CHAPTER 1

MOTION
Compendium

A. Introduction
B. Types of motion
(i) Random motion
(ii) Translational/Rectilinear motion
(iii) Rotatory motion
(iv) Oscillatory motion
(v) Relative motion
C. Terms related to rest and motion
(i) Frame of reference
(ii) Rest
(iii) Motion
D. Motion along straight line (rectilinear motion)
E. Distance & displacement
F. Speed
(i) Average Speed
(ii) Instantaneous Speed
G. Velocity
(i) Average Velocity
(ii) Instantaneous Velocity
H. Acceleration
(i) Average Acceleration
(ii) Instantaneous Acceleration
I. Uniform & non-uniform motion
J. Motion under gravity (Equations of motion)
(i) 1st equation
(ii) 2nd equation
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(iii) 3rd equation
K. Graphs
(i) Distance-time
(ii) Velocity-time
(iii) Acceleration-time
L. Uniform circular motion
M. Solved examples
N. Bird’s-eye view
O. Practice yourself
P. Solutions

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A. Introduction

• It's hard to believe, but everything in the world is in motion, all the
time. Even things that look perfectly still are packed with atoms
that are vibrating with energy.
• Understanding how motion works was one of the great milestones
of science and it's credited to the brilliant English physicist Sir Isaac
Newton.
• Motion involves a change in the position of an object with respect
to an observer over time.
• Motion occurs whenever necessary force acts on the object, as a
result object moves.
• Some examples of motion of bodies are:

Fig 1: Bird starts flying from rest position from the branch of the tree

Fig 2: Rugby player running to beat an opponent

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Fig 3: A sprinting cheetah Fig 4: Fast moving bullet train

Fig 5: Planetary motion in Solar System

Terminology

Planetary Motion: Motion of planets around Sun

Position: Location or Co-ordinate of a point
Sprinting: Fast running, faster form of running

Pro-tip!

Motion occurs due to change in position.

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B. Types of motion

(i) Random motion

When an object moves in an irregular, random, haphazard or

disorderly way, the object is said to be exhibiting random motion.

Fig 6: Movement of butterfly is an Fig 7: Brownian motion is

example of random motion completely random and
disordered

(ii) Translational motion / Rectilinear motion

When an object moves from one point in space to another point along
straight line, the motion is said to be translational/rectilinear
motion.

Fig 8: Moving from initial position to

final position along straight line

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(iii) Rotational motion

When an object rotates on its axis with

all its part moving in a concentric circle, it
is said to undergo rotational motion.

Fig 9: Rotation of earth about

its axis can be experienced on
(iv) Oscillatory motion a globe.

An object moving back and forth reversing the direction of its

motion and returning regularly to its original position is called
oscillatory motion.

Fig 10: Motion of swing is an Fig 11: Motion of pendulum

example of oscillatory motion. clock is oscillatory motion.

Fig 12: Ringing bell is

oscillatory motion
(The bell of
Romanian cathedral
church weighs 25
ton, to have larger
sound/vibration)

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(v) Relative motion

Relative motion occurs when one object is at rest but perceives

motion when looking at an object that is moving. Motion idea is
different from observer on ground and observer inside train.

Let’s Experiment

• Spread a large sheet of white paper on the ground and keep a little
sugar on it.
• Ants are likely to be attracted to the sugar and you will find many
ants crawling on the sheet of paper soon.
• For any one ant, try and make a small mark with a pencil near its
position when it has just crawled on to the sheet of paper.
• Keep marking its position after a few seconds as it moves along on
the sheet of paper.
• After some time, shake the paper free
of the sugar and the ants.
• Connect the different points you
have marked, with arrows, to show
the direction in which the ant was
moving. Fig 13:

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• Each point you have marked shows where the ant moved to, in
intervals of a few seconds.

C. Terms related to rest and motion

(i) Frame of Reference

Fixing some origin for measurement

of length.

(ii) Rest

If position of the object is not

Fig 14: Here we can take tree, boy,
changing with respect to time, then girl or butterfly as an observer

object is said to be at Rest.

(iii) Motion

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If position of the object is changing with respect to time, then
object is said to be in Motion.

Fig 15: Golf ball resting on Fig 16: Before hitting golf ball was
its holder at rest, but after hitting golf ball is
in motion

D. Motion along straight line

Rectilinear Motion

You may have observed the

motion of a vehicle on a straight
road, march-past of soldiers in a
parade or the falling of a stone.
What kind of motion is this?
Sprinters in a 100-metre race also
Fig 17: Marching soldiers
move along a straight track.

Fig 18: Running is race course Fig 19: Mountain climbing

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• Can you think of more such examples from your surroundings?
• When body moves along a straight line from initial position to final
position, such motion is called rectilinear motion or translational
motion.
• To learn translation motion, we need to get familiar with few
terminology like distance, displacement, speed, velocity,
acceleration, average speed, average velocity and average
acceleration.

E. Distance & displacement

Motion is related to change in position. The length travelled in

changing position is expressed in terms of distance.

• Distance: The length of the actual path travelled between initial

and final position.

Fig 20: GPS navigation

• Distance is a scalar quantity, which has only magnitude with no

direction.

• The direct straight line pointing from the initial point to the final
point is called displacement (change in position). Displacement
only measures change inn position, not the details involved in the
change in position.

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• Displacement: The length of the shortest path between initial

and final position.

• Displacement is the shortest path

while distance is the length of
actual path taken.

Fig 21: Displacement

• Displacement has both magnitude
and direction. So, it is called as vector quantity (Vector quantity
has both magnitude and direction, while scalar quantity has only
magnitude but no direction).

Pro-tip!

1. The distance travelled by an object in a given time interval

can be equal to or greater than the magnitude of
displacement.
2. It can never be less than the magnitude of displacement.
3. The displacement of an object in a given time interval can
be positive, zero or negative, however distance covered by
the object in a given time interval is always positive.

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Try and learn

Example 1:

1. The distance moved and the magnitude of displacement are

equal in ?
(a) The earth is revolving around the Sun.
(b) Object moving in circular path.
(c) The pendulum is moving to and fro.
(d) Object moving on straight road.

Answer:

(d) only. Distance and displacement are same in all other cases.

Checkpoint 1

1. A worker covers a distance of 40 km from his house to his place of

work, and 10 km towards his house back. Then the displacement
covered by the worker in the whole trip is
(a) 0 km (b) 10 km
(c) 30 km (d) 50 km
2. A player moves along the boundary of a square ground of side 50
m in 200 sec. The magnitude of displacement of the farmer at the
end of 11 minutes 40 seconds from his initial position is
(a) 50 m (b) 150 m
(c) 200 m (d) 50√2 m

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F. Speed

Speed gives the idea of fast or slow.

The rate at which distance is covered is called speed. It is a scalar

quantity.

Types of Speed

1. Average Speed
2. Instantaneous Speed
Fig 22: Rabbit and tortoise have different speed

(i) Average speed

Average speed is defined as total distance travelled in total time

interval.

total distance covered

Average Speed =
total time taken
D
Average Speed =
t

(ii) Instantaneous speed

Instantaneous speed is defined as speed at

particular instant of time.
Speedometer in vehicle gives the
instantaneous speed.
Unit:
Fig 23: A speedometer
meter
Average Speed = = m/sec
second

It has only magnitude. No direction.

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Speed is the measure of distance covered by the object in

one second!

G. Velocity
The rate at which displacement is covered is called Velocity. Velocity
has magnitude as well as direction. So, velocity is vector quantity
(quantity with magnitude and direction).

Types of velocity

1. Average velocity
2. Instantaneous velocity

(i) Average velocity

Average velocity is defined as the ratio of change in position or

displacement in a given time interval.

total displacement
Average velocity =
time interval

final position-initial position

Average velocity =
t2-t1

(ii) Instantaneous velocity

Instantaneous velocity is defined as velocity at a particular instant of

time or moment of time.

Unit:

total displacement meter

Velocity = = = m/sec
time interval second

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Velocity is the measure of displacement covered by the

object in one second!

Mental floss!

Q. Under what condition, average velocity is

equal to the instantaneous velocity?
A. When body moves with constant/uniform
velocity, then both average and
instantaneous velocity are equal.

Try and learn

Example 1:

The maximum speed of a train is 90 km/h. It takes 10 hours to cover a

distance of 500 km. Find the ratio of its average speed to maximum
speed?
Answer:
Average Speed = Total Distance/Time = 500 km /10 hr = 50 km/hr
Maximum Speed = 90 km/hr
Ratio = 50/90 = 5:9

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Example 2:

A car A ran for 2 minutes at a speed of 7.5 km/h, stood still for 56
minutes and again ran for 2 minutes at a speed of 7.5 km/h. Find the
average speed of the car A in the race.

Answer:

We know that,
Distance = Speed X Time
Distance travelled in first 2 minutes = (7.5 X 2)/60 = 0.25 km
Distance travelled in last 2 minutes = (7.5 X 2)/60 = 0.25 km
Total Distance = 0.25 + 0.25 = 0.5 km
Total time = 2 + 56 + 2 = 1 hour
Average Speed = 0.5 km/ 1 hr = 0.5 km/hr

Example 3:

An object travels 20 m in 2 s and then another 16 m in 2 s. What is the

average speed of the object?

Answer:

Total distance travelled by the object = 20m + 16m = 36m

Total time taken = 2 + 2 = 4s
Average Speed = 36m/4s = 9 m/s

Checkpoint 2

1. An object travels 40m in 5 sec and then another 80m in 5 sec.

What is the average speed of the object?
(a) 12 m/s (b) 6 m/s

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(c) 2 m/s (d) 0 m/s
2. A body whose speed is constant
(a) Must be accelerated (b) Might be accelerated
(c) Has a constant velocity (d) Cannot be accelerated

H. Acceleration

In vehicles, accelerator are present to increase the speed or velocity.

The rate of change in velocity is called Acceleration.

It has magnitude and direction both. So, it is a vector quantity

(quantity with both magnitude and direction).

Fig 24: Accelerator in a car Fig 25: Accelerator in a

motocycle

Types of acceleration

1. Average acceleration
2. Instantaneous acceleration

(i) Average Acceleration

Average acceleration is defined as change in velocity in total time

interval.

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change in velocity
Average Acceleration =
time interval

final velocity-initial velocity

a=
time interval

v-u m/sec
a= = = m/sec2
t sec

(ii) Instantaneous Acceleration

Instantaneous acceleration is the acceleration at a particular

moment of time.

Three ways to accelerate

1. Change in speed but not in

direction.
2. Change in direction but not in
speed.
3. Change in speed and direction
Fig 26: Change in speed but not in
both. direction

Fig 27: Change in direction but Fig 28: Change in speed and
not in speed. direction both.

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The acceleration is the amount by which velocity will change

its magnitude per second.

Try and learn

Example 1:

1. A scooter travelling at 10 m/s speed up to 20 m/s in 4 sec. Find the

acceleration of scooter.
Answer:

Acceleration = Change in Velocity/Time = (20 – 10)/4 = 10/4

Acceleration = 2.5 m/s2

Checkpoint 3

1. SI Unit of measurement of acceleration is:

(a) m/s (b) m/s2
(c) m/hr (d) M
2. Acceleration is a vector quantity, which indicates that its value
(a) Is always negative
(b) Is always positive
(c) Is zero
(d) Can be positive, negative or zero

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Remember this

1. When velocity of a particle increases with time, it is said to

be accelerated motion i.e. both acceleration and velocity
will be positive and speed (magnitude of velocity) would
increase.
2. When both acceleration and velocity are negative, that
would mean that the direction of motion is in the opposite
direction but in this case also speed of the particle would
increase with time.
3. When both acceleration and velocity are of opposite signs,
in that case speed of the particle would decrease.
Deceleration is equivalent to negative of acceleration.

I. Uniform and non-uniform motion

When body covers equal distance in equal time interval, then

motion is called uniform motion.

A person running on treadmill is an example of uniform motion.

When body covers unequal distance in equal time interval, then

motion is called non-uniform motion.

Fig 29: A person running Fig 30: Car racing

on treadmill motion

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• It is motion in which the velocity varies with time.
• The change in velocity of the body in non-uniform motion is due
to acceleration.

Mental floss!

When an object has uniform motion along straight line in a

given direction, the magnitude of displacement is equal to
actual distance covered.

J. Motion under gravity (equations of motion)

• Motion is state of change in position over given time.

• Motion is described as distance, displacement, speed, velocity,
acceleration.
• Equation of Motion are the expression between above quantities
which can predict any motion in the world.
• These equations give relationship between initial velocity, final
velocity, time taken, acceleration and distance travelled by the
bodies.

(i) First equation of motion

A body having an initial velocity 'u' acted upon by a uniform

acceleration 'a' for time 't' such that final velocity of the body is 'v'.
Acceleration = Change in Velocity/ Time taken

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Acceleration = (Final Velocity – Initial Velocity)/Time taken
v-u
a=
t
v-u = at ⇒ v = u + at

Where,
v = final velocity of the body
u= initial velocity of the body
a= acceleration
t= time taken

Try and learn

Example 1:
A train starts from rest and accelerate uniformly at the rate of 5
m/s2 for 5 sec. Calculate the velocity of train in 5 sec.
Answer:
Here, u = 0, a = 5 m/s2, t = 5 s, v = ?
Using 1st equation of motion,
v = u + at
v = 0 + 5 X 5 = 25 m/s

Example 2:

An object dropped from a cliff falls with a constant acceleration of

10 m/s2. Find its speed 5 s after it was dropped.
Answer:
Using 1st equation of motion,

v = u + at
v = 0 + 10 X 5 = 50 m/s

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(ii) Second equation of motion

It gives the distance travelled by a body in time t.

A body having an initial velocity 'u' acted upon by a uniform

acceleration 'a' for time 't' such that final velocity of the body is 'v' and
the distance covered is 's'.

The average velocity is given by :-

Average velocity = (Initial Velocity + Final Velocity)/2
u+v
Vav =
2
Distance covered =average velocity × time
v+u
s=( ) ×t
2

but v = u + at (from first equation of motion)

thus
u+at+u 2u at
s= ( ) ×t= ( + ) ×t
2 2 2

1
s = ut+ at2
2

Where;

s = distance travelled by the body in time t

u = initial velocity of the body

a = Acceleration, t = time taken

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Try and learn

Example 1:

1. A body is released from the top of a tower of height h. It takes t sec

to reach the ground. Where will be the ball after time t/2 sec?
(a) At h/2 from the ground
(b) At h/4 from the ground
(c) Depends upon mass and volume of the body
(d) At 3h/4 from the ground

Answer:
(d) Let the body after time 𝑡/2 be at x from the top, then
1 t2 gt2
x= g = …(i)
2 4 8

1
h= gt2 …(ii)
2

h
Eliminate t from (i) and (ii), we get x=
4

h 3h
∴ Height of the body from the ground =h- =
4 4

Checkpoint 4

1. A stone dropped from the top of the tower touches the ground in
4 sec. The height of the tower is about ( g =10 m/s2)
(a) 80m (b) 40m
(c) 20m (d) 160m

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(iii) Third equation of motion

A body having an initial velocity 'u' moving with a uniform acceleration

'a' for time 't' such that final velocity 'v' and the distance covered is 's'.
the third equation of motion is 𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 + 2 𝑎𝑡. it gives the velocity
acquired by a body in travelling a distance s.

v = u + at .…………………...(i)

1
s+ut+ at2 .....,………………(ii)
2

Squaring eq. (i) , we have

v2 =(u+at)2

v2 =u2 +2uat+a2 t2

1
v2 +u2 +2a (ut+ at2 ) ………..(iii)
2

Substituting the value of equation (ii) in eq.(iii),

we get.

v2 =u2 +2as

Try and learn

Example 1:

A car is travelling at 20 m/s along a road. A child runs out into the road
50 m ahead and the car driver steps on the brake pedal. What must
the car’s deceleration be if the car is to stop just before it reaches the
child?

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Solution:
u = 20m/s ; s = 50m and v = 0m/s

Using, V2 = u2 + 2as

a = (v2 – u2 )/2s

a = (02 - 202 )/(2×50) = - 4m/s2

Acceleration = -4 m/s2 or, retardation = 4 m/s2

Checkpoint 5

Example 1:

The average velocity of a body is given by the expression :

(a) V= u+ at (b) 2as= v2− u2
(c) Vav=(u + v)/2 (d) S= ut + ½ a t2

J. Graphs

• It gives a bird's eye view of the changes.

• It is used to show dependence of one quantity on the other.
• Plotting of Graph: Independent variable on X-axis and Dependent
Variable on Y-axis.
Types of graph

• Displacement-Time graph (s-t graph)

• Velocity-Time graph (v-t graph)
• Acceleration-Time graph (a-t graph)

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(i) Displacement-time graph

Zero velocity

Uniform velocity

Non uniform velocity

(increasing with time)

Non uniform velocity (decreasing

with time)

Pro-tip!

The change in vertical axis with respect to change in

horizontal axis gives velocity in displacement-time graph.

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(ii) Velocity-time graph

Zero acceleration

Uniform
acceleration

Uniform
retardation

Pro-tip!

1. The change in vertical axis with respect to change in

horizontal axis gives acceleration in velocity-time graph.
2. The area under velocity-time graph gives displacement.

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(iii) Acceleration-time graph

Constant
acceleration

Uniformly increasing
acceleration

Uniformly decreasing
acceleration

Pro-tip!

The area under acceleration-time graph gives velocity.

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Try and learn

1. The velocity -time graph of SUV is given below. The mass of the
SUV is 1000 kg.

a. What is the distance travelled by

the SUV is first 2 seconds?
b. What is the braking force at the
end of 5 seconds to bring the SUV
to a stop within one seconds?

Ans.
a. The distance travelled by the SUV in first 2 seconds = Area of
1 1
∆ABE= ×AE×BE= ×2×15=15m
2 2

b. Acceleration will be given by the slope of the line CD

0-15
a= =-15m/s2
6-5
Now mass of the SUV = 1000 kg
Braking force will be:
F = ma = 1000 X (-15) = -15000 N

2. The velocity-time graph shows the

motion of a cyclist. Find
(i) its acceleration
(ii) its velocity
(iii) the distance covered by the cyclist in 15
seconds

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Answer:
(i) We can see from the graph that velocity is not changing. So,
acceleration is equal to zero.

(ii) By reading the graph, velocity = 20 m/s

(iii) Distance covered in 15 seconds, s = u x t = 20 X 15 = 300 m

Checkpoint 6

1. The acceleration of a body from a velocity –time graph is

(a) Denoted by a line parallel to the time axis at any point on the
distance axis
(b) Equal to the slope of the graph
(c) Area under the graph
(d) Denoted by a line parallel to the distance axis at any point on the
time axis
2. Distance covered by a body from velocity-time graph is
(a) Is denoted by a line parallel to the distance axis at any point on
the time axis
(b) Is denoted by a line parallel to the time axis at any point on the
distance axis
(c) Equal to the slope of the graph
(d) Area under the graph

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3. From the given Velocity-Time graph (figure)

It can be inferred that the object is moving with:

(a) Non uniform velocity
(b) moving with uniform acceleration
(c) At rest
(d) Uniform velocity

K. Uniform circular motion

• Motion of a particle (small body)along a circle (circular path), is

called circular motion.
• If the body covers equal distances along the circumference of the
circle, in equal intervals of time, then motion is said to be a uniform
circular motion.
• When a body moves along a circular path, then its direction of
motion changes continuously.

A uniform circular motion is a motion in which speed remain

constant but direction of velocity changes continuously.

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Fig 31: Merry-go-round can’t

be thrilling without circular Fig 32: Giant wheel are
motion exciting due to circular
motion

Fig 34: Spinning a stone tied

Fig 33: Rotating washing
to a thread
machine uses circular motion
principle

Examples of uniform circular motion are:

1. Motion of moon around the earth.

2. Motion of a satellite around its planet.
3. Motion of earth around the sun.
4. An athlete running on a circular track with constant speed.
5. Motion of tips of the second hand, minute hand and hour hand of
a wrist watch.

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Fig 35: Understanding circular motion

Mental floss!

Uniform circular motion is an accelerated motion. Even if,

speed remains constant in uniform circular motion,
direction keeps on changing, thus changing velocity, and
being an accelerated motion.

Uniform linear motion Uniform circular motion

1. The direction of motion The direction of motion
does not change. changes continuously.
2. The motion is non The motion is accelerated.
accelerated.

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Try and learn

1. If a particle moves in a circle describing equal angles in equal

times, its velocity
(a) Remains constant
(b)Changes in magnitude
(c) Changes in direction
(d) Changes both in magnitude and direction
Answer:
(c), as speed is constant, but direction is changing.

Checkpoint 7

1. A body is moving in a circular path with a constant speed. It has

(a) A constant velocity
(b) A constant acceleration
(c) An acceleration of constant magnitude
(d)The magnitude of acceleration varies with time

Bird’s-eye view

• During translational motion of the body, there is change in the

location of the body.
• The choice of the origin is purely arbitrary
• The distance covered by a particle never decreases with time, it
always increases.

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• Displacement of a particle is the unique path between the initial
and final positions of the particle. It may or may not be the actually
travelled path of the particle.
• Displacement of a particle gives no information regarding the
nature of the path followed by the particle.
• Magnitude of displacement  Distance covered.
• No force is required to move the body or an object with uniform
velocity.
• When a particle returns to the starting point, its displacement is
zero but the distance covered is not zero.
• When a body reverses its direction of motion while moving along
a straight line, then the distance travelled by the body is greater
than the magnitude of the displacement of the body. In this case,
average speed of the body is greater than its average velocity.
• Speedometer measures the instantaneous speed of a vehicle.
• Area under v – t graph = displacement of the particle.
• All bodies fall freely with the same acceleration.
• When a particle returns to the starting point, its average velocity
is zero but the average speed is not zero.
• A body is in accelerated motion in uniform circular motion,
magnitude of velocity is constant but direction keeps on changing
every moment.

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Solved examples

1. An athlete completes one round of a circular track of radius R in 40

sec. What will be his displacement at the end of 2 min. 20 sec

Solution:

Total time of motion is 2 min 20 sec = 140 sec.

As time period of circular motion is 40 sec so in 140 sec. athlete will
complete 3.5 revolution i.e., He will be at diametrically opposite
point i.e., Displacement = 2R.

2. A person travels along a straight road for half the distance with
velocity v1 and the remaining half distance with velocity v2 The
average velocity is given by
Solution:
As the total distance is divided into two equal parts therefore
2v1 v2
distance averaged speed =
v1 +v2

3. A car travels from A to B at a speed of 20𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟 and returns at a

speed of 30km/hr. The average speed of the car for the whole
journey is
Solution:
2v1 v2 2×20×30
Distance average speed= =
v1 +v2 20+30

120
= =24 km/hr
5

4. A 150 m long train is moving with a uniform velocity of 45 km/h. The

time taken by the train to cross a bridge of length 850 meters is

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Solution:
Total distance to be covered for crossing the bridge
= length of train + length of bridge
=150m+850m=1000m
Distance 1000
Time = = = 80 sec
Velocity 45× 5
18

5. A car travels half the distance with constant velocity of 40 kmph

and the remaining half with a constant velocity of 60 kmph. The
average velocity of the car in kmph is
Solution:

2v1 v2 2×40×60
vav = = =48kmph.
v1 +v2 100

6. A stone falls from a balloon that is descending at a uniform rate of

12m/s. The displacement of the stone from the point of release
after 10 sec is
Solution:
u=12 m/s, g=9.8 m/ sec2 t=10sec
1
Displacement =ut+ gt2
2

1
=12×10+ ×9.8×100=610m
2

7. A body is thrown vertically upwards. If air resistance is to be taken

into account, then the time during which the body rises is

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Solution:

Let the initial velocity of ball be u

u u2
Time of rise t1 = and height reached =
g+a 2(g+a)

Time of fall 𝑡2 is given by

1 2 u2
(g-a)t2 =
2 2(g+a)

u u g+a
⇒t2 = =√
√(g+a)(g-a) (g+a) g-a
1 1
 t2 >t1 because <
g+a g-a

8. A ball P is dropped vertically and another ball Q is thrown

horizontally from the same height and at the same time. If air
resistance is neglected, then
Solution:
Vertical component of velocities of both the balls are same and
equal to zero.

9. A stone dropped from the top of the tower touches the ground in 4
sec. The height of the tower is about
Solution:

1 1 2
h= gt2 = ×10×(4) =80 m
2 2

10. A stone is shot straight upward with a speed of 20 m/sec from a

tower 200 m high. The speed with which it strikes the ground is
approximately

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 CHAPTER 1
MOTION
Solution:
Speed of stone in a vertically upward direction is 20m/s. So for vertical
downward motion we will consider u=-20 m/s
2
v2 =u2 +2gh=(-20) +2×9.8×200=4320 m/s
v -̃ 65m/s.

11. A ball is released from the top of a tower of h

t=T/3
height h meters. It takes T seconds to reach the
h
ground. What is the position of the ball in T/3
h–h
seconds
Solution:
1 1
∵ h=ut+ gt2 ⇒h= gT2
2 2
T
After seconds, the position of ball,
3

' 1 T 2 1 g 2
h =0+ g ( ) = × ×T
2 3 2 9
1 g h
h'= × ×T2 = m from top
2 9 9

h 8h
 Position of ball from ground =h- = m
9 9

12. The variation of velocity of a particle with

30
Velocity (m/s)

time moving along a straight line is 20

10
illustrated in the following figure. The
0
1 2 3 4
distance travelled by the particle in four Time in second

seconds is
Solution:
Distance = Area under v – t graph=A1 +A2 +A3 +A4

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CHAPTER 1
MOTION

30
Velocity (m/s)

20

10 A2
A1 A3 A4
0
1 2 3 4
Time (Second)

1 1
= ×1×20+(20×1)+ (20+10)×1+(10×1)
2 2
=10+20+15+10=55 m
13. The υ-t plot of a moving object is shown in the figure. The average
velocity of the object during the first 10 seconds is

Solution:
10
Area between 0-5 sec +25 sq. unit, and area

acceleration
Time (sec)
0
between 5-10 sec is -25 sq. unit, So, effective 5 10

area is zero, that means average speed is zero. – 10

14. In the following v-t graph, distance travelled by the body in metres
is: Y
15
Solution: 10
vm/s

5
Distance = Area covered between graph and
0
10 20 30 40 X
displacement axis Time (s)

1
= (30+10)10=200 meter.
2

15. A lift is going up. The variation in the speed of the lift is as given in
the graph. What is the height to which the lift takes the
passenger?
Velocity (m/sec)

Solution:
3.6

1
Area of trapezium = ×3.6×(12+8)=36.0 m.
2
2 Time (sec) 10 12

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 CHAPTER 1
MOTION

Multiple Choice Type (Each carries one mark)

1. A body goes from A to B with a velocity of 20 m/s and comes back

B to A with a velocity of 30 m/s. The average velocity of the body
during the whole journey is
(1) Zero (2) 25 m/s
(3) 24 m/s (4) None of these

2. If an object covering distances in direct proportion to the square

of the time lapsed, then the acceleration is
(1) Increasing (2) Decreasing
(3) Constant (4) None of these

3. Distance travelled by a freely falling body is proportional to :-

(1) Mass of the body

(2) Square of the acceleration due to gravity

(3) Square of the time of fall

(4) time off all

4. The rate of change of displacement with time is :-

(1) speed (2) acceleration

(3) retardation (4) velocity

5. Which of the following is not vector quantity?

(1) Retardation

(2) Acceleration due to gravity

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CHAPTER 1
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(3) Average speed

(4) Displacement

6. If the time-displacement graph of a particle is parallel to the time-

axis, then velocity of the particle is :-

(1) Infinity (2) Unity

(3) Equal to acceleration of the body (4) Zero

7. In the velocity-time graph, AB shows that the

body has:

(1) Uniform acceleration

(2) Non-uniform retardation

(3) Uniform speed

(4) Initial velocity OA and is moving

8. In the given velocity-time graph, AB shows

that the body has

(1)Uniform acceleration

(2)Uniform retardation

(3)Uniform velocity throughout its motion

and has zero initial velocity

(4) None of these

9. If the displacement-time graph for the

two particles A and B are straight lines
inclined at angles of 30°

(1) 1 : 2 (2) 1 : 3 (3)√3 : 1 (4) 3 : 1

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 CHAPTER 1
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10. In the given figure, velocity of the body at A is

(1) Zero (2) Unity

(3) Maximum (4) Infinite

11. The velocity-time graph for a body with

nonuniform motion is a
(1) Straight line
(2) Straight line parallel to x-axis
(3) Straight line parallel to y-axis
(4) Curved line

12. Area under a velocity-time graph gives.

(1) Time taken by a moving object

(2) Distance travelled by a moving object

(3) Acceleration of moving object

(4) Retardation of a moving object

13. If a body is thrown up with an initial velocity u and covers a

maximum height of h, then h is equal to:

u2 u
(1) (b)
2g 2g

(3)2u2 g (d) None of these

14. A body is thrown vertically upwards and rises to a height of 10m.

The velocity with which the body was thrown upwards is (g = 9.8

m/s2)

(1) 16 m/s (2) 15 m/s

44
CHAPTER 1
MOTION
(3) 14 m/s (4) 12 m/s

15. A truck running along a straight line increases its speed uniformly
from 30 m/s to 60 m/s over a time interval 1 min. The distance
travelled during this time interval is

(1) 900 m (2) 1800 m

(3) 2700 m (4) 3600m

Short Answer Type (Each carries two marks)

1. A train starting from a railway station and moving with uniform

acceleration attains a speed of 40 km/h–1 in 10 minutes. Find its

acceleration.
2. What can you say about the motion of an object whose distance-
time graph is a straight line parallel to the time axis?

3. A racing car has a uniform acceleration of 40 m/s2 what distance

will it cover in 10s after start?
4. Name the quantity that essentially changes as a body move
5. What does the area below v – t graph give?
6. Relate 36 km/h with m/s.
7. What is the direction of velocity in a circular motion?
8. Is it possible to have the speed of a moving body zero ?
9. When a moving car returns to the same point what will be the
displacement?
10. A body moving with a constant speed, say 10 m/s on a frictionless
surface has uniform motion while a freely falling object has non
uniform motion. Give reason.

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 CHAPTER 1
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Long Answer Type (Each carries four marks)

1. With the help of an example, explain ‘when do we say that a body

is at rest and when we say that it is moving’?
2. With the help of examples explain that motion is relative.
3. Distinguish between:
(i)Scalar and vector quantities
(ii)Distance and displacement
(iii)Speed and Velocity
4. Explain with the help of an example when average velocity is zero.
5. Can the speed of a particle be negative? Can the velocity of a
particle be negative? Give reasons to support your answer.
6. Derive v2 – u2 = 2as.
7. What is velocity time graph? How can you derive v = u + at and
s = ut + ½ at2 by this?
8. What is meant by uniform circular motion?
9. Establish formula s = ut + ½ at2 from velocity-time graph.
10. Deduce the expression for distance covered by a uniformly
accelerated body after a certain time.
11. A body moving with initial velocity x moves with a constant
acceleration y. Plot its velocity – time graph.

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 CHAPTER 1
MOTION

Crosswords

1.

Across

3. Tells you fast or slow

1. Moving with fixed distance
with fixed point
Down

1. A vector quantity with length

2. If position does not change with time
4. Equal distance in equal time interval

2.

Across

3. Length of the actual path

4. Rate of change of
displacement
5. Effect of change in position
Down

1. Pictorial representation
2. Increases speed

47
 CHAPTER 1
MOTION
Word search

Uniform

Distance

Rest

Speed

Velocity

Motion

Graph

Displacement

Circular

Distance

Average

Equation

48
CHAPTER 1
MOTION
Match the columns

1 Column-I Column-II
(A) A body covers equal distance (p) Velocity
in equal time interval
(B) Area under acceleration-time (q) Displacement
graph
(C) Area under velocity-time (r) Circular Motion
graph
(D) Speed is constant but object is (s) Uniform Motion
accelerated

2 Column-I Column-II
(A) A body falling freely (p) Displacement
(B) Distance with (q) Velocity
direction
(C) Speed with direction (r) Acceleration
(D) Rate of change of (s) Uniformly accelerated
velocity motion

3 Column-I Column-II
(A) Actual path travelled (p) Displacement
(B) Change in velocity every (q) Circular motion
second
(C) Accelerated motion (r) Acceleration
(D) Shorter path between (s) Distance
two points of motion

49
 CHAPTER 1
MOTION
Fill in the blanks

1. Mechanics is the branch of physics which deals with ..........................

2. Statics is a sub branch of mechanics which deals with bodies at

..........................

3. Dynamics is a sub branch of mechanics which deals with bodies

in ..........................

4. A point object is one whose size is .......................... as compared to

the distance it moves.

5. A body is said to be at rest if it does not change its ..........................

with respect to the surroundings.

6. A body is said to be in motion if it change its .......................... with

respect to the surroundings.

7. The reference point from which the distance of a body is

measured is called ..........................

8. Distance is the .......................... path followed by a body between two

points.

9. Displacement is the .......................... distance between two points.

10. A quantity which can be completely represented by magnitude

alone is called ..........................

11. A quantity which can be completely represented by magnitude

and direction is called ..........................

12. Speed is the ratio of the .......................... travelled to the time taken.

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CHAPTER 1
MOTION
True or false

1. The motion in animals is called locomotion. Mechanics deals with

the motion of non-living object.

2. Kinematics deals with the motion of non-living object without

taking into account the cause of their motion.

3. Motion along a curved line is called translatory or rectilinear motion.

4. A body is said to be at rest if it does not change its position with

respect to the reference point.

5. A quantity which can be represented completely by magnitude

along is called a vector quantity.

6. A quantity which can be completely specified by magnitude as well

as direction is called a scalar quantity.

7. Velocity and speed are measured in different units.

8. In one dimensional motion the average velocity and the

instantaneous velocity are unequal.

9. A motion is said to be uniform if a body undergoes equal

displacements in equal intervals of time.

10. A motion is said to be uniform if x a t2.

11. Acceleration is defined as the rate of change of velocity.

12. The graph between velocity and time for uniform acceleration is a
curved line.

51
 CHAPTER 1
MOTION
Assertion and reason

Read the assertion and reason carefully to mark the correct option out of the
options given below:
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct
explanation of the assertion.
(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct
explanation of the assertion.
(c) If assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) If the assertion and reason both are false.
(e) If assertion is false but reason is true.

1. Assertion: A body can have acceleration even if its velocity is zero

at a given instant of time.
Reason: A body is momentarily at rest when it reverses its
direction of motion.
2. Assertion: Two balls of different masses are thrown vertically
upward with same speed. They will pass through their point of
projection in the downward direction with the same speed.
Reason: The maximum height and downward velocity attained at
the point of projection are independent of the mass of the ball.
3. Assertion: If the displacement of the body is zero, the distance
covered by it may not be zero.
Reason: Displacement is a vector quantity and distance is a scalar
quantity.
4. Assertion: The average velocity of the object over an interval of
time is either smaller than or equal to the average speed of the
object over the same interval.
Reason:Velocity is a vector quantity and speed is a scalar quantity.

52
CHAPTER 1
MOTION
5. Assertion: An object can have constant speed but variable velocity.
Reason: Speed is a scalar but velocity is a vector quantity.
6. Assertion: The speed of a body can be negative.
Reason: If the body is moving in the opposite direction of positive
motion, then its speed is negative.
7. Assertion: The position-time graph of a uniform motion in one
dimension of a body can have negative slope.
Reason: When the speed of body decreases with time, the position-
time graph of the moving body has negative slope.

Solutions

Checkpoint 1:

Answer: (c) 30 km 2 (d) 50√2 m

Checkpoint 2:

Answer: (a) 12m/s 2 (b)

Checkpoint 3:

Answer: (b) m/s2 2 (d) Can be positive, negative or zero

Checkpoint 4:
Answer: (a)
Checkpoint 5:
Answer: (c) Vav = (u + v)/2
Checkpoint 6:

Answer: (b) Equal to the slope of the graph

53
 CHAPTER 1
MOTION
Answer: (d) Area under the graph

Answer: (d) Uniform velocity

Checkpoint 7:

Answer: (c)

Basic level

Multiple choice type questions

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
(1) (3) (3) (4) (3)
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
(4) (4) (4) (4) (1)
11. 12. 13. 14. 15.
(4) (2) (1) (3) (3)

Short answer type questions

1. 240 km/hr2
2. Object at rest
3. 200m
4. Time
5. Displacement
6. 10 m/s
7. Tangent at any point
8. No
9. Zero

54
CHAPTER 1
MOTION
10. Due to presence of acceleration due to gravity falling object
accelerates.

Advanced level

Crosswords

Word search

55
 CHAPTER 1
MOTION
Match the columns
1. (A)-(s), (B)-(p), (C)-(q), (D)-(r)
2. (A)-(s), (B)-(p), (C)-(q), (D)-(r)
3. (A)-(s), (B)-(r), (C)-(q), (D)-(p)

Fill in the blanks

1. Motion 2. Rest 3. Motion 4. Small

5. Position 6. Position 7. Origin 8. Actual

9. Shortest 10. Scalar 11. Vector 12. Distance

True or false

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
T T F T F F
7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
F F T F T F

Assertion and reason

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
A A A A A D C

END

56