional adjustment, interpersonal relation,
motivation and attitude.
3. Aptitude Test – this test is to measure the readiness with which the individual
increases his knowledge and improves skills when given the necessary opportunity and
training.
4. Interest – this is designed to reveal the field of interest that a client will be interested in.
5. Psychiatric Evaluation – it is a process whereby a team of professionals composed of
psychiatrist, psychologists, psychiatric social workers conduct an examination to
determine whether or not a patient is suffering from psychiatric disorder.

E. PERSONALITY PROFILE OF DRUG ABUSERS

1. They are of average or above average intelligence
2. They are witty and manipulative
3. They have negative attitude, they demonstrate hostile feelings to the world or to
anybody who does not want to conform to what they want.
4. They are emotionally immature, selfish and demanding
5. They want immediate gratification of needs and desires
6. They have low frustration tolerance
7. Their interest and aptitude are on dramatics, persuasive and musical field in that
over.
8. They are depressed and excessively dependent

9. They are rebellious and have impulsive behavior

10. They are pleasure seeker and pathological liars
11. They like to join anti social groups/delinquent groups
12. They have difficulty in solving problems.
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OTHER INFORMATION ON DRUG ABUSERS

In the course or research, several seemingly unrelated facts emerged as contributory to
cause of drug abuse on Filipino users.

a. In more than 59 percent of users, both parents hold outside jobs. For the first time since
World War II, we have “latch-key” children who come home from school to an empty
house.
b. Parents are television to baby-sit their pre-school children who are thus subjected
before they are old enough to walk to advertisements for beer, pain killers and other
over the counter (OTC) medications, not to mention sex and violence written by some
best minds.
c. Modern mothers have abandoned their God given gifts and privilege to breast fed their
children.
d. A third spends an average of 900 hours per year in class and media influence per year
watching television, which speaks for greater media influence on the young mind
compared to either the parents or school.
e. Television commercials for alcoholic beverages and cigarettes invariably depict people
having an enjoyable time with their friends while the product prominent displayed , but
never depict the health and economic problems excessive alcohol and cigarettes
consumption can produce or other degenerative effects.
f. Tobacco companies circumvent the van on television advertising their products by
sponsoring athletic events that are viewed by both children and adults who attend
sporting events where large pictures and logos of cigarette brands are always
prominently displayed.
g. Alcohol and tobacco (cigarettes) are “gateway” drugs. No child and or adolescent ever
smoke marijuana without learning how to inhale tobacco smoke first. Ask an drug
abuser whether or not they started with alcohol, or cigarette; the answer is always
“Yes”.
h. It is discovered that 70 percent of elementary school students abused legal drugs
such as tobacco, alcohol, and over the counter (OTC) diet pills. Sleep aids and other
they obtained from older friends of their parents. They began as early as age 12 or 13.
i. Medical science is believed to hold a cure for every condition, a “ pill for every ill” so to
speak.

THE EFFECTS OF DRUG ABUSE

A. THE GENERAL EFFECTS

As to the Physical Effects

1. Malnutrition – the life of an addict revolves around the drug abuse. He misses even
his regular meals. He losses appetite and eventually develops malnutrition.
Likewise, the drug dependent who has tried on his own to withdraw may suffer from
severe gastrointestinal disturbance that result to severe dehydration.

2. Skin Infections and Skin Rashes – oftentimes the drug abuser neglects his
personal hygiene, uses unsterilized needles and springe that result in skin infections
or even ulceration at the sites of the needle puncture. Skin rashes may even occur

as a side effect or sensitivity reaction to certain drugs of abuse. Infectious diseases,

such as tuberculosis, bronchitis, bronchial asthma, viral hepatitis, sequel of drug
abuse.
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As to the Psychological Effects

The abuse of drugs can bring many psychological malnutrition such as the
following:
a. Deterioration of personality with impaired emotional maturation.
b. Impairment of adequate mental function.
c. Loss of drive and ambition.
d. Development of psychosis and depression.
e. Loss of interest to study.
f. Laziness, lethargy, boredom and restlessness.
g. Irritability, rebellious attitude
h. Withdrawn forgetfulness

As to the Mental Effects

The drug abuser may also experience social dysfunction such as the following:

a. Deterioration of interpersonal relationship and development of conflict with

authority.
b. Commission of Crimes.
c. Social maladjustment; loss of desire to work, study and participate in activities
or to face challenges.

As to Mental Economic Effects

The drug abuser can experience adverse effect on the central nervous system.
Regular use or injection of large doses of a substance reduces the activity of the brain
and depresses the central nervous system. The drug dependent then manifests
changes in his mind and behavior that are undesirable by people in his environment.
Another mental effect would be deterioration of the mind. The dependent is a “
mental invalid” in the sense that drugs can manipulate him, make him lose his power,
and prod him to behave contrary to what he usually think is right. These drugs are
essentially reality modifiers, which create a masked sense of well being by either dulling
or distorting sensory perceptions and providing a temporary means of escape from
personal difficulties, either real or imaginary. They can reduce or accelerate activity to
create indifference, depressive mood or carelessness.

As a result, the abuser’s mind deteriorates gradually. In other instances, he

abruptly loses interest and motivation in the pursuit of achievements and constructive
goals. Instead of providing him relaxation and escape from discomfort, drug, alcohol
and tranquilizers may blur his attempts to come to terms with reality. His character
becomes weak and inadequate in coping with his problems.

As to the Economic Effects

Some economic problems are encountered due to drug abuse like:

a. Inability to Hold stable Job

It is impossible for a drug abuser to hold a steady job since he spends all his time
and money on drugs. If he does not have a regular job, he and his friends steal to raise
money. If he has one, he would be unable to concentrate since he would be either over-
stimulated or lazy and drowsy.

b. Dependence on Family Resources

Instead of contributing to the economic stability of the family, a dependent
becomes an economic burden. Besides depending on the family for his basic
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necessities, he also has rely on the family resources to provide him money for the
support of his expensive habit.

c. Accidents in Industry
In a state of agitation or dullness of the mind as a result of the drug he has taken,
the dependent becomes careless and loses concentration on his job. Consequently, an
accident may occur which may adversely affect both drug abusers and his co-workers.

***END OF PRELIM COVERAGE***

CDI 7 : FINAL COVERAGE

LAW ENFORCEMENT APPROACH

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GOVERNMENT LAWS AND STRATEGIES IN LAW ENFORCEMENT

When R.A. 6425, also known as the Dangerous Drugs Act of 1972 was promulgated
in March 30, 1972, estimated 20,000 Filipino drug users were recorded. The execution of LIM
SENG in 1972 dried up the supply of heroin in the streets and from then on, this drug never
recovered its marketability. On November 9, 1972, Presidential Decree No. 44 procedurally
amended Section 4 of R.A. 6425.

By the year 1980, the number of drug users increased to 250,000 in the country. The
government started feeling the alarming increase of drug use.

In 1981, despite intensive Drug Law Enforcement efforts and the passage of laws, the
rise of drug use continued. It was in this year, that foreign drug syndicates used our shores
as a transit point of Heroin and Cocaine traffic. Metro Manila still remained as the center of
drug activity accounting 42% of the total number of arrest made in 1981. A host of government
agencies in order to combat drugs. With the growing number of drug users, the government
implemented treatment and rehabilitation programs by putting up more dormitories. But
despite all these efforts the drug population increases by 10% by this time there were 312,000
drug users.

In 1982, Batasang Pambansa Bilang 179 effected another procedural amendment to

RA 6425. The law itemized prohibited drugs and its derivatives. Narcotics preparations such as
opiates, opium poppy straw, leaves or wrapping, whether for use or not were classified as
dangerous drugs.

In 1983, there were already 343,750 drug users and more government organizations
started to assist the governments demand reduction programs. Similarly law enforcement
capabilities were further strengthened. Strategies for program implementation were made
known to the public. The government sensing that the drug problem was transcending
international boundaries, established linkages and mutual cooperation with regional
organizations to complement its two pronged strategy of supply reduction and demand
reduction. The smuggling of drugs continued in varying frequencies, types and quantities with
drugs originating from source countries such as Pakistan, Thailand and Hongkong. The
Philippines was slowly emerging as a source in 1984.

In 1986, drug users commonly practice poly-drug abuse, majority of them belong to the
15-24 age group. For a period of two years, the number of drug population increased to
450,000. Arrest and seizure were double due to an intensified supply reduction effort by the
Drug Law Enforcement Agencies in the Philippines.

In 1987, saw the emergence of Methamphetamine Hydrochloride (Shabu) as a

popular drug abuse. It was during this time that Hongkong Base Syndicates engage in
trafficking on Methamphetamine initially established tie-ups with Filipino-Chinese drug
syndicates. The Philippine Constitution of 1987 abolished death as a penalty in 1987 started
the rise of the Chinese syndicates using shabu as their main trade. Another elicit drug law
material in the form of 2,700 fully grown coca plants were also uprooted by the Narcotics
raiding teams in Agho Island, San Rafael, Iloilo. Cocaine production was discovered where

according to intelligence report, the laboratory capably equipped to process 120 pounds of
Cocaine per month. The immediate neutralization aborted cocaine production in the country.
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In 1988, statistics showed that there were 480,000 drug users in the Philippines, 70% of
which were in Metro Manila

In 1989, shabu emerge as the second most popular drug of abuse nest to MJ Cough Syrup
preparations continued to be drug abuse. From 1982 to 1989, all demand reduction efforts
were conferred on preventive education and information and rehabilitation /health programs
because of the liberal perception that drug users were social health victims and not potential
criminals.

In 1990, shabu abuse continues to rise. There were 500,000 drug users recorded in 1990.
The profile of drug abuse drastically changed. Shabu’s popularity was at par with MJ, wherein
there were 600,000 drug users recorded.

In 1982, the government continued to pursue vigorous programs of actions against the drug
problem. Intensified law enforcement, preventive education campaigns and treatment
programs were implemented. Shabu emerge as the number one drug abuse among the users.

In 1983, there were 800,000 drug users recorded dubbing that year. RA 6425 was further
amended certain activities under illicit drug trafficking. The death penalty was restored on
December 13, 1993 the new law2 enforcement more difficult, because what being punish now
is the quantity of drugs seized and no longer the act or intention of drug pushing.

In 1984, the drug problem became more pressing despite sustained implementation of the
National Drug Control and Prevention Strategy of supply reduction and demand reduction.
The drug encountered were the same as in previous years except that of shabu, which
became more prevalent.

In 1995, Shabu and Cannabis abuse were persisted in the illicit drug market. The well-finance
and sophisticated foreign-based syndicates controlled the over all importation of shabu. The
average of age drug user became much wider for the Female Sex -9:1 there was a sudden
increase of drug users to .2 million . Law Enforcement interdiction was intensified and shabu
traffickers face more risk than before in plying their drug trade. For the year 1995, abuse of
shabu increased by 75.09% more by bust operation were launched against merchants of death
majority of whom were Chinese Triad members. The PNP Narcotics group alone seized
several Billions pesos worth of illicit drug.

In 1996, more high level shabu interdictions were launched. Various drugs enforcers were
agitated to work against the drug pipelines and the people behind them. At the treatment and
rehabilitation centers, the number of new and re-admitted cases increased in 1996 by 19% and
20% respectively. Despite the surmounting accomplishment in supply and demand reduction
with the PNP Narcotics Group seizing multi-Billion pesos worth of illicit drug, not to mention the
Billions of pesos more seized by the other PNP units including PARAC OF DILG, the drug user
population increased to 1.7 Million in 1997.

TODAY, there were many measures undertaken by both the Private and the Government
Sectors in the fight against drug abuse disease of society. This includes the major approaches
as the Law Enforcement Approach, International efforts against drug abuse.

Importantly, the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002 or Republic Act No. 9165 was
enacted to add more teeth on the government responses to the ongoing problem on drug
abuse in the country.

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9165 : IMPORTANT FEATURES

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REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9165 ( Approved on JUNE 7, 2002 – Effective JULY 4, 2002)

AN ACT INSTITUTING THE COMPREHENSIVE DANGEROUS DRUGS ACT OF

2002, REPEALING REPUBLIC ACT NO. 6425 OTHERWISE KNOWN AS THE
DANGEROUS DRUGS ACT OF 1972, AS AMENDED PROVIDING FUNDS THEREOF, AND
FOR OTHER PURPOSES.

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Philippines

WHAT IS DANGEROUS DRUG UNDER THIS LAW?

Includes those listed in the schedules annexed to the 1961 single Convention on
Narcotic Drugs, as amended by the 1972 Protocol, and the schedules annexed to the 1971
single Convention on Psychotropic Substance (Art 1, Sec 3 ).

Ex. MMDA – Methylenedioxy methamphetamine (Ecstacy)

The Salient Provisions of Republic Act 9165- Comprehensive

Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002

The Salient Provisions of RA 9165:

UNLAWFUL ACTS AND PENALTIES

Section 4- Importation of Dangerous Drugs, Controlled Precursor and Essential
Chemicals.

The penalty of life imprisonment to death and a ranging from Five Hundred Thousand Pesos
(P 500,000.00) to Ten Million Pesos (P 10,000,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person who
unless authorized by law, shall import or bring into the Philippines any dangerous drug
regardless of the quantity and purity involved, including any and all species of opium poppy
or any part thereof or substances derived therefrom even for floral, decorative and culinary
purposes.

The penalty of imprisonment ranging from twelve (12) years and one (1) day to twenty (20)
years and a fine ranging from One hundred Thousand Pesos (P100,000.00) to Five Hundred
Thousand Pesos (P500,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person, who unless authorized by
law, shall import any controlled precursor and essential chemical.

The maximum penalty provided for under this Section shall be imposed upon any person,
who unless authorized under this act, shall import or bring into the Philippines any
dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical through the use of a
diplomatic passport, diplomatic facilities or any other means involving his/her official status
intended to facilitate the unlawful entry of the same. In addition, the diplomatic passport shall
be confiscated and cancelled.

The maximum penalty provided of under this Section shall be imposed upon any person, who
organizes, manages or acts as a “ Financier” of any of the illegal activities prescribed in this
section.

The penalty of twelve (12) years and one (1) day to twenty (20) years of imprisonment and
a fine ranging from One Hundred Thousand Pesos (P100,000.00) to Five Hundred Thousand
Pesos (P500,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person, who acts as a “Protector/Coddler”
of any violator of the provisions under this Section.
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Section 5- Sale, Trading, Administration, Dispensation, Delivery, Distribution and

Transportation of Dangerous Drugs, Controlled Precursor and Essential Chemicals.
The penalty of life imprisonment to death and a fine ranging from Five Hundred
Thousand Pesos (P500,000.00) to Ten Million Pesos (P10,000,000.00) shall be imposed upon
any person, who unless authorized by law, shall sell, trade, administer, dispense, deliver, give
away to another, distribute dispatch in transit or transport any dangerous drug, including any
and all species of opium poppy regardless of the quantity and purity involved, or shall act as a
broker in any of such transactions.

The penalty of imprisonment ranging from twelve (12) and one (1) day to twenty (20)
years and a fine ranging from One Hundred Thousand Pesos (P100,000.00) to Five Hundred
Thousand Pesos (P500,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person, who unless authorized by
law, shall sell, trade, administer, dispense, deliver, give away to another, distribute, dispatch in
transit or transport any controlled precursor and essential chemical, or shall act as a broker in
such transactions.

If sale, trading, administration, dispensation, delivery, distribution or transportation of

any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical transpires within One
Hundred (100) meters from the school, the maximum penalty shall be imposed in every case.

For drug pushers who use minors or mentally incapacitated individuals as runners,
couriers and messengers, or in any other capacity directly connected to the dangerous drugs
and/or controlled precursors and essential chemical trade, the maximum penalty shall be
imposed in every case.

The victim of the offense is a minor or a mentally incapacitated individuals, or should

a dangerous drug and/or a controlled precursor and essential chemical involved in any offense
herein provided be the proximate cause of death of a victim thereof, the maximum penalty
provided for under this Section shall be imposed.

The maximum penalty provided for under this Section shall be imposed upon any
person who organizes, manages or acts as a “ Financier” of any of the illegal activities
prescribed in this Section.

The penalty of twelve (12) years and one (1) day to twenty (20) years of
imprisonment and a fine ranging from One Hundred Thousand Pesos (P100,000.00) to Five
Hundred Thousand Pesos (P500,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person, who acts as a
“Protector/Coddler” of any violator of the provisions under this Section.

Section 6- Maintenance of a Den, Dive or Resorts.

The penalty of life imprisonment to death and a fine ranging from Five Hundred
Thousand Pesos (P500,000.00) to Ten Million Pesos (P10,000,000.00) shall be imposed upon
any person or group of persons who shall maintain a den, dive or resort where any dangerous
drug is used or sold in any form.

The penalty of imprisonment ranging from twelve (12) years and one (1) day to
twenty (20) years and a fine ranging from One Hundred Thousand Pesos (P100,000.00) to
Five Hundred Thousand Pesos (P500,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person or group of
persons who shall maintain a den, dive or resort where any controlled precursors and essential
chemical is used or sold in any form.
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The maximum penalty provided for under this Section shall be imposed in every case
where any dangerous drug is administered, delivered or sold to a minor who is allowed to use
the same in such a place.

Should any dangerous drug be the proximate cause of the death of a person using the
same in such den, dive or resort, the penalty of death and a fine ranging from One Million
(P1,000,000.00) to Fifteen Million Pesos (P15,000,000.00) shall be imposed on the maintainer,
owner and /or operator.

If such den, dive or resort is owned by a third person, the same shall be confiscated
and escheated in favor of the government: Provided, that the criminal complaint shall
specifically allege that such place is intentionally used in the furtherance of the crime.
Provided, further, that the prosecution shall prove such intent on the part of the owner to use
the property for such purpose: Provided, finally, that the owner shall be included as an
accused in the criminal complaint.

The maximum penalty provided for under this section shall be imposed upon any
person who organizes, manages or acts as a “ Financier” of any of the illegal activities
prescribed in this Section.

The penalty of twelve (12) years and one (1) day to twenty (20) years of
imprisonment and a fine ranging from One Hundred Thousand Pesos (P100,000.00) to Five
Hundred Thousand Pesos (P500,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person who acts as a “
Protector/Coddler” of any violator of the provisions under this Section.

Section 7- Employees and Visitors of a Den, Dive or Resort

The penalty of imprisonment ranging from twelve(12) years and one (1) day to twenty
(20) years and a fine ranging from One Hundred Thousand Pesos (P100,000.00) to Five
Hundred Thousand Pesos (P500,000.00) shall be imposed upon:

(a) Any employee of a den, dive or resort, who is aware of the nature of the place as
such; and
(b) Any person who not being included in the provisions of the next preceding
paragraph is aware of the nature of the place as such and shall knowingly visit the
same

Section 8- Manufacture of Dangerous Drugs, Controlled Precursors and Essential

chemicals
The penalty of life imprisonment to death and a fine ranging of Five Hundred Thousand pesos
(P500,000.00) to Ten Million Pesos (P10,000,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person who
unless authorized by law shall engage in the manufacture of any dangerous drug.

The penalty of imprisonment ranging from twelve (12) years and one (1) day to twenty (20)
years and a fine ranging from One Hundred Thousand Pesos (P100,000.00) to Five Hundred

Thousand Pesos (P500,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person who unless authorized by
law shall manufacture any controlled precursor and essential chemical. The presence of any
controlled precursor and essential chemical or laboratory equipment in the clandestine
laboratory is a prima facie proof of manufacture of any dangerous drug. It shall be considered
an aggravating circumstances if the clandestine laboratory is undertaken or established under
the following circumstances.
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(a) Any phase of the manufacturing process was conducted in the presence or with the
help of minor/s;
(b) Any phase or manufacturing process was established or undertaken within one
hundred (100) meters of a residential, business, church or school premises;
(c) Any clandestine laboratory was secured or protected with booby traps;
(d) Any clandestine laboratory was concealed with legitimate business operation; or
(e) Any employment of a practitioner, chemical engineer, public official or foreigner.

The maximum penalty provided for under this section shall be imposed upon any person,
who organizes, manages or acts as a “Financier” of any of the illegal activities prescribed in
this Section.

The penalty of twelve (12) years and one(1) day to twenty (20) years of imprisonment and a
fine ranging from One Hundred Thousand Pesos (P100,000.00) to Five Hundred Thousand
Pesos (P500,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person who acts as a “Protector/Coddler” of
any violator of the provisions under this Section.

Section 9- Illegal Chemical Diversion of controlled Precursors and Essential

Chemicals.
The penalty of imprisonment ranging from twelve (12) years and one (1) day to twenty
(20) years and a fine ranging from One Hundred Thousand Pesos (P100,000.00) to Five
Hundred Thousand Pesos (P500,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person who unless
authorized by law shall illegally divert any controlled precursor and essential chemical.

Section 10- Manufacture or Delivery of Equipment, Instrument, Apparatus and

other Paraphernalia for Dangerous Drugs and or Controlled Precursors and Essential
chemicals.
The penalty of imprisonment ranging from twelve (12) years and one (1) day to twenty
(20) years and a fine ranging from One Hundred Thousand Pesos (P100,000.00) to Five
Hundred Thousand Pesos (P500,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person who shall deliver,
possess with intent to deliver , or manufacture with intent to deliver equipment, instrument,
apparatus and other paraphernalia for dangerous drugs, knowing, or under circumstances
where one reasonably should know, that it will be used to plant, propagate, cultivate, grow,
harvest, manufacture, compound, convert, produce, process, prepare, test, analyze, pack,
repack, store, contain or conceal any dangerous drug and /or controlled precursor and
essential chemical in violation of this act.

The penalty of imprisonment ranging from six (6) months and one (1) day to four (4)
years and a fine ranging from Ten Thousand Pesos (P10,000.00) to Fifty Thousand Pesos
(P50,000.00) shall be imposed if it will be used to inject, ingest, inhale or otherwise introduce
into the human body a dangerous drug in violation of this act.

The maximum penalty provided for under this section shall be imposed upon any
person, who uses a minor or a mentally incapacitated individual to deliver such equipment,
instrument, apparatus and other paraphernalia for dangerous drug.

Section 11- Possession of Dangerous Drugs, Controlled Precursors and Essential

Chemicals.
The penalty of life imprisonment to death and a fine ranging from Five Hundred
Thousand Pesos (P500,000.00) to Ten Million Pesos (P10,000,000.00) shall be imposed upon
any person, who unless authorized by law, shall possess any dangerous drug in the following
quantities, regardless of the degree of purity thereof:
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(1) 10 grams or more of opium;

(2) 10 grams or more morphine;
(3) 10 grams or more of heroin;
(4) 10 grams or more of cocaine or cocaine hydrochloride;
(5) 50 grams or more of methamphetamine hydrochloride or shabu;
(6) 10 grams or more of marijuana resin or marijuana resin oil;
(7) 500 grams or more of marijuana; and
(8) 10 grams or more of other dangerous drugs such as, but not limited to
methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) or “ ecstacy” paramethoxyamphetamine
(PMA), Lysergic Acid Diethylamine (LSD), gamma hydroxyamphetamine (GHB), and
those similarly designed or newly introduced drugs and their derivatives, without
having any therapeutic value or if the quantity possessed is far beyond therapeutic
requirements, as determined and promulgated by the Board in accordance to
Section 93, Article XI of this act.

Otherwise, if the quantity involved is less than the foregoing quantities, the penalties shall be
graduated as follows:

(1) Life imprisonment and a fine ranging from Four Hundred Thousand Pesos
(P400,000.00) to Five Hundred Thousand Pesos, if the quantity of
methamphetamine hydrochloride or “shabu” is Ten (10) grams or more but
less than fifty (50) grams;
(2) Imprisonment of twenty (20) years and one (1) day to life imprisonment and a
fine ranging from Four Hundred Thousand Pesos (P400,000.00) to Five
Hundred Thousand Pesos (P500,000.00), if the quantities of dangerous drugs
are five (5) grams or more but less than ten (10) grams of opium, morphine,
heroin, cocaine or cocaine hydrochloride, marijuana resin or marijuana resin
oil , methamphetamine hydrochloride or “shabu” or other dangerous such as,
but not limited to MDMA or “ecstacy”, PMA, TMA, LSD, GHB, and those
similarly designed or newly introduced drugs and their derivatives, without
having any therapeutic value or if the quantity possessed is far beyond
therapeutic requirements; or three Hundred (300) grams or more but less
than five hundred (500) grams of marijuana; and
(3) Imprisonment of twelve (12) years and one (1) day to twenty (20) years and a
fine ranging from Three (3) Hundred Thousand Pesos (P300,000.00) to Four
Hundred Thousand Pesos (P400,000.00), if the quantities of dangerous drugs
are less than five (5) grams of opium, morphine, heroin, cocaine or cocaine
hydrochloride or “shabu” or other dangerous drugs such as, but not limited to
MDMA or ecstacy, PMA, TMA, LSD, GHB, and those similarly designed or
newly introduced drugs and their derivatives, without having any therapeutic
value or if the quantity possessed is far beyond therapeutic requirements; or
less than three hundred (300) grams of marijuana.

Section 12- Possession of Equipment, Instrument, Apparatus and Paraphernalia.

The penalty of imprisonment ranging from Six (6) Months and One (1) day to Four
Years and a fine ranging from Ten Thousand Pesos (P10,000.00) to Fifty Thousand Pesos
(P50,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person, who unless authorized by law shall possess
or have under his/her control any equipment, instrument, apparatus and other paraphernalia fit
or intended for smoking, consuming, administering, injecting, ingesting, or introducing any
 PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 1

dangerous drug into the body: Provided, that in the case of medical practitioners and various
professionals who are required to carry such equipment, instrument, apparatus and other
paraphernalia in the practice of their profession, the Board shall prescribe the necessary
implementing guidelines thereof.

The possession of such equipment, instrument, apparatus and other paraphernalia fit or
intended for any of the purposes enumerated in the preceding paragraph shall be prima facie
evidence that the possessor has smoked, consumed, administered to himself/herself, injected.
Ingested or used a dangerous drug and shall be presumed to have violated Section 15 of this
act.

Section 13- Possession of Dangerous Drugs During Parties and Social Gatherings or
Meeting.
Any person found possessing any dangerous drug during a party, or at a social gathering or
meeting, or in the proximate company of at least two (2) persons, shall suffer the maximum
penalties provided for in Section 11 of this act, regardless of the quantity and purity of such
dangerous drugs.

Section 14- Possession of Equipment, Instrument, apparatus, and other

Paraphernalia for Dangerous Drugs During parties and social Gatherings or Meetings.
The maximum penalty provided for this Section 12 of this act shall be imposed upon any
person, who shall possess or have under his/her control any equipment, instrument, apparatus
and other paraphernalia fit or intended for smoking, consuming, administering, injecting,
ingesting, or introducing any dangerous drug into the body during parties, social gatherings or
meetings, or in the proximate company of at least two (2) persons.

Section 15- Use of Dangerous Drugs.

A person apprehended or arrested, who is found to be positive for use of any dangerous
drug, after a confirmatory test, shall be imposed a penalty of a maximum of six (6) months
rehabilitation in a government center for the first offense, subject to the provisions of Article
VIII of this act. If apprehended using any dangerous drug for the second time, he/she shall
suffer the penalty of imprisonment ranging from six (6) years and one (1) day to twelve (12)
years and a fine ranging from Fifty Thousand Pesos (P50,000.00) to Two Hundred Thousand
Pesos (P200,000.00): Provided, that this Section shall not be applicable where the person
tested is also found to have in his/her possession such quantity of any dangerous drug
provided for under Section 11 of this act, in which case the provisions stated therein shall
apply.

Section 16- Cultivation or Culture of Plants Classified as Dangerous Drugs or are

Source thereof.
The penalty of life imprisonment to death and a fine ranging from Five Hundred
Thousand Pesos (P500,000.00) to Ten Million Pesos (P10,000,000.00) shall be imposed upon
any person , who shall plant, cultivate or culture marijuana, opium poppy or any other plant
regardless of quantity, which is or may hereafter be classified as a dangerous drug or as a
source from which any dangerous drug may be manufactured or derived: Provided, that in the

case of medical laboratories and medical research centers which cultivate or culture
marijuana, opium poppy and other plants, or materials of such dangerous drugs for medical
experiments and research purposes, or for the creation of new types of medicine, the Board
shall prescribe the necessary implementing guidelines for the proper cultivation, culture,
handling, experimentation and disposal of such plants and materials.
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The land or portions thereof and/or greenhouses on which any of said plants is
cultivated or cultured shall be confiscated and escheated in favor of the state, unless the
owner thereof can prove lack of knowledge of such cultivation or culture despite the exercise of
due diligence on his/her part. If the land involved is part of the public domain, the maximum
penalty provided for under this Section shall be imposed upon the offender.

The maximum penalty provided for under this Section shall be imposed upon any
person , who organizes , manages or acts as a “Financier” of any of the illegal activities
prescribed in this Section.

The penalty of twelve (12) years and one (1) day to twenty (20) years of imprisonment
and a fine ranging from One Hundred Thousand Pesos (P100,000.00) to Five Hundred
Thousand Pesos (P500,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person, who acts as a
“Protector/Coddler” of any violator of the provisions under this Section.

Section 17- Maintenance and Keeping of Original Records of Transaction on

Dangerous Drugs and/or Controlled Precursors and Essential Chemicals.

The penalty of imprisonment ranging from one (1) year and one (1) day to six (6) years
and a fine ranging from Ten Thousand Pesos (P10,000.00) to Fifty Thousand Pesos
(P50,000.00) shall be imposed upon any practitioner, manufacturer, wholesaler, importer,
distributor, dealer or retailer who violates or fails to comply with the maintenance and keeping
of the original records of transactions on any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and
essential chemical in accordance with Section 40 of this act.

An Additional penalty shall be imposed through the revocation of the license to practice
his/her profession, in case of a practitioner , or of the business, in case of a manufacturer,
seller, importer, distributor, dealer or retailer.

Section 18- Unnecessary Prescription of Dangerous Drugs.

The penalty of imprisonment ranging from twelve (12) years and one (1) day to twenty (20)
years and a fine ranging from One Hundred thousand Pesos (P100,000.00) to Five Hundred
Thousand Pesos (P500,000.00) and the additional penalty of the revocation of his/her license
to practice shall be imposed upon the practitioner, who shall prescribe any dangerous drug to
any person whose physical or physiological condition does not require the use or in the dosage
prescribed therein, as determined by the Board in consultation with recognized competent
experts who are authorized representative of professional organizations of practitioners,
particularly those who are involved in the care of persons with severe pain.

Section 19- Unlawful Prescription of Dangerous Drugs.

The penalty of life imprisonment to death and a fine ranging from Five Hundred
Thousand Pesos (P500,000.00) to Ten Million Pesos (P10,000,000.00) shall be imposed upon
any other writing purporting to be a prescription for any dangerous drug.

THE LAW ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITIES

Acknowledging the need to further strengthen existing laws governing Philippine Drug Law
Enforcement System, President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo signed Republic Act 9165-
commonly known as The Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002. It took effect on
July 4, 2002.
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The Dangerous Drugs Board (DDB) continues as policy making body and it formed the
Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA) as the led agency in the enforcement of the
law under the office of the President.

ECSTACY: In 1912 MDMA or Methylenedioxymetamphetamine was developed in

Germany as an appetite depressant by the pharmaceutical company Merck. During the late
1970 psychiatrists and psychologist used the drugs as treatment for emotional and
psychological disorders. Among the youth users referred it as the “sex drugs”. In its purest
forms it is crystalline substance white powder with mastic odor.

The new law abolished the National Drug Law Enforcement and Prevention
Coordinating Center, the PNP Narcotics Group, the NBI Narcotics Unit and the Customs
Narcotics Interdiction Office.

Establishing the proper intelligence network has been inherent task given by the law to
PDEA in coordination with the following support units: The PNP AIDSOTF, the NBI AIDTF, the
Customs Task Force in Dangerous Drugs and Controlled Chemicals along with other
government and non- government entities dedicated to curb the drug problem.

How can the Community Develop a Plan for Research-Based Prevention

The first step in planning a drug abuse prevention is to assess the type of drug problem within
the community and determine the level of risk factors affecting the problem. The results of this
assessment can be used to raise awareness of the nature and seriousness of the community’s
problem and guide selection of the best prevention programs to address the problem.
Next, assessing the community’s readiness for prevention can help determine additional steps
needed to educate the community before launching the prevention effort. Then, a review of
current programs is needed to determine existing resources and gaps in addressing
community needs and to identify additional resources.
Finally, planning can benefit from the expertise of community organizations that provide youth
services. Convening a meeting with leaders of these service organizations can set the stage
for capturing ideas and resources to help implement and sustain research-based programs.

The Community Plan

Prevention research suggests that a well-constructed community plan:

 Identifies the specific drug and other child and adolescent problems in a community;
 Builds on existing resources (e.g., current drug abuse prevention programs;
 Develops short-term goals related to selecting and carrying out research-based
prevention programs and strategies;
 Projects long-term goals so that plans and resources are available for the future; and
 Includes ongoing assessments of the prevention program.

Local Government and Community Support

Communities, Private Sector Help is Key in Nationwide Rehab Program

With thousands of drug surrenderees – but less than 50 treatment facilities in the country – the
government plans to tap communities and the private sector to help in the rehabilitation
process.

WAR ON DRUGS
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MANILA, Philippines – Even before he became chief executive, President Rodrigo Duterte
had vowed a bloody war against drugs. But just weeks since he assumed office, the
unrelenting campaign that has seen hundreds killed – including, some say, innocent victims of
vigilante killings – continues to catch government officials by surprise.
The surge in the number of drug users voluntarily turning themselves in was unexpected, law
enforcers admit. The Dangerous Drugs Board (DDB) calls it a “happy surprise.” But with
around 600,000 surrenderees – and less than 50 rehabilitation centers around the country –
the government's resources are not enough to provide adequate medical treatment to the drug
users needing rehabilitation.
The government is now turning to a community-based approach that will bring in non-
governmental organizations (NGOs), the private sector, and the barangays (villages) together
to address the drug problem.

Three-Step Process
Last month, various government departments came together to form an inter-agency task force
that would craft and implement a nationwide drug rehabilitation program.

This Program consists of 3 stages:

 profiling and screening of drug surrenderees
 rehabilitation
 post-rehabilitation and reintegration of recovering drug dependents

The 3-pronged approach, according to Department of the Interior and Local Government
(DILG) Undersecretary John Castriciones, emphasizes that drug dependents are not criminals,
but patients needing medical help.
“There has to be a different perspective now on how we deal with these so-called drug
surrenderees, because for so long a time, they have been classified as criminals because they
have violated the law,” he said. “But the problem is, this is the only kind of sickness that
prescribes imprisonment for the people who are afflicted with this kind of problem…We look at
them that way, that they are also sick people. So what needs to be done is, they should be
given the treatment so they would be cured, and then they can go back to society,” he added.

The first stage is profiling, led by the Department of Health (DOH) with members from
the DDB, local government units (LGUs), Department of Education (DepEd), DILG, and
Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency. This cluster will handle the profiling, screening, and
testing of drug users to determine the severity of their drug problem and the appropriate
interventions they will need. Funding will come from each agency's budget, with a P500-million
budget from the Philippine Amusement and Gaming Corporation (Pagcor).

The next stage, rehabilitation, is where the difficulty lies. While some patients,
especially those who are only experimenters or habitual users, can be admitted to outpatient
facilities, drug abusers and drug dependents need to be admitted to residential rehabilitation
centers – and the Philippines doesn’t have enough of them. There are only 45 residential

treatment and rehabilitation centers in the country, according to DDB. Of this number, 18 are
government-funded while 27 are privately-owned.
Aside from the lack of facilities, the cost of the treatment itself is prohibitive: private
rehabilitation centers charge around P45,000 a month, while government-owned centers
charge half that. But with a minimum of 6 months' treatment, a drug user looking to undergo
treatment can expect to shell out at least P120,000, exclusive of medicine costs and other
fees.
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The Anti-Drug Abuse Council

Composition Of BADAC And Its Role In Drug-Clearing Operations
Barangay Anti-Drug Abuse Council (BADAC) is considered as the first line of defense
against the proliferation of prohibited drugs in the community. It is so since it’s members
primarily consists of barangay officials and barangay sectorial representatives having first hand
information about the members of the community.

Related article: Ibaan MADAC at BADAC, palalakasin

With the government’s unrelenting campaign against illegal drugs, they play a vital role in drug
clearing operations. They are to work directly with Philippine National Police (PNP), together
with Municipal Anti-Drug Abuse Council or MADAC.

Here is the composition of BADAC based on DILG Memorandum Circular No. 2015 – 66:

I. Barangay Anti-Drug Abuse Council (BADAC)

A. Composition
Chairperson: Punong Barangay
Vice Chairman: Sangguniang Barangay Member – Chairman On Committee Of Peace
And Order
Members:
 Sangguniang Barangay Member – Chairman On Committee On Women And Family
 Sangguniang Kabataan Chairman
 School Principal (Public, or Principal of any school present in the barangay)
 Tanod Chief / Executive Officer
 Representative of a Non-Government Organization or from Civic Society
 Representative of a Faith-Based Organization (i.e. Ugnayan Ng Barangay At Simbahan
or UBAS, or any church-related organization)

Adviser: City/Municipal Chief Of Police or Representative

B. Powers and Function of BADAC

1. Conduct regular meetings at least once a month and call for special meetings whenever
necessary;
2. Plan, strategize, implement and evaluate programs and projects on drug abuse
prevention in the barangay;
3. Organize the BADAC Auxiliary Team to compose an ideal number of 25 members per
2,000 population of the barangay representing streets, puroks, subdivisions, or sitios;
4. Orient the BADAC Auxiliary Team of their roles and functions and in the formulation of
plan of action to address the problem;
5. Equip Barangay Tanods and BADAC Auxiliary Team on their roles and functions in the
campaign against street-level illegal drug trade through seminars or training;
6. Coordinate and collaborate with other institutions implementing programs and projects on
drug abuse prevention at the barangay level;

7. Continuously gather and update data on all drug related incidents and its effects on the
peace and order situation in the barangay including listing of suspected drug users and
pushers;
8. Submit a monthly report to City/Municipal Anti-Drug Abuse Council (MADAC), copy
furnished to DILG City/Municipal Field Office;
9. Refer suspected drug users to C/MADAC and other institutions for corresponding
counseling and/or rehabilitation;
10. Monitor disposition and progress of drug-related cases filed; and
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11. Perform other related functions.

II. Barangay Anti-Drug Abuse Council (BADAC) Committees

A. Committee On Operations
A. 1. Composition
Chairman: Sangguniang Barangay Member – Chairman On Committee On Peace And Order

Members:
 Chief Tanod / Executive Officer
 BADAC Auxiliary Team (ideally 25 members per 2,000 barangay population)

A.2. Roles and Responsibilities

1. Prepare and maintain a confidential list of suspected users, pushers, financiers, and/or
protectors of illegal drug trade found in the LGU’s area of jurisdiction to be submitted to
the City/MADAC copy furnished the PNP Anti-Illegal Drugs Special Operations Task
Force (AIDSOTF); and
2. Establish rehabilitation/referral desks and process applications for rehabilitation of drug
dependents.

A.2.1. Pre-Operations
1. Identification of drug affected house clusters, work places, streets, puroks and sitios
where manufacture, delivery, sale or use of illegal drugs are being conducted and to
reports the same immediately to the PNP or the Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency
(PDEA).
2. Conduct administrative searches of suspected drug dens/laboratories.
3. Conduct briefings, meetings prior to the launching of operations to ensure positive results
and safety of the operating teams and the community.

A.2.2. During Operations

1. Ensure safety of the community and regularity of the operations.
2. Any elected barangay official present during the operations to witness the inventory of
seized drugs/paraphernalia.
3. Extend such other necessary assistance to the PDEA and PNP authorities in its
operation against illegal drugs including but not limited to the preservation of evidence
and protection of witnesses and suspects against unlawful acts.

A.2.3. Post-Operations
1. The elected barangay official present during the operations shall execute an affidavit and
act as witness in court hearings in the prosecution of drug cases.
2. Submit reports of drug-clearing operations conducted, if any, to the City/MADAC copy
furnished the DILG City/Municipal Field Office.
For operations conducted/initiated by the PDEA/PNP, an elected barangay official should be
involved immediately after the raid and be present to stand as witness during the conduct of
inventory.

B. Committee On Advocacy

B.1. Composition

Chairman: Sangguniang Bayan Member – Chairman on Committee On Women And Family

Members:
 SK Chairman
 School Principal or Representative
 Representative of Non-Government Organization (NGOs) or Civic Society Organizations
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 Representative of Faith-Based Organization or Church-Related Organizations | i.e.

Ugnayan Ng Barangay At Mga Simbahan (UBAS)

B.2. Roles and Responsibilities

1. Coordinated and collaborate with other institutions in the barangay, if any, (i.e. Barangay
Intelligence Network (BIN), Barangay Peacekeeping Action Team (BPAT), and others) in
implementing programs and projects on anti-illegal drug abuse;
2. Conduct consultative meetings with organizations in the barangay, such as the Parents
Teachers Community Association, Youth Groups, Boy and Girl Scouts, religious
organizations, senior citizens, homeowners association, neighborhood associations,
puroks, Tricycle Operators And Owners Association (TODA), and other organizations
existing in the community to get their commitment to assist in curbing the drug menace in
the community;
3. Strengthen the family by promoting values, parental care and guidance that will prevent
children from attempting to and/or use of prohibited drugs;
4. Strengthen the linkages of the Barangay Officials with the community, higher LGUs local
police and PDEA on anti-illegal drug campaign;
5. Conduct necessary seminars for the community on the danger of illegal drugs in
coordination with the PNP;
6. Empower the community in reporting drug related cases through an
award/commendation system; and
7. Identify and implement sustainable livelihood projects as a reintegration program to
former drug pushers and drug addicts.

Comprehensive Plan to Address Problems in the Community

The Dangers of the Dangerous Drugs Act
If such strict law – the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002 – was passed 14
years ago in 2002, why does the multi-billion industry continue to proliferate?

DANGEROUS DRUGS ACT. The Philippines has the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of
2002 to fight against illegal drugs. But 14 years after, the multi-billion drug industry continues
to proliferate.

MANILA, Philippines – It is one of the Philippines’ main weapons against illegal drugs yet
Republic Act 9165 or the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002 looks good only on
paper. with President Rodrigo Duterte’s fight against drugs, this 14-year-old measure was
suddenly put under the spotlight.

RA 9165 mandates the government to "pursue an intensive and unrelenting campaign against
the trafficking and use of dangerous drugs and other similar substances."
Under the law, those caught importing, selling, manufacturing, and using illegal drugs
and its forms may be fined and imprisoned for at least 12 years to a lifetime, depending on the
severity of the crime. Since the law was passed at a time the death penalty was still applicable,
it is the maximum punishment imposed by the original law. This, however, is moot at present
as the death penalty was already abolished in 2006.

If such strict law was passed 14 years ago in 2002, the question remains: Why does the multi-
billion drug industry remain unstoppable?
Duterte’s strong drive against drugs has raised more questions than answers involving the
measure: Is the law effective? What else can be done? What went wrong?
For Senate Majority Leader Vicente Sotto III, principal sponsor of the law, the legislation is
anything but a failure. Had the law been implemented properly and consistently, Sotto said the
country’s drug problem would not be as massive as it is now.
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“Kaya lumala hindi inimplementa nang tama ang batas noong mga nakaraang taon.
Mula 2002 hanggang ngayon, every now and then parang roller coaster, may panahon
na aasikasuhin, may panahon na hindi. Talagang execution ang problema. Ang ganda
na nga eh,” Sotto told Rappler.
(That's why it got worse because the law was not properly implemented in the past year.
Starting 2002 until now, it's like a roller coaster. It's implemented every now and then, there are
times it would be prioritized, there are times not. Execution is really the problem. The law is
already good.)

FUNDING FOR COMMUNITY ANTI-DRUG ABUSES PROGRAM

Community Drug Abuse Prevention Grant Program

The Community Drug Abuse Prevention Grant Program is available for the purpose of
bringing an age appropriate, innovative and fact based educational program to student,
parents and community members. The message is limited to the dangers and effects of the
illegal use of prescription drugs, illegal street drugs, synthetic drugs and underage drinking.

Since its inception in 1987, the Office of Attorney General (OAG) Grant Program has
awarded more than $1,903,600 to parent and community nonprofit organizations across
Pennsylvania. The OAG Grant Program is currently funded from the Substance Abuse
Education and Demand Reduction Fund established by Act 198 of 2002.

Apply for an OAG Community Drug Abuse Prevention Grant:

Applications are being accepted. Grant period begins July 1, 2017 and will conclude on June
30, 2018. To download our updated application.
After downloading the application, print out a blank form, type or write clearly on the form, and
mail original signed documents to the address below.
All grants will be reviewed by the Director of Education an

The five pillar global drug control approach adopted during the UN General Assembly Special
Session on Drugs (UNGASS) in July 1998 by the ASEAN and China Cooperative Operations
in Response to Dangerous Drugs (ACCORD), in which the Philippines is a member, continue
to prove relevant and effective in addressing the country’s problem on drugs.

ROLE OF THE POLICE PILLAR IN THE DRUG ABUSE PROBLEM

Drug Supply Reduction Pillar

Supply reduction strategies are directed toward enforcing the prohibition of illegal drugs
and regulating and enforcing access to legal drugs and substances, particularly those that are
of a high probability for abuse, including pharmaceuticals and other precursors and essential
chemicals.

Reducing the supply of drugs requires the collaborative participation of all levels of government
including law enforcement and the health sector, industry and regulatory For this, the Board

maintains coordination with law enforcement agencies for the implementation of the R.A. 9165,
regulatory compliance and set-up policies in aid of judicial and legislative measures.

Law Enforcement
Law enforcement strategies target all parts and levels of the supply chain from actions
aimed at preventing importation across the border to those that target the point of supply to
consumers. Interventions against drug supply include all the activities carried out by law
enforcement agencies, both police and custom forces, at national and international level, to
reduce drug supply. Efforts in law enforcement are undertaken by member agencies—
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Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA), Philippine National Police Anti-Illegal Drugs
Special Operation Task Force (PNP-AIDSOTF), National Bureau of Investigation (NBI) and
other similar agencies, to curb the supply of dangerous drugs in the country.

Regulatory Compliance
The Board continually update list of drugs for regulation and monitor drug abuse trends
to determine the possible inclusion of new drugs and substances.

Judicial and Legislative Measures

Measures consist of regular reprisal of the judiciary on recent Board regulations and the
Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002 or RA 9165. The Board also seek to foster and
improve cooperation among pillars of the criminal justice system such as the judiciary,
prosecution and law enforcement.

Drug Demand Reduction Pillar

The Drug Demand Reduction pillar is geared towards reducing the consumer’s demand
for drugs and other substances. This is done through programs on Preventive Education,
Treatment and Rehabilitation, and Research.

Along with its partner agencies, the DDB continues to formulate policies on drug prevention
and control, develop and implement preventive education programs, adopt and utilize effective
treatment and rehabilitation programs and conduct research on vital aspects of the drug abuse
problem.

Preventive Education
The Dangerous Drugs Board continues to implement activities and programs that
encourage individuals to avoid substance abuse. Recognizing the diversity of the Philippine
society, the Board has a range of educational programs designed to address the needs of
every sector of the society, from the youth to parents, employers, educators, health
professionals, and policy-makers. (See DDB’s Preventive Education Programs)

Treatment and Rehabilitation

As an important facet of drug demand reduction, the DDB with the DOH continually
monitors trends in treatment and rehabilitation as well as issues and concerns that families and
recovering drug dependents face during the process. (See more information on Treatment and
Rehabilitation)

Research
An integral part of the anti-drug campaign that enables the Board to draft policies and
regulations that are timely and effective. (See more information on Research and Statistics)

Alternative Development Pillar

Alternative Development is among the multi-pronged drug control strategies being
undertaken by the DDB, through which prevention, reduction and elimination of illicit cultivation
of marijuana plants are achieved by specifically designed rural development measures that are
aimed at providing lawful, economically viable and sustainable means of income as well as an
improved livelihood of people in known marijuana cultivation areas, specifically targeting those
involved in the illicit activities.

Civic Awareness and Response Pillar

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Strategies under this pillar aims to stimulate discussion and generate public opinion that
lead to participation. The DDB utilizes different forms of media to spread the anti-drug
advocacy and enlist more and more Filipinos in the fight against drugs. The different sectors of
the society are encouraged to participate in programs through increasing awareness and
enhancing public understanding of drug dependence. To reach out to a greater majority,
cooperation and coordination with media organizations is also maintained.

Regional and International Cooperation

The regional and international cooperation pillar places emphasis on cross-border
strategy-sharing and regional activities while enriching the existing national responses and
capacity-building programs which represent the foundations of the national anti-drug abuse
advocacy. There is a great deal of complementarities between the national and the regional
response as would be seen in the conferences, symposia and for a participated in by the
country. These demonstrate that the Philippine advocacy against drug dependency shares the
same overall regional approach to program development while meeting the contextual and
cultural requirements for our own country’s needs

What is the Dangerous Drugs Board (DDB)

The DDB is the policy making body and strategy-making body in the planning and
formulation of policies and program on drug prevention and control. (Under the Office of the
President) (Section 77, Article IX).

Composition:
17 members (3 as permanent, 12 as ex-officio, 2 regular members (Section 78, Article
IX).

 3 permanent members ( To be appointed by the President, one to be the

chairman)
 12 Ex Officio Members: (Secretary of DOJ, DOH, DND, DOF, DOLE, DILG,
DSWD, DFA, and DepEd, Chairman of CHED, NYC, and the Director General
of PDEA.
 2 Regular Members (President of IBP, and the President/Chairman of an
NGO
involved in a dangerous drug campaign to be appointed by the President).

The NBI Director and the Chief of the PNP – permanent consultant of the Board.

What are the Powers and Duties of the DDB (Section 81, Article IX)

1. Formulation of drug Prevention and Control Strategy

2. Promulgation of Rules and Regulation to carry out the purpose of this act.
3. Conduct policy studies and researches.

4. Develop educational programs and info drive.

5. Conduct continuing seminars and consultations
6. Design special training
7. Coordination with agencies for community service programs
8. Maintain international networking

What is Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency ( PDEA)

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It is the implementing arm of the DDB and responsible for the efficient and effective law
enforcement of all the provision on any dangerous drugs /or precursors and essential
chemicals.

Head: Director General – Appointed by the President

Assisted By : 2 Deputies Director General (One for Administration, another for
Operation)

PDEA Operating Units:

It absorbed the NDLE-PCC (Created under E.O. 61), NARCOM of the PNP, Narcotics
Division of the NBI, and the Customs Narcotics Interdiction Unit ( Section 86, Article IX).

What are the Powers and Function of the PDEA (Section 84, Article IX).

1. Cause the effective and efficient implementation of the national drug control strategy.
2. Enforcement of the provisions of Article II of this act.
3. Undertake investigation, make arrest and apprehension of violators and seizure and
confiscation of dangerous drugs.
4. Establish forensic laboratories.
5. Filing of appropriate drug cases.
6. Conduct eradication programs.
7. Maintain a national drug intelligence system.
8. Close coordination with local and international drug agencies.

Other Features of R.A 9165

 In the revised law, importation of any illegal drug, regardless of quantity and purity or
any part therefrom even for floral, decorative and culinary purposes is punishable with
Life Imprisonment to Death and a fine ranging from P500,000 to P10 million.
 The trading, administration, dispensation, delivery, distribution, and transportation of
dangerous drugs is also punishable by Life Imprisonment to Death and a fine ranging
from P500,000 to P10 million.
 Any person who shall sell, trade, administer, dispense, deliver, give away to another or
distribute , dispatch in transit or transport and dangerous drugs regardless of quantity
and purity shall be punished with Life Imprisonment to Death and a fine ranging from
P500,000 to P10 million.
 But if the sale, administration, delivery, distribution or transportation of any of
these illegal drugs transpires within 100 meters from any school, the
maximum penalty shall be imposed.
 Pushers who use minors or mentally incapacitated individuals as runners,
couriers, and messengers or in dangerous drug transactions shall also be
meted with the maximum penalty.
 A penalty of 12 years to 20 years imprisonment shall be imposed on
financiers, coddlers, managers of the illegal activity.

 The law also penalizes any body found in possession of any item or paraphernalia used
to administer, produce, cultivate, propagate, harvest, compound, convert, process,
pack, store, contain or conceal illegal drugs with an imprisonment of 12 years to 20
years and a fine of P100,000 to P500,000.
 Owners of resorts. Dives, establishments, and other places where illegal drugs are
administered is deemed liable under this new law, the same shall be confiscated and
escheated in favor of the government.
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 Any person who shall be convicted of violation of this new law, regardless of the
quantity of the drugs and the penalty imposed by the court shall not be allowed to avail
the privilege provisions of the Probation Law (P.D. 968).

Section 58, Article VIII, Filing of charges against a drug dependent for confinement and
rehabilitation under voluntary submission program can be made;

1. Second commitment to the center

2. Upon recommendation of the DDB
3. May be charge for violation of Section 15
4. If convicted – confinement and rehabilitation

Parents, Spouse or Guardian who refuses to cooperate with the Board or any concerned
agency in the treatment and rehabilitation of a drug dependent may be cited for contempt to
Court ( Section 73, Article VIII).

Anti-Drug Drives and Operational Concepts

The Operational Plans (OPLANS) against the drug problem are;

1. Oplan Thunderbolt I – Operation to create impact to the underworld.

2. Oplan Thunderbolt II – Operations to neutralize suspected illegal drug laboratories.
3. Oplan Thunderbolt III – Operations for the neutralization of big time drug pushers’ drug
dealers and drug lords.
4. Oplan Iceberg – Special operations team in selected drug prone areas in order to get
rid of illegal drug activities in the area.
5. Oplan Hunter – Operations against suspected military and police personnel who are
engage in illegal drug activities.
6. Oplan Mecurion – Operations against drug stores, which are violating existing
regulations on the scale or regulated drugs in coordination with the DDB, DOH, and
BFAD.
7. Oplan Tornado – Operations in drug notorious and high profile places.
8. Oplan Greengold – Nationwide MJ eradication operation in coordination with the local
governments and NGO’s.
9. Oplan Sagip-Yagit – A civic program initiated by NGO’s and local government offices
to help eradicate drug syndicates involving street children as drug conduit.
10. Oplan Banat – The newest operational plan against drug abuse focused in the
barangay level in cooperation with barangay officials.
11. Oplan Athena – Operation conducted to neutralized the 14K, the Bamboo Gang and
other local organized crimes groups involved in the illegal drug trafficking.
12. Oplan Cyclops – Operations against Chinese triad members involved in the illegal drug
operations particularly Methamphetamine Hydrochloride.

In the conduct of anti-drug operations, the following must be strictly considered :

1. Respect for Human Rights (Section 11, Article 2, Philippine Constitution)

2. Respect for right of the people to due process and equal protection (Sec. 1, Art. 3, Phil.
Constitution).
3. Respect of right of the people against unreasonable search and seizure. (Sec. 2, Art. 3,
Phil. Constitution).
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4. Respect for right of the people to privacy of communication (Sec. 3, Art. 3, Phil.
Constitution).
5. Respect for Constitutional Rights of the accused undergoing custodial investigation (RA
7438), (Sec. 12, Art. 3 Phil. Constitution).
6. Respect for the Statutory Rights of the accused undergoing custodial investigation
under RA 7438.
The Principles of Drug Operation

1. Knowledge on circumstances on when to use necessary force (Art. 11, Chapter 3,

RPC).
2. Knowledge on the statutory provisions on arrest (Rule 113, Rules on Criminal
Procedures).
3. Knowledge on the administrative guidelines on arrest, search and seizure.
4. The Miranda Doctrine (384 US 346).
5. Warrantless Search and Search incidental to lawful arrest (Rule 126, Rules on Criminal
Procedure).
RULES ON NARCOTIC OPERATION

General Rules and Procedures:

1. Only specially trained and completed drug enforcement personnel shall conduct drug
enforcement and prevention operations.
2. All drug enforcement and prevention operations shall be covered by a pre-operations
report.
3. All steps taken before, during and after the conduct of the operation must be
documented and properly authenticated.
4. Operating units shall promptly submit written report after the operation.
5. No apprehender or seized item shall be released without authorization from the duly
designated authority.
6. All pieces of evidence confiscated will be deposited with proper evidence custodian for
safekeeping and proper handling.
7. Each participating element must be given clear and do-able task.

Coverage of the Rules

The rules governing narcotics operations cover the following anti-narcotics operations.
1. Buy-bust operations
2. Search with warrant
3. MJ eradication
4. Mobile check point operations
5. Airport/Seaport Interdiction
6. Controlled Delivery
7. Undercover Operations
8. Narcotics Investigation

Stages of Operations

Phase I – Initial Stage

 Planning and preparations which include surveillance, casing, reconnaissance and
other preliminary activities.
 Conduct the operation.
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Phase II – Action and Post Action Stage

 Tactical Interrogations (Follow-up Operation)

 Post Operation
 Custodial Investigation
 Prosecution
 Trial
 Resolution

Buy-Bust Operations
Concept : It is a form of entrapment employed by peace officers as an effective way of
apprehending criminal in the act of commission of the offense. Entrapment has received
judicial sanction as long as it is carried with due regard to constitutional and legal safeguards.

Planning and Preparation : The operation must be preceded by an intensive

surveillance, casing or other intelligence operations and gathering, evaluation and timely
dissemination. Intelligence must be evidence-based and shall be supported by documents
such as summaries of info, maps, sketches, affidavits and sworn statements.

Search for Drug Evidence with Warrant

Concept : A search warrant is an order in writing issued in the name of the people of
the Philippines, signed by a judge and directed to a peace officer, commanding him to search
for personal property describe therein and bring if before the court. (Sec. 1, Rule 126, Revised
Rules of Court).
Planning and Preparation : Prior to the procurement of search warrant, intensive
intelligence data gathering must be undertaken, evidence-based and supported by credible
documents; conduct of surveillance, casing, and other intelligence operations; identification,
movement, activities and locations of suspects should be established; Search Warrant shall be
applied with competent court; conduct of operation; Submission of reports.

Marijuana Eradication

Concept : Marijuana eradication involves the location and destruction of marijuana

plantations, including the identification, arrest and prosecution of the planter, owner or
cultivator, and the escheating of the land where the plantation is located.

Planning and Preparation: The planning and operation shall be preceded by

intelligence gathering to verify the existence of marijuana plantation and the existence to be
supported by documentary evidence such as summary of information, maps, sketches,
photographs and others. A pre-operation order and after casing report must be appropriately
documented-the intelligence gathering.

Conduct of Operation : Briefing, rehearsals and proper formation; Exact location of the
plantation must be established; Identify owner of the land or the cultivators; Coordination with
the other operating units in the area; Barangay SOP’s under rules of operation.

Mobile Checkpoint Operation

Concept: No other forms of checkpoints other than mobile checkpoints are authorized
for drug enforcement and prevention operations. They shall be established only in conjunction
with on-going operations/situation or when there is a need to arrest a criminal.
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Planning and Operations : Intensive intelligence gathering supported by credible

documents, with proper pre-operations orders and after surveillance or after casing report.

Conduct of Operations : It shall be in consonance with the existing SOP’s on

checkpoint operation.

Airport and Seaport Interdiction

Concept : Airport and Seaport interdiction involves the conduct of surveillance,

interception and interdiction of persons and evidence during travel by air or sea vessels.

Planning and Operations : Intensive intelligence gathering supported by credible

documents, with proper pre-operations orders and after surveillance or after casing reports.

Conduct of Operations : Coordination with airport and seaport authorities shall be

made. Operations shall be in consonance with the existing SOP’s on airport and seaport
check/operations.

Controlled Delivery

Concept : This is the technique of allowing elicit or suspect consignment of narcotics

drugs, psychotropic substances or substances substituted for them to pass out of, through or
into the territory of one or more countries, with the knowledge and under the supervision of
their competent authorities with a view of identifying persons involved in the commission of
drug related offenses.

Planning and Operation : Intensive intelligence gathering and evaluation to determine

the applicability of controlled delivery operations. It must be supported by credible documents,
with proper pre-operations orders and after surveillance or after casing reports. A committee or
board shall be constituted to study the project proposal for the suitable employment of
controlled delivery operation.

Conduct of Operations : Proper formation for accounting of personnel coordination

with airport, seaport and other travelling agency authorities, and operations shall be in
consonant with the existing SOP’s on controlled delivery operations.

Undercover Operation

Concept : Undercover operations is an investigative technique in which the personnel

involve assumes different identities in order to obtain necessary information. This technique
may also be considered as a method of surveillance.

Planning and Operation : Proper operations shall be reported to only under

circumstances where evidence can be hardly obtained in an open investigation or when an
open investigation is unsuccessfully.

Conduct of Operations : Proper briefing and rehearsal, identification of effective cover

and undercover, buy-bust or search with warrant operations, and operations shall be in
consonance with the existing SOP’s on undercover operations.

Role of the Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA)

Drug investigation in the Philippines is under the concern of the PDEA being newly
created and organized. The agency has one among its powers and functions the initiation of all
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investigation proceedings concerning drug cases, absorbing all drug enforcement units of the
other governmental agencies like the National Bureau of Investigation (NBI), the Philippine
National Police (PNP), the Bureau of Customs (BOC) and other agencies and bureaus with
drug investigation divisions.

As mandated by law and here quoted, the PDEA shall “ create and maintain an efficient
special enforcement unit to conduct an investigation and file charges and transmit evidence to
the proper court.

Overview of the Drug Investigation Process

Proper handling of drug evidence is necessary to obtain the maximum possible

information upon which scientific examination shall be based, and to prevent exclusion as
evidence in court. Drug specimens, which truly represent the material found at the scene,
unaltered unspoiled or otherwise unchanged in handling, will provide more and better
information upon examination. Legal requirements make it necessary to account for all
physical pieces of evidence from the time it is collected until it is presented in court. With
these, the following principles should be observed in handling all types of evidence in narcotic
investigation.

1. The evidence should reach the laboratory as much as possible in same condition as
when it is found.
2. The quantity of specimen should be adequate. Even with the best equipment available,
good results cannot be obtained from insufficient specimens.
3. Submit a known or stand specimen for comparison purpose.
4. Keep each specimen separate from others so there will be no intermingling or mixing of
known and unknown material. Wrap and seal in individual packages when necessary.
5. Mark or label each piece of evidence must be maintained. Account for evidence from
the time it is collected until it is produced in court. Any break in this chain of custody
may make the material inadmissible as evidence in court.

Generally, the recognition. Search, collection, handling, preservation and documentation of

evidence in narcotic investigation rest upon the quality of people involved in the activity which
they follow certain guidelines for investigative success.

Substance Abuse and Vice Control

Alcohol
Importance
Alcohol is one of the oldest intoxicants known to man. Even since there has been a
continuous effort, everywhere, to control its consumption because of its devastating effects on
human life. Many countries all over the world have tried prohibition ban with little success.

In the Philippines, it has been observed that most persons involved in cases of
physical assault are under the influence of alcohol. Likewise, victims of assault too are under
the influence of liquor. Furthermore, alcohol has adversely influenced the rate of road
accidents. Drunk drivers cause majority of these accidents. The chances of an intoxicated
driver causing an accident are about fifty times more than that of a sober driver (Sharma,
1977).
The crime involving alcohol, directly or indirectly is increasing at a terrific rate. The
police and the judiciary should, therefore, understand the mechanics of alcohol, its nature,
effects, detection and estimation, to deal effectively with crimes involving liquors.

Nature and Property

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Alcohol is a colorless, tasteless clear liquid. It boils at 78.4 degrees Celsius. It has a
pleasant odor and gives a burning sensation to the mouth, esophagus and stomach. Like
many others, alcohol is toxic. It can poison the human body if taken in large amounts or in
combination with other drugs. Alcohol is a depressant not a stimulant.

There are two of alcohol – methyl and ethyl alcohol. Methyl alcohol is very poisonous
and is not put in drinks but is use in some industries. Ethyl Alcohol is used in alcohol drinks,
which are made by breweries. The fermentation occurs when germs called yeast act on sugars
in food to produce alcohol and carbon dioxide. The amount in beer is less than in other drinks.
It varies from 2.5% to 8% in different countries.

The Common Alcohol Drinks

Beers – They contain 2 to 6 percent alcohol, e.i. beer, ale, stout.

Wines – They contain about 10 percent alcohol, e.i. champagne, hock.
Fortified Wines – Liquors that contains 10 to 20 percent alcohol, e.i. port-sherry,
others.
Spirits – Liquors that contain 40 to 60 percent alcohol, e.i. Whiskey, brandy, rum, gins.

Types of Drinker

Occasional Drinker – drinks on special occasions or uses alcohol as a home remedy, takes
only a few drinks per year.
Frequent Drinker – drinks at parties and social affairs. Intake of alcohol may be once a week
or occasionally reaches three or four times per week, uses beverages to release inhibitions
and tension.
Regular Drinker – May drink daily or consistently on weekends, usually comes from
cultural background where wine or beer is used with meals to enhance the flavor of the food.
Alcohol Dependent – Drinks to have good time, excessive drinking occurs occasionally
but drinker may not become alcoholic.
Alcoholic – Has lost control of his use of alcohol. Alcohol assumes primary goal in his
life, even to the exclusion of physical health and interests of family and society in general.

Usual Motives for Drinking

1. Traditional – Social and religious functions.
2. Status – Symbol of success and prestige.
3. Dietary – Dining incomplete without wine, integral part of today’s way of “ Gracious
Living”.
4. Social – Release tensions and inhibitions so user can tolerate and enjoy another’s
company.
5. Shortcut to Adulthood – User unsure of maturity , drinks to prove himself.
6. Ritual – Fosters group feeling, cocktail parties, toasts made to brides, wishes for good
health.

7. Path of Least Resistance – Doesn’t want to drink but doesn’t want to abstain so goes
along with everyone else.

Effects of Alcohol on the Drinker

Alcohol is a narcotic. That is, it has a depressant effect on the system. Likewise, the
following are the general effects of alcohol as to proper order.
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1. Euphoria –Feeling of well being, increased confidence, temporary relief from fatigue,
pain or depression.
2. Muscular in Coordination – Depression of motor function and causes greater dulling
of the brain that controls inhibitions. The person may become hilarious, morose, irritable
or excitable without proper cause. He may suffer from slurred speech and staggering
gait.
3. Respiratory Paralysis – If more liquor is consumed the paralysis of the respiratory
centers sets in. The person may suffer from complete in coordination of muscles,
torturous breathing, sleep, coma, and death.

Effects of Alcohol Abuse on the Community

Because drinking affects people’s behavior, it has effects on the community as a whole.

Home: Heavy drinkers take money needed for food, clothes and furniture. This causes
debts. Husbands and wife fight and accuse each other of being unfaithful. There will be often
be sexual problems. Children are badly treated and badly fed. And drinking makes people lazy
and they may not go to work. Women may have to steal food to feed their families.
Friends : The heavy drinker will often fight with his friend and may even kill people.
Work : The heavy drinker often does not go to work because he feels sick. He
sometimes works badly and hurts himself or others.
Play : Heavy drinkers have a bad effect on sportsmen. Because alcohol affects the
brain, the drinker can not control his arms and legs well. A sportsmanship who has been
drinking can not play well, as he should.
Roads : The driver has lost his judgment, he is careless and takes risks. Accidents
result. A person who is drunk may walk onto the road and be killed by a motor vehicle.
Crime : Excessive drinking is the biggest cause of crime. People become aggressive,
fight, break into houses and steal.
Economy and the Nation: The economy is badly affected when people do not go to
work and production falls. Heavy demands are made on health services, the police force and
correctional institutions. Alcoholism is burden to the government.

TOBACCO (Smoking Vice)

Background

The tobacco plant, scientifically known as Nicotiana Tabacum, is a plant grown for its
leaves, which are smoked, chewed, or sniffed for a variety of effects. Tobacco is considered
addictive because it contains the addictive chemical Nicotine. Sniffing and chewing tobacco
originated in North America and Europe. It was Christopher Columbus who introduced
tobacco into Europe. It became then popular with the Portuguese, Spanish, French, British,
and Scandinavians.

Tobacco Smoking
The use of tobacco is one of the foremost public health problems in the world today.
Tobacco had for centuries been used all over the world as a way of increasing the enjoyment
of life or as an aid in coping with some of its problem.
The World Health Organization estimates that around the world one person dies
every 13 seconds from tobacco-related diseases.

Tobacco Chemical
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The three most common components of tobacco cigarettes and cigarette smoke are :

1. Nicotine – It is the most important active ingredient in controlled doses. It is an

extremely toxic substance. A typical cigarette contains 1-2 mg of nicotine. When smoke,
less than 1 mg from each cigarettes filtered or not depending on the characteristics of
the filter, the depth and frequency of inhalation and the length of the butt.
2. Carbon Monoxide – A poisonous gas similar to the gas that emanates from a car’s
exhaust pipe. It impairs the capacity of the blood to supply adequate amounts of oxygen
to the vital organs of the body. It is responsible for the shortness of breath among
smokers.
3. Tar – The brownish viscous substance known to be the cancer causing component of
tobacco smoking. It also stains the fingers, teeth and tongue of the smoker. Along with
other noxious substances in cigarette smoking, it can lead to lung cancer, emphysema,
and chronic bronchitis. The other chemicals found in tobacco are Acetone, Ammonia,
Carbon Dioxide, Hydrogen Cyanide, Methane and Benzopyrene.

Effects of Tobacco Smoking

The effects of tobacco smoking consist primarily of ill health and of human suffering.
These necessarily, too , the productivity of the work force, the need for medical care and other
variables. Thus smoking impairs society’s total well being and posses substantial economic
loss to the nation.

Effects on the Cardiovascular System : Increases in heart attack risk with amount
smoke; Increases 15-20 beats with one to two cigarettes.
Effects on the Respiratory System: Increases risks of developing lung cancer ten-fold
for the average of one pack a day smoker; Increases lung cancer risk with amount, with length
of time smoked and early age starting.
Effects on the Reproductive System. Women who smoke during pregnancy increase
the risk of still birth and prenatal mortality, and the child physical and intellectual is delayed;
Women who smoke causes menopause in early age than in normal.
Effects to Mortality and Morbidity: Due to the increase cancer of the larynx, the
mouth, bladder, and the esophagus; Increase in ulcer deaths, death from cirrhosis; Increase in
kidney problems: greater incident of infant pre-maturity and mortality: Life expectancy is
expected to reduce by about 14 minutes per cigarette smoked.

Tips to Stop Tobacco Smoking

Even through tobacco is very addictive, millions of smokers have broken free from the
chain of smoking. Here are some tips to stop smoking:

1. Get ready to Break – Decide what you want to be free from smoking.
2. Prepare Physically – Be like an athlete in in training.
3. Prepare mentally – Mentally rehearse how you will act when you stopped smoking.
4. Prepare Socially – Politely avoid smoking and drinking friends, family members or
office parties.

5. Prepare Spiritually – Think the goodness of setting examples to others.

6. Keep a Record – During the next 24 to 48 hours, keep all cigarettes away from you and
you can do it in the next 48 hours and so on.
7. Set the Break Free Date – Have a celebration by throwing away cigarettes, ashtrays,
lighters and anything else you have associated with smoking.

8. Prepare for a Slip or Relapse – Review all the benefits of a smoke free life style, better
health, money saved, more social activities, etc.
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9. Plan for the Big Victory – Affirm your self respect and awareness by calculating
money you saved and spend it on something meaningful to you.
10. Ensure Long Term Success – Help others to stop smoking because it will reinforce
your desire.

*** END OF FINAL MODULE***

References:

MANWONG, Rommel K. (2007) Drug Education & Vice Control. 2nd Edition

BERALDE, Wilfredo R. Drug Education and Vice Control