Aggregates

Dr. G. Sridhar
Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering

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 Aggregate

Basics
Grading
Tests

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 Concrete

Rocklike
Material
Ingredients
➔Portland Cement
➔Coarse Aggregate
➔Fine Aggregate
➔Water
➔Admixtures (optional)
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 Gradation

• Important from the point of view of

aggregate packing
• Typically, uniformly-graded coarse
aggregate and well-graded fine aggregate
are used

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 Concrete – Proportion Vs Cost

15% CEMENT
WATER
10%
CEMENT 70%
25% FINE AGGREGATE

COARSE FINE AGGREGATE 10%

50% AGGREGATE
COARSE 20%
AGGREGATE

VOLUME COST

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 Pavement Concrete

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 ✓ The size of coarse aggregate ranges between 4.75 mm to 80
mm. The most commonly used coarse aggregate size for
concrete is 20 mm.

✓ Coarse Aggregates are used in road construction for base,

sub base, and surface of roads in various sizes.

✓ Coarse Aggregate acquire 50 % volume of concrete.

✓ The angular aggregates offer low workability. But it is used

for high-strength concrete members because of its angularity
and it provides high strength. Due to this aggregate has
angularity, it properly interconnects with other aggregates and
offers fewer voids in concrete.

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 Aggregate Crushing Value
Aggregate Crushing value is a relative resistance of aggregates to
crushing under gradually applied compressive load

• Aggregate Crushing Strength

– crushing strength is the compressive load
that aggregate particles can carry before
breaking
– relatively unimportant for most aggregates
strength is higher than the strength of an
asphalt mix
– Important in case of concrete

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 Aggregate Crushing Value
The crushing value of the aggregate test is conducted as per IS IS:2386-
Part 4-1963.

1. A 15 cm dia. Steel cylinder with plunger and base plate.

2. A straight metal tamping rod 16mm diameter and 45 to
60cm long rounded at one end.
3. A Weigh balance of accuracy up to 1 gam.
4. IS sieves of sizes 12.5mm, 10mm, and 2.36mm
5. A compression testing machine.
6. Cylindrical measure having a diameter of 11.5 cm and 18cm height.
7. A compression testing machine having a loading capacity of
40 tones and which can be operated to give a uniform rate of
loading so that the maximum load is reached in 10 minutes.

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 Aggregate Crushing Value

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Sampling for Crushing Test of Aggregate
• For the Aggregate crushing value test, an aggregate sample passing
through a 12.5 mm IS sieve and retained on a 10mm IS sieve
is selected and dried to a temperature of 105 ºC to 110 ºC then cooled
to room temperature.
• To fill the cylindrical measure mold about 6.5 kg of a sample of
aggregate is sufficient.

Aggregate Crushing Value Test Procedure

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1.Take the Empty weight of cylindrical measure as W1.
2.Fill aggregate sample passing through 12.5 mm and retained on 10 mm
IS sieve in measuring cylinder in 3 equal layers such that each layer is
subjected to 25 strokes using the tamping rod. Take the weight of
aggregate with measuring cylinder as W2.
3.Find out the weight of aggregate sample W = W2 – W1
4.Now, fill the aggregate sample in 15 cm dia. and 13 cm height steel
cylinder and level the surface of
aggregate carefully and insert the plunger so that it rests horizontally on
the surface.
5.Place a steel cylinder with a plunger on the loading plate of the
compression testing machine.
6.Operate Compression machine such that 40 tonnes of the load is
applied on aggregate in approximately 10 min.
7.Release load and remove the steel cylinder from the machine.
8.Take out the crushed aggregate sample and sieve on with 2.36mm IS
sieve, care being taken to avoid loss of fines.
9.Take off the weight of fraction passing through 2.36 mm IS sieve
as (W3).

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Calculation of Crushing Value Test of Aggregate
The crushing strength of aggregate can be found by the following formula,

“Aggregate crushing value is determined by taking a percentage of weight

crushed aggregate sample passing through 2.36 mm IS Sieve divided by
weight of aggregate sample taken for test”

The aggregate crushing value formula is given below,

Aggregate crushing value = (W3 / W) or W3 / (W2 – W1)

W1 = Empty weight of cylindrical Measure.
W2 = Weight of Aggregate with Cylindrical Measure
W = W2 –W1 = Weight of Aggregate Sample
W3 = Weight of crushed aggregate sample passed through 2.36 mm IS
Sieve.

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 Aggregate Crushing Value Limits for Road Pavement

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 Aggregate Impact Value
Aggregate Impact Value Test is conducted as per IS 2386 (Part 4)-1963.

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1. Impact testing machine
2. The total weight of the machine used in the test is not more than 60kg
or not less than 45 kg.
3. A steel cup shape as a cylinder usually internal dimension:
Diameter = 102mm Depth = 50mm Thickness = 6.3mm
4. 13.5 to 14 kg hammer with the end of cylindrical shape is used for
the impact load:-
Diameter = 100mm Length = 50mm
Chamfer at lower edge = 2mm
5. Sieves:- The following IS sieves are used
•12.5mm ,10mm 2.36mm
6. Measure
The cylinder was made with the steel used.
The following internal dimensions are:
•Diameter = 75mm Depth = 50mm
7. Tamping rod
A straight tamping rod made with the metal of circular c/s is used to tamping
the aggregate. Rounded at the end.
The following are the dimension of the rod:
•Diameter = 10mm Length = 230mm
8. Balance
its accuracy is up to 0.1gm.
9. Oven
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Sampling for Crushing Test of Aggregate
• For the Aggregate crushing value test, an aggregate sample passing
through a 12.5 mm IS sieve and retained on a 10mm IS sieve
is selected and dried to a temperature of 105 ºC to 110 ºC then cooled
to room temperature.
• The cylindrical measure use for the collection sample filled about 1/3 full
with the aggregates and it tamped 25 stokes with help of the rounded end
of the tamping rod. Further similar 1/3 quantity of aggregates are filled in
it and again 25 stokes are given. Than measure finally filled to overflowing
than apply 25 stokes again and the extra aggregates are removing form
the measure with the help of the straight portion of the tamping rod.

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 Aggregate Impact Value Test Procedure

•The impact machine is rest on the horizontal flat surface like the level plate,
block, or floor without any packing. So, the application of a hammer is
straight and vertical.
•The cup is fixed in a proper position on the base of the impact machine.
•Transfer aggregate sample from cylindrical measure to cut fitted in an
impact test machine and apply 25 strokes of the rod to compact it.
•Then the hammer is lifted 380mm and falls on the upper surface of
aggregate which fills in the cup.
•A total of 15 blows are applied on the cup each delivered at an interval of
not less than 1 second.
•The crushed aggregates are removed from the cup and the crushed sample
is sieve from the 2.36mm IS sieve.
•Weight the fraction of sample passing through 2.36mm IS sieve accuracy up
to 0.1 gm. (W1)
•Weight the fraction of sample retains on the 2.36mm IS sieve. ( weight W2)
•The total weight of the sample (W1 + W2) is less than the initial weight
(weight W) by more than one gram than the result discarded.

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Calculation of Impact Value Test of Aggregate
•Aggregate impact value is the ratio of the weight of the fraction passing
through 2.36 mm (weight W2) by the total weight of the sample (weight W1
+ W2).
Aggregate Impact Value = (W2/ (W1+W2)) * 100
= 80 gm / 300 gm
= 26.67 (Impact Value)
Where,
W1= Weight of the fraction passing through 2.36 mm IS
sieve.(220 gm)
W2= Weight of sample retained on 2.36 mm IS sieves. (80 gm)
W1+W2 = Total Weight of Sample (220 + 80 = 300 gm)
Result: The Aggregate Impact Value is _________.

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 Aggregate Impact Value Limits for Road Pavement

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 Flakiness and Elongation Index Test
Aggregate shape, size, and surface texture majorly affect the properties
of freshly mixed concrete more than the properties of hardened concrete.

• Angular, flaky, rough-textured, and elongated aggregate particles

require more water to produce workable concrete than the
smooth, rounded compact aggregate. Also, such irregular-shaped
aggregate cement content must also be increased to maintain the
water-cement ratio.

• Elongated and flaky aggregate, when used in the construction of

pavement may result in failure of the pavement due to their
random position under repeated loading and vibration.

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 Flakiness and Elongation Index Test
The crushing value of the aggregate test is conducted as per IS:2386-Part
1-1963.

Flakiness Index
The flakiness index of aggregate is the % by weight of the particles
(aggregates) whose thickness is less than 3/5th(0.6 times) of their mean
dimension.”

Elongation Index
The Elongation index of aggregate is the % by weight of the particles
(aggregates) whose length is greater than 1 and 4/5th (1.8 times) of their
mean dimension.”

Objectives
This method uses to measure the Flakiness Index and Elongation index of
aggregate use in the construction of Highway pavement and concrete
structures.

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 Flakiness and Elongation Index Test
Apparatus
• Balance

The IS Sieves: 63 mm, 50 mm, 40 mm, 31.5 mm, 25 mm, 20 mm, 16

mm, 12.5 mm, 10 mm, 6.3 mm.

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The Dimension shown in thickness gauge is equal to 0.6 times the mean
sieve size.

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The Dimension shown in length gauge is equal to 1.8 times the mean sieve
size

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Flakiness and Elongation Test Procedure

IS Sieve

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✓ Prepare aggregate sample for the test by sieving between IS sieve 6.3
mm size at the bottom and 63 mm IS sieve at top.

✓ Separate sample retains on each sieve.

✓ The collected aggregate sample should have at least 200 numbers of

individual aggregate for accurate test results from each range of IS sieve.

✓ We take a range of aggregate samples retained on 6.3 mm IS Sieve.

(Separate test can be conducted on each range of Sieve).

✓ Take the weight of the total aggregate sample collected for tests as W1.

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Test Procedure for Flakiness Index
Separation of Flaky Material

✓ Try to pass the aggregate width-wise through the slot of 10 mm to 6.3

mm on a flakiness gauge.
✓ Separate sample passed through this slot and weight it(W2)

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 Flakiness index value for concrete construction is below 25%.

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Test Procedure for Elongation Index

Separation of Elongation Material

✓ Try to pass the aggregate length wise through slot of 10mm to 6.3 mm on
length gauge.
✓ Separate sample retain on this slot and weight it(W2).

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 Abrasion Test

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