Science Quarter 3: Volcano Reviewer - also called lahar

VOLCANOES  Volcanic Eruption - happens when magma, gases,

 Volcano - a natural opening in the surface of the Earth and other molten materials are discharged from the
where molten rocks, hot gases, and smoke, are opening.
ejected.  Nonexplosive eruption – effusive eruption where
How Volcanoes Form the thick, sticky lava quietly and steadily flows out of
 Island Arc: a volcano
- Subduction allows water from the subducting plate  Explosive eruption – where fragmented lava
to be driven upward, off the subducting plate, and violently explodes out of a vent.
into the mantle wedge.  Volcanic Landforms
- This process can create a chain of volcanic  Viscosity – the resistance of a liquid material, such
islands. as lava to flow.
 Hot Spots:  Low viscosity: Lava flows smoothly, forms low
- Magma rises from the hot spots and erupts as lava slopes, and non-explosive
through cracks in the Earth's surface forming  High viscosity: lava does not flow easily, forms a
volcanoes. steep slope, and can erupt explosively
 Spreading Centers:  Types of Volcanic Eruptions
Rift Volcanos: are formed in spreading centers a) Phreatic or hydrothermal – is a steam-blast
small eruption as hot rocks heat
- Plates move away from each other
the groundwater or surface water.
- can be found under the sea or on land.
- produce ash columns
 Continental Arc: - Taal Volcano which erupted last January 12, 2020,
- Heat from deep in the Earth melts rock in the is an example of this type.
descending plate. b) Phreatomagmatic – a violent and explosive
resulting from the interaction of new magma or
 Parts of a Volcano: lava with water.
 Crater - is a funnel-shaped opening at the top of a - It results in a large column of very fine ash, high-
volcano speed and sideway emission of pyroclastic.
 Caldera - is formed when a part of the wall collapses
after an explosive eruption. c) Strombolian- a least violent type of explosive
 Magma – the melted rock that comes from the eruption characterized by a fountain of lava
Earth’s Mantle fragments.
- molten materials that are still inside the volcano - Eruptions are weak to a little more violent which has
 Magma chamber – a cavity where magma thicker lava flows and small explosions.
accumulates beneath a volcano and where large d) Vulcanian - small to moderate explosive
deposits of magma are located. eruptions characterized by tall columns
 Vent – opening of a volcano or where lava and that reach up to 20km high with pyroclastic
clouds of ash can be ejected flow and ashfall tephra.
- They have larger explosions of rocks and ashes
which rise in dark clouds lasting for seconds to
minutes.
- The Paricutin Volcano eruption in Mexico is an
example of this type.
 What Volcano Releases:
e) Plinian - an excessively explosive type of
 Lava – made of molten materials (magma) that
eruption of gas and pyroclastic like that of Mount
reach the surface of the earth.
Pinatubo eruption in 1991.
Contains:
- The explosive eruptions, lasting for seconds to
 Silica: greatly influences the lava’s viscosity and
minutes
determines the volcano’s explosiveness
 Potassium and Phosphorus: positive effect on
Factors Affecting the Viscosity of the Magma
farming because it promotes soil fertility.
 Viscosity - the property of the material’s resistance to
 Smoke - different gases like water vapor, carbon
flow.
dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and hydrogen supplied.
Note: The more viscous and thicker the magma is, the
Contains:
greater its resistance to flow.
 Sulfur dioxide: causes global cooling 1. Temperature - The higher the temperature of
 Carbon dioxide: causes an increase in the magma, the lower its viscosity.
atmospheric temperature contributing to global - If the temperature of magma is lower, the higher is
warming. its viscosity so the lava does not travel far.
 Tephra – Volcanic ash which is made of tiny 2. Chemical composition - Magma with high silica
fragments of rock and minerals content is more viscous than those with low silica
 Volcanic Bombs – large rock particles content.
 Pyroclastic flows and surges - It is too viscous so it does not travel far, and tends
Pyroclastic – dust or hot ashes and small pieces of to break up as it flows.
rocks that were thrown into the atmosphere during
- The magma that contains less silica is relatively
an eruption by highly viscous lava and then fall to the
fluid, so it travels far before solidifying.
ground
3. Amount of dissolved gases it contains. - When
Flow – flatten, burn, and bury everything in their
magma has a high amount of gas (mainly water
path.
vapor), lava flow is less viscous and increases its
Surges – contain larger amounts of gases and are
ability to flow.
faster than pyroclastic flows
- Magma has high viscosity when it has a low
- some of the most dangerous events associated
amount of gas as it rises.
with volcanic eruptions
- The ability of the lava to flow decreases, so it piles
 Volcanic Mudflows – are violent, fast-moving
up at a vent resulting in a columnar or a dome.
suspensions of water, ash, rocks, and other debris
  Types of Volcanoes Basic understanding of how a geothermal plant
a) Shield Volcanoes – formed from explosive works:
eruptions 1. First, the wells 1 or 2 miles deep are drilled to pump out
- formed by the pileup of non-viscous lava that oozes out the hot water or steam under high pressure.
from the volcano. 2. When the water reaches the surface, it is turned into
- Largest type of volcano steam with a drop in the pressure.
- Resembles a warrior’s shield since lava can flow freely, 3. This steam then spins a turbine connected directly to a
a broad, slightly domed structure is formed that generator producing electricity.
- Mauna Loa Volcano in Hawaii is an example of this type. 4. Later, a cooling tower transforms the steam back to the
b) Composite Volcanoes - are formed due to water state.
alternating solidification of both lava and pyroclastic 5. This cooled water is then sent back underground to
deposits which make it nearly a perfect sloped begin the process again 1- or 2-mile-deep wells
structure.  Types of Geothermal Power Plants
c) Pyroclastic flows occur when these volcano  Dry Steam - harnesses energy from geothermal
- A large cone-shaped is formed reservoirs that produce dry saturated steam or
- Pyroclastic flows occur when these volcanoes erupt. - superheated steam at very high pressure
d) Cinder Cone Volcanoes - are formed from - requires the highest temperature
alternating ejected lava fragments and ash. - Uses the least amount of liquid water to operate
- They have a steep slope, and a wide crater on top  Flash Cycle Steam - more common and requires less
temperature
How do volcanic eruptions affect the society? It can have - The steam is then used to turn the turbine.
a devastating effect on people and the environment  Binary Cycle - lower temperature of water rising from the
surface
Advantages and Disadvantages of Volcanic Eruption
- heat another liquid with lower boiling and flash point.
Advantages: - pentane and isobutane due to their low boiling
temperature.
 Soil Fertility- It supplies nutrients to the soil.  PHIVOLCS – Philippine Institute of Volcanology and
 Atmospheric Cooling - As a volcano erupts it releases Seismology
ash and Sulphur gas into the stratosphere. - The agency in the Philippines in charge of
 Land Formation - When lava cool off and solidify, they monitoring volcanic activities
form different spectacular landforms.  Weather -the day-to-day condition of the atmosphere
 Tourism- The spectacular scenery created by volcanic  Climate – average weather condition in a locality over a
eruptions attracts Tourists. long period of 30 years or more according to the World
 Brings income to an area Meteorological Organization (WMO).
 Raw material- Volcanic material can be made into
The climate in any place on Earth is determined by two basic
blocks for construction purposes.
elements: Temperature and precipitation
Disadvantages:
FACTORS AFFECTING CLIMATE
 Pollution- Volcanoes produce a wide variety of hazards
1. Latitude
that can kill and damage any life forms. This includes air
2. Altitude
pollution, water pollution, and land pollution.
3. Prevailing winds
 Land pollution: 4. Ocean currents
 Death 5. Topography
 Destruction 6. Bodies of Water
 Water pollution
 Tsunami- the fault line near the ocean floor. 1. Latitude - how far north or south of the equator a place is
 Water contamination located.
 Air Pollution
 Respiratory Problem- Ash and smoke can lead to three types. They are:
irritation of the respiratory tract.
 Global Warming - During volcanic eruption mixture of  Tropical climate or torrid zone (at the equatorial belt)
greenhouse gases is expelled into the air. - Region between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of
Capricorn
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY - Low altitude which receives direct rays of the sun all
year round causing warm to hot climate.
 Geothermal Energy – The renewable energy source  The temperate climate or temperate zone (Found in
coming from the volcanoes which can be tapped for the areas away from the equator)
human use. - Middle altitude between the Tropic of Cancer and Arctic
- Geo: Earth, and Thermal: Heat in Greek Circle in the Northern Hemisphere, and between the
 Geothermal power plants: converts heat to mechanical Tropic of Capricorn and Antarctic Circle in the Southern
energy and then to electricity Hemisphere.
- Range from fairly hot to fairly cold because of the
Examples:
changing seasons
 Tiwi Geothermal Power Plant in Tiwi, Albay  Polar climate or frigid zone (at the North and South
 Mak-Ban (Makiling-Banahaw) Geothermal Power Poles)
Plant in Calawang, Laguna - High latitude that receives continuous but indirect rays of
 Palinpinon Geothermal Power Plant in Valencia, the Sun
Negros Oriental - Continuous daylight is experienced for almost six
 Bac-Man (Bacon-Manito) Geothermal Power Plant months
in Bacon, Sorsogon
2. Altitude - the height or elevation of something above sea
level
 As elevation (distance above sea level) increases, the  Winds from the ocean: have high moisture content rise
air becomes thinner so less heat is absorbed through the mountain
 Temperature decreases as altitude increases  Windward side – the rising air cools and releases
 Sunlight is bright at higher altitudes because a thinner precipitation on this side of the mountain which faces the
atmosphere filters less amount of sunlight. wind.
 Leeward side – After rain is released, winds become
3. Prevailing Winds – global winds that always blow in the warmer and dry as they move down the opposite side of
same direction this mountain
 Rain shadow effect – an effect that causes the hot and
 Influenced by latitude and rotation of the earth
dry air to have less rain
 northern hemisphere: the current flows in a
clockwise direction. 5. Bodies of Water – oceans affect precipitation in areas
 southern hemisphere: the current flows in a near the coast
counter-clockwise direction.
 Coriolis effect – the cause of the clockwise and  In areas where warm oceans lie near cooler land, humid
counterclockwise of ocean currents and the prevailing air with a lot of moisture blows inland causing abundant
winds blowing diagonally rather than straight north to precipitation
south or east to west.  The eastern side of the Philippines facing the Pacific
 Trade Winds – the prevailing winds in the low latitudes Ocean experiences et seasons throughout the year
that blow from NE toward the equator from latitude 30
degrees north from SE about 30 degrees south. GLOBAL CLIMATE PATTERNS
 Westerlies – winds that blow in the middle latitude  Global Climate- Temperature, and rainfall provide a
- Blow diagonally from west to east between 30 degrees clue to the global climate phenomenon and its distinct
north and 60 degrees north and between 30 degrees effect on each region related to the amount of solar
south and 60 degrees south energy that Earth absorbs
 Polar easterlies – blow diagonally from east to
west and push cold air to the middle latitude  Tropical Climates (Equatorial and Tropical Latitudes)
 Wind belts – in between the prevailing wind which – No winter
are narrow bands of calm air that encircles the - are observed in the equator from about 20°N to 20°5
Earth. - have consistently warm temperatures due to
- Are generally windless constant solar insolation.
 Doldrums or ITCZ (Intertropical Convergence Zone) - between the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn
– along the equator at 0 degrees latitude which is the - Tropical climates are experienced in the north of Florida,
belt of calm and light winds south-central Mexico, Central India Southeast Asia, and
 Horse Latitude - 30 degrees North and South, which is southward to Northern Australia, Madagascar, Central
also a region of calm and light winds where winds blow Africa, and Southern Brazil.
from high pressure to low pressure  The Philippines - has a tropical climate and does not
 Circumpolar low –narrow bands with pressure where have a winter season.
violent storms occur during winter  Mesothermal Climates (Midlatitudes)-mild winters
 Polar high –narrow bands which is a permanent icecap - "Middle temperature": these warm and temperate
climates.
3. Ocean Currents - is part of the ocean in which the water
flows in a definite direction People living in the midlatitudes experience the following:
 cold water from the poles: moves toward the 1. Shifting moist and dry air masses of maritime and
equator warms the water in the Tropics, and forms continental origin
warm ocean current 2. Changeable weather conditions and fronts (warm and
 The warm water moves away from the equator: cold cold) due to migrating low and high-pressure systems
ocean current 3. Cooler temperature along the west coasts and warmer
 Cold ocean current: cools the land nearby along the east coasts. The temperature of the oceans
 warm ocean current: brings warm temperature greatly affects the air mass temperature.
 El Nino – warm ocean, winter time, Jet stream, Blow the 4. Summer transition is evident from hot to warm to cool as
warm water, Hot you move away from the tropics. Climates are humid
- Abnormal and lengthy part of the Pacific Ocean except where subtropical high pressure produces dry
- Intervals: Seven Years or two years at most summer conditions.
- Starts at the end of the year during Christmas Season
- Trade winds move from west to east  Microthermal Climates (mid- and high-latitudes) -
 La Nina-cold Ocean cold winters
- Cold conditions in tropical - winter season with some summer warmth.
- Sometimes follow El Nina events - experienced only in the highlands of the Southern
- Triggered by the cooling of the eastern part of the Pacific Hemisphere because it does not have landmasses that
Ocean are as expansive as those in the Northern Hemisphere.
- trade winds that move from east to west once People in the mid-and high latitudes experience the
strengthened following:
4. Topography – a physical feature of the region affects the 1. Increasing seasonality (varying length of daytime and
amount f precipitation it receives angle of the sun's direct rays), and large temperature
 The temperature of the water is more uniform and ranges
constant. 2. Westerly winds that bring warmer air northward and
colder air southward
 land makes coastal areas experience less changeable
3. Dry winter pattern that is enhanced in the east of the
weather compared with inland areas
Ural Mountains to the Pacific Ocean and eastern Asia
4. Short spring and fall seasons with winters that range
from cold to very cold  Type III - seasons are not very pronounced but are
 Polar Climates (polar regions) relatively dry from November to April and wet during the
- have no true summer rest of the year.
- average monthly temperatures never rise above 10°C - Areas of this type include the western part of Cagayan,
Isabela, parts of Northern Mindanao, and most of
The principal climatic factors in these frozen and barren Eastern Palawan.
regions include the following: - These areas are partly sheltered from Tradewinds but
are open to habagat and are frequented by tropical
1. Extremes in the lengths of days between winter and
cyclones
summer determine the amount of insolation received.
2. Relatively low sun altitude even during the long summer
 Type IV - a more or less even distribution of rainfall
days is the principal climatic factor. Extremely low
throughout the year.
humidity produces low precipitation in these frozen
desserts. - Areas with this climate include Batanes, Northeastern
Luzon, Southwest Camarines Norte, west of Camarines
 Arid and Semiarid Climates - moisture deficit
Sur, Albay, Northern Cebu, Bohol, and most of Central,
- Dry climates are experienced in the world's arid
Eastern, and Southern Mindanao.
deserts and semiarid regions, with their unique
 Habagat (southwest monsoon) - is the wind that
plants, animals, and physical features.
brings heavy rainfall that results in floods during the wet
- These regions occupy more than 35% of the earth's season.
land area and are the most extensive climates over  Global Warming – long-term warming of the planet's
land. overall temperature
- The mountains, rock strata, long vistas, and resilient - increase in Earth’s average surface temperature
struggle for life are magnified by the dryness.
- Due to federal human activities
- Sparse vegetation leaves the landscape bare; water
demands exceed the precipitation water supply in A global warming occurs when:
arid and semiarid climates, creating permanent
water deficits, which distinguish deserts from steppe  Carbon dioxide (CO2) and other air pollutants,
climatic regions. greenhouse gases collect in the atmosphere and absorb
sunlight and solar radiation that have bounced off the
Important climatic features in these dry lands include: earth’s surface.
1. Dry, subsiding air in subtropical high-pressure system Effects of Global Warming:
dominates
2. Deserts and steppes form on the leeward side of  Climate Change
mountains, those regions to the lee of precipitation-  Altered precipitation pattern
intercepting mountains  More food, more drought
3. Moist air masses hardly reach the continental interiors  El Nino
4. Shifting subtropical high-pressure systems produce  Threats to the Ecosystem
semiarid steppes around the periphery of arid deserts  Spread of disease
 Melting of Ice

THE PHILIPPINE CLIMATE GREENHOUSE EFFECT

 Philippines - has a tropical rainforest climate due to its  Greenhouse effect - is the warming of the earth’s
geographic location surface and lower atmosphere that tends to intensify
- It has high temperature, high humidity, and high rainfall with an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide,
- high humidity because a high temperature can absorb a - these pollutants trap the heat and cause the planet to
great amount of moisture from surrounding bodies of get hotter
water. The Greenhouse Gases:
- High temperature and humidity make the climate
uncomfortable during the months of March to May when  Carbon dioxide (CO2)
humidity is highest. - one of the major pollutants in the atmosphere. Major
sources of CO2 are fossil fuel burning and
Four Types of Climates in the Philippines
deforestation.
- This system of climate classification was systematically  Sulfur and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
arranged by Fr. J. Corona in 1920. - Sulfur dioxide is reduced by the combustion of
sulfur-containing fuels, such as coal and fuel oils.
 Type I - dry from November to April and wet throughout - metallurgical process
the rest of the year.  N20 – nitrous oxide
- The western parts of Luzon, Mindoro, Negros, and - nitrogen-based fertilizers, deforestation, and
Palawan experience this climate. biomass burning
- areas are shielded by mountain ranges but are open to  Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
rains brought about by habagat and tropical cyclones. - Freon which is a substance used in refrigeration
and air conditioning
 Type II - absence of a dry season but with a very - Contributes
pronounced maximum rain period from November to - to global warming.
January.  Methane (CH4)
- Regions with this climate are along or very near the - Methane emission results from livestock and other
eastern coast (Catanduanes, Sorsogon, eastern part of agricultural practices and the decay of organic
Albay, eastern and northern parts of Camarines Norte waste in solid waste landfills.
and Sur, eastern part of Samar, and large portions of  Ozone
Eastern Mindanao). - natural gas is composed of three atoms of oxygen
 - It is blue in color and has a strong odor.  Color of stars – depends on its surface temperature and
Environmental scientists have classified O3 into the Temperature of Stars
two: Good Ozone  Mass and Composition – the star is a massive ball of
- (Filter ultraviolet rays) and Bad Ozone (as gases (hydrogen and helium)
pollutants) Abundant element in stars: hydrogen which gives
 Climate Change - significant changes in global energy to stars
temperature, precipitation, wind patterns, and other - Biggest star more mass (direct relationship
measures of climate that occur over several decades or between size and mass
longer. - Star gets bigger because of the interaction
 Climatologists - study climate change, climate of other elements but as it gets bigger
variability, and the effects of climate on the biosphere. hydrogen runs out
 Glacial Till - Scratching and scarring deposited  Sizes of stars:
sediments  Red dwarfs – smallest stars
- These sediments sometimes form natural hills called Ex. Proxima Centauri -closest star to earth
moraines.  Sun – an average-sized star
 Gyres – loops of surface ocean currents  Blue super giants – stars that are larger than the sun
 Apparent motion – optical illusion in which stationary
CAUSES & EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE objects viewed in quick succession
- In relation to moving objects appear to be in
 Atmospheric changes - the climate change brought
motion
about by El Niño which is greatly influenced by winds
- Apparent movement
and ocean currents.
 Diurnal motion – daily motion of stars and other celestial
 The change in the tilt of the Earth's axis
bodies across the sky in night
- These factors change slowly over time and affect
 Circumpolar constellations – never rise nor set
the amount of solar energy received in several
parts of the world during different seasons. Evolution of Stars:
 Actions that help lessen the effect of Climate
Change  Hertzsprung-Russel Diagram
1. Reduce carbon emission
2. Conservation of energy. Stages in the evolution of the stars
3. Implementation of the 3Rs (Reduce, recycle, and
Reuse) 1. Protostar Stage
4. Adopt a plant-based diet 2. Main Sequence Stage
5. Use of renewable energy at home 3. Red Giants and White Dwarfs
6. Preservation of Forest 4. Super giants
7. Educate People 5. And Supernovas
8. Energy efficient homes 6. Neutron Stars and Black Holes
9. Stop Overpopulation

STARS AND CONSTELLATIONS

 Star - Objects that heat and light the planets in a system’

- Ban of plasma had together by its gravity
- Nuclear reactions occur
 Star Energy – enormous pressure and heat in a star’s
core converts matter into energy
- The more they flare up the more they lose
energy
 Nuclear fusion – hydrogen atoms fuse to form helium
atoms
- Mass is lost and energy is released
 Characteristics of stars that are used to classify
them:
- Color
- Temperature
- Size
- Composition
- Brightness
 Constellations – a group of stars in a fixed star pattern s
in space that seems to cross through the sky because of
the rotation of the Earth
 Luminosity of Stars - the amount of light energy released
by a star from its surface
 Can describe the brightness of stars in terms of:
o Apparent magnitude – how bright a star appears
from earth
- Not the real brightness of the star because
it depends on the observer’s location and
distance.
o Absolute magnitude - describes how bright the star
appears at a standard distance of 32.6 light-years
or 10 parsecs.