Unit-4U — Gnvensional & Non-Conven tional. Energy Aowrices Conven Honal Enogy Sources (Non- Renewable ) + Conventional | Rources r do Dadiional forms Cf mtg, that have boon usid wstd fou many pans, These. Souxceds ad powell well-eStabLished and have Alani fi cant Adructwre Aupporting thtin extraction procevnny and dis Du bution, +The examples of dire Sources au fossil furls ( cork, petroleum , Natural gat) amd Nucleay encrgy. Thre Bounces howe bem back bone “4 qrobal emerge bso duckon for decades, Thu impact on te environment inclulis Co £ CO emission. Wore Bounces ata’ Limited on the earth. Non - Conventional Energy Sour ces C Renewable) «Tiere Aounces reper +0 ™mathods 4 gombrating Oma gey Ahrot akt motu Sustainable and have ley environmantel impart compared +o Aiaolitona? fossit fuety amd mucteasy tanta * Ma exampics of Here Sources are solar Cota y wind entrhyy 5 Hy do power , Genta mal enn bromo aurgy and Tidal/wave cushy, 5 TA owiryy Aources contribu: to Aut telnable mA reritiot emtryg Aystem, usitn mow benetits fon daa environ ment , economy aml society,Poimasey Enexgy Sous ces s— Pasion ads entry JouIce$ are found im nature and have not beam Convertiol of Dranrpormen . TSE aha Ha Seca entrgy mativial, tat ae ured ollrechty OX Converted into otran forms ef euiryg- Primary entrgg OUNCE un chuole ! 1) Fossit fushs * Cal + oh (Petro bum) * Naturel 2) Renewable Resousees : + Solan ewe (Sum Light) + Wid entry ( Ustoral ) . Hy dro power ( flowing water) + Geo tral euthay (heat from the es) * Bio mask ( wood , ogf'cutlural waste) 3) Nuclear Envyy + Usarium £ Plutomum Secon ol aru Emingy Sources s- Tue Sources au deruivesl prom Ae Convertion Pamasay Cntr Sources. Teg ae products that atu used to provide omtngy in a moe usable foxm. Secondary eusryry Bources include: I) Elec Pucity : Gensraticl from prdmosug Bounces Li ke Cook, , natural god , muciean power or Sunewable Sources,4) Relined Furl: * Gasoline & Dies (Refined from Cards oid) * Eimanol £ Brodiesed C Produced fom biomas ) 3a) Heat: Pro duced from Combustion 4 fusls oh Soloy eubupy. Hy doo yom Furl : Prcocluced Hescouph processes ke electro Dyas water (wing elects city) ox Steam *ef on ming thst ge “4 Bio logrcat Enayy Soustces Te ada derived from biological matirioh , Such a3 plants omd animals. They include Aounces Like brome (wood, agticuilural waste) , bio fusls (ethalnott biodienl) and biogas. sTRe Sources ata Sonow able as Long aS tee biological matirial are managed Luttainably, THe Bounces AW environmont frienolty but Somrbimay Sosy seal biofuel production Cam Dead deo deforestation omd athan ecological issues, Fossil Fuoly Thre ase derived from dhe Jomains oH ancient plants amd animus busied undix ground amd Subjected to fro Wwgicad. processes ove millions * Jeard, + Thy imctude Coal, oil ond natural gad. + Thue, atu Von - Xtnewable on human time Send + Busing fossil fusls Sulearer CO. 2 otray pollutants Bie ats , , Contsd buttery do climate chonge £ environmental degradation,Fhucd oly namics Fbuisl clymamip Uy toe Bdudiy of whe movemmmt of fbuiols (Niguids ¢ 4). Pt Involves umoley standing the behaviows of fuutols in motion and the forces aching on thum, Ed Pooper, ) Density ¢ b+ depimed ab dha mass par unt volume e a fluid. St us denoted by f.0th9) UR] me D) Viscosity : Viscosity vi a manture © a fluid’s uti stmee . fo deformation and flow . $+ oledesube de Intomal fricton within @ fluid. jt denoted by AL (mes), {Feo} whee Fi viscous force ws Ws cosity e 2 Rate of shoax ya mation Onit 9 viscosity, We FE A eae Unit oy ws N = N-s oa I~ cog * ov {[Racat Second wm oR Unit oy Y= grt g S¥ met Onit oy Ht *3) Wety ht dew tat 44 iy alse Known as specific weight. — ffs weigia por unk volume ofa fluid . jor] unit ¢ NL Vv m> on Ds mg. Vv or {>= s4f 4) Specific Volume :- ft w defined a Hut soto betwem Vtue of fluid Jo mays of fluid. pry unit : 10 " 9 oR Sys Pa Jb a reciprocal of density (P), 5) specifre Gravity :— fh vis dhe Jato of tha levi by of a Bubs tance fo Sho dewda ty 4 a defence Rubs tance. Fox Uigutd {sa “ Ssombte ; Srcater Fos Gas j SiG= Sempre) Sain + Sh dr Unit 8 quantity,See Fluid Flow 0% ased on flow @pased on flow @Based on characteris hes _ Nelocity _wscosity eect + Steady Flow + Lamina Flow ° Viscous flow + Unsteady flow * Tit bulant Flow © Non -Viscout * Uni form flow © Thansigional Flow (ident) flow « Non - Uni foiim flow Based on ©Gasea on Flow _ Com psarsi bill ty _aimedon © Ts Gam usable ¢ 4-D Flow Flow 2 2-D Flow © Com pou ble » 3-D Flow Flow Oe© Stensly Flow t Fuuia propertis ata point do not S Chae usith He. @ Unsteady Flows ELuicl properties at a point change uth time @) Uniform Flows Flbist properties Wy Constant al evehuy point atony tha flow olreation, @® Non- uniform Plow 2 Edsuid properties changes from Sele ord point to anotrey alorg tha flow oLirection, ® lominat Clow s- Attype of flew where a0 fluct moves Pr parallel Loyets , usith mo aliskupton between trom, The flow di oderly and smooth, © Ttant Flow s- 4 Fype of flow chaKactertzed by Chaotie chan yes un presttre anol flow velocity» Zt imvolver eddies Vostices and othwy How im stabi Lites, ® Tran sifional Flow: A flow shat exists between. Laminar ond turbulent flow. The flow Can alletmate betwen Laminal £ ludchullard States. ® Niseous Flow :~ Flow where wiscous forces ake Aigrd ficant , and the flu exhibits Auustance +0 Hows @ Nen-viscous fOOs- fis am idealized flow whore Viscous forces ase negligible,Srtempressible Fo $A flow wonone uid density Jumacny meals © Constant , Ey picath for ™ost “tye. Compare Cw += flow whine fadl dostty vaues in Ses ponse +o powrrure change , Ty pica tly fox most Gur Continuity Expuin t fecotaing Jo Connaily cabo o fla fos, a praduch of tne Coss SecHonal asela ey pipe ama tee velocity of Hk fluiol at oma given pornt along He pape sb constant Z= AV = Gustonk i WhO 9 > Volume flow date KO Flow ahea V2 Flow velocity 1) Flat Flow mutt be oy 2) Flow ¢ Im compsessible 3) The flail Flowing In dud Hube Ps mon-vi'scous 4) Tre abe J hawing a Angie entry and Angle eou't.Derivation 44 Conti muiky Pouation Let Ws Comstdin drat He flud ve dy flows um drt Sube for a Short ha olukation At, Dusuiny tis Hove y i Fhe fluid sill cover & abs tance of DX, oma usith a veloc ty a Vy Mi. : = He Lowen post of te piper h ka Wa bY oy fox,= vivot } omy bt Now in tee Lower part of Hea pipe , He Volume 4 flute flow Imto dhe pipe Vo Ar 4% =A, dt may = dlenni by A Volurnt so bm = 9 KV = fA ot mars flux attower past = Am — fH) At Simos mas flux ot Upper pas = bye = 8, ALB Aceocing Jo assuMbHon, the maw flux at Lowen pas 4 eyurl to te mass flux at upper paki ef the pul pe. “Ts 4 A, v =f Aw or {Paw = Couttad } | fluid DB Some Heseough out He pi pe So Bi SL EA = Ar or {Q-av = Conbtont 2Bernoulli Theorem » Yt stecte, Uhat Jn a Sheady, icleal. flow of an fn com prewy'ble fui, Jit total entry, at amy point o/ toe huis Ws Constant. The Bormoulli’s eguation is [Peg ivte tah = cnone } Whare Pt pretre of fluid f: dlewhi ty 5 pflowing fluid gt acceltraHon clue to prauily Ves mean velou'ty flued How ht hetgit of ele vahion + Cote + This Hhiptem ob principle dh applied dn ath plans wings 5 Bail boats , baseball Curves, engines ebe, Detive ex prurrion fox utind power /wind Enargy Wind ucbine converts Kinelic. euargy. of ustral to mucho Cal Powe, udhith tun tian fohnud Into Elect sulci ty. The kinehic eunuyy of He wind usith mats m and velocity Und Constant aceeloration is@gurl to He work done. in ols placing drat ustnd from i otupinal pol ton, keEe-Lmv —d 2 « deus — mass (m) cud ty (9) Volume (V) So im 2 havi{m= pa Ax duos Skee L mu apler pubting tas value oj m KE = £ xPXA x Length x ‘Powe (Pp) = KE p= Loa fengin, we . + Pe 4 ga wash lind P, ie | ewey | P 4 gave © Small changes im wind Spad have a Large, impact On Ho Amount o4 power anatlable in te wind, Af dre wind spead doubles, trans is ety rnd more enrrgy tn the wind. Wind mills :- The prineipte of power ton ae sind mills , 0% Wind tudbine wu based on Converth' the Kinehlc entry 04 wind Jimbo electrical ray, . Wind parked oven tne blades wind mill ond cau’ dhe blocs fo Hise. Rotectny blacks notet. a Connecting Shaft. The Grearber tereases dnt hotetion epead , Thon Fast - rotating Ahoft duives a ponratos , Pie cial electric ty + The gpuwralid electricity Ts Trans mided power Gn, to a Drambfonnuy , whore it Brepped up to a htyasr voltage fo Sronkrission eve long dis temees, :Wind Fasim A wind farm Wy a group of wind — milly OF USimd Audthi nes In He Same location used bo produce Sap seats of electricity, Wind farms Com be Aocated onshoss (on and) or Offshors (im bodies of Watur) . They voteg in Mize from a few turbines go several hundsaod , lepending on dian ea ard euthgy needls dy are mesa se fob pat sAwind farm fs also Galled a wind park, wird power Station o usind power plank, * The Gansu wind fasimn , china (Capacity -206w’) “a Hee w05td argent usin fem. + The Muppandak wind farm , Konya kumasl » Tnelia (1500Mw) is dhe Trdia’® Losgest usind fadtrn, \limel Lwtbrne Design i- Detayning « usind Subine 3 aComplex proces Hot involved Vakiows eargpin teasing A scipeing , dnchrolirry a chodynanicy ADuctvraeL onynehng and mechouical enginetrivg » + by arroclynamiic detign , we debi Jee blade profile, dheir Length ¢ twist , 0t0H oliamétin amd Tip speed Soho (TSR). TeR = Sheed ef blacle sip “wind Speed th APU chro oletnion , we seleet Jno blade matauiat Chibor glass ~ Hein forced plastic or FRP) 4 detign ste Aower $0 Auppert te nacelle and stoloy , amd Gmabyre He Tirbine Moad « , ’* Ty Mechanu'eat dean , we olemgn He nacelle to hours. Keay Com ponents Mike gear box , gousratow and Contso} Auster , We alse Aekgn tut brake Sys tem do safely Atop the Busting udding. malnt- enamte on im hiph speed Conditions, © Th electrical dleryign , we select ax devon a FerPusoH , power electronics Jo Convent He prudled electsici ty to the derired fom (AC DO) amd Contno| Agprem do optimize tustbine ‘performace, Fasametins tulated Jo vaind tidbine When detigning amd evaluating usind tusbineds , several parametirs aht Conriduus to enturt Optimal performance Pebiabihiity and econonuca viability, 1) Rectid Powe + he mascimum pewex Output the tidbine Gm produce Unden obHmat usind Cond” 2) Gut-fn ushd speed TRL minimum usind splod Ot power, Mehteh dt Lubin Ata gorvaly 3) Cut-owt usird spud The usinal speed at udhich te — turbine ahits dlowndo prevent dameye 4) Rotor diamebrs s aE, cliameten 4 dhe twcbine’s Moto blacles , udhtth affects Hs amour 4 uulnd entra Cabtuhed. 5) Hub hetght :- The heigust of the Audtbine’s hub tom tne ground , Fmbaeling usind speed awd hadi ne, fyrcieney.Betz? Law (te Meceive max. Cutrgay) o_ x LS. Betz’ Law , developect in ISIS by Greimom fphysier'st Albert Betz, Atetu thot no usinol Awrbie can Cplure Moka Ghat 59-37, of the Kinele emsngey in udind , TR Us known ak die Bete Lim ond us saprutented by He facto \C/a4 (0-539) , ushiich us Calded Bet2’s Cotpprci ent, + Betz Smit stots that = lé 4,34 Ce = 2x = 59: 3% fox a Angle do ton usind Tbe + Aecorubing to Bet! law , He madmum eure formula weuld be {Pe £ pavrsce fGreo thormmad Enorgy t- jf is dlorived focom the buat gto sital Insole, Hee eartin Audrface, Tai heat Can be in tue fosim of hot water , hot yates ancl molten tava, Mis tal Gm be Converted into eleetaicity, by geo trated pewer plant. Geo hanmal heat pumps art ured for heating ond Cooling buiddings, Geo homed) euaryy sa Sehiable ond Conistent ensngy Acuxce, Not Lubject fo det Fluctuah'ons ef fossil turks mek oo weallut Conditions, Geo trmal Power Plank i = —" Blectsical emsrgy . y 34 }—»—— Hot watttn }—+#—— cold watin + Exchanger +I Gndenso J Geo taba t Fluid y et ee ee a Pump: bd A IRN Geo hormal ZR Production “aoa Injection wat weilTr geomormal powor pluat, Te hak emrgt aor dine geo thwrmal fluid fs buomnpovied do Ha working flucd In tut heat exc : As the Sukadt , dhe Working fluid vaporizes oad Hein dbuvve, dae Fuxbine + Ta spend flu pans throug dine Condamsen and tht cycle srapeats » Ta. geo thor mal fuud ea injected back into the Susenvoir Artough dt injecHon wellr | Aes | » Renewable entry4 Aounce + No haxm full gets emitted * No green houwrt effect + Get 9 fur is negligible + Capital Cost ds Wo-60% lose tran oar plawk © Shost Constsucton parted: Dis advantages . Ava Labi hy at certain Sugions erly (whore. magma fs neat sto Sho Arface) + low ey dene (10-12%) Gieo tharmal enrrgy exbiaetion s- Geotwrmal sehources apn dent fred thxough geoloztcal Ausveys omd explotation , focusing on akoars ustth high heat How, often neax tectonic plate bounduues O% volCante sHxgions. Wells aa drilled into qeotawmal Sosenvoirs to access Bheam o& hot wat, Bupped undir ground,Tidal camry t Tlak ergy 0” Waal power A a —_ form of hy dive power Shot converts ewargy from tidy dnto electriclty ©” ottsn useful forms oy power. Ty wb Sunewable entrgy Aource diven by Het grovi tational pull oy tt Moon and Ho Aun ON tne Eatuh’s oceans. Ad vantages » Renewable and prusdicteble emsrgy Aounce. 2 Low operational Cost No grusm house god emission + Long Aife Spon + Poten Hal for eriryy storages Dis osivan tages, + High Inival Cost + Environmoutal impact on marine ecodgitem » Limited Auitable LetaHows ¢ Complex Emginecsuing challenger, Praesens Magis ES Set din Ondito fs CHUL In the Atay &% dovelopmunt. India has Volek fied gudal sts wrth tht poten tal for tiget eusryy. 1) Te Gud] kham bot Cam bay) fr Gujarat. 2) The Grud °) kudch fy Guyot 3) Sunda bans fm west Pevgal,Singie Barn System + f\ Ainge. basin Aystem Consists ; ey one Aidak bain crssted by. Cons Huieing a barnaye (dam) aciass on es hua Ox bay. THis Aysiem ubitizes tue natwul tuse and fol 4 ticks Jo ganorate electsicity, 8+ hos Aimples dovign and lower initial Cost, (Advantage) © Emascgg gemtration is imtoumitent 2 Aep ending on Hidek eyeles. (Bisad vontage) Two Batin SyR tem 3 - Two basin Aystem Involves two Beposate barins ty preatty deferred to ad dry Ubpo ond lowe barns, Thy works bat etn high tile awd low tide. * Tie wattr Hows betioen upper £ Lowen barink Abdou Hirbinu fo pevrwte eleebrici ty, 4+ us mode Conaistent and flercible im obedcation allow, ib in vasying Didad Conditions ( advantage) + More Com plex # Costly low yn (dis od vantage ) ¢ Gurbr environmental impact clue to extendive In fra Shue C cLisad)Ocean Thermal Enwgy Cmversion COTEC) Se ge hen OTEC Ba Heeh mole gay thot gees elecbruretty by en poi time dia temperate oli ference between Wem Awrface Walls amd cold lech ocean watny. Hexe’* how Pt wosuks V) Wasim usector an from Ht Surjace th pumped tehouys & heat excharyex bo vapesuze o wodking. fluid Cusuably ammonia, whith has a Low boi ting point), 2) The vaposize woking fduid expands and alsivel a Wrbie Connected to gensraton, pro ducing elecksicity, 3) Cold senwedin fiom dhe deep ocean fy pumped thowuph amotwn heat exchanges Whith Condenses dha voposd zed Woseking fluid back frubo oa Veil. 4) he Condensed working fluid fs then pumped back do tht heat exchanger to be vaporized again, Continuing Ha cycle, per of oTec I) Clesed-eycle OTEG t- Uses a Wosking flu utith eo tot. baiting peind , ammonia, Jt a Fwo toob cycte. 2) Open — cycle OTEC s- Uses Senwetm cireetey Os Hy WOHLKi neg fluid . Thuk Agstera fs open because Fr udeh Sealatin only once. 3) Hy bid OTEC t- Combing elem ents S} both closed cyetg and Open cycle Agstem, Tha Obbswach aims to marimize He ey deny.Hyde power t- Hod power, also known ar hydxo elechic power y Wa Swmew able Aad That han nesses int Maui on watiy to pemsbatte lant” f "9 fatling tw omn a the oldrt anol most usldely Uted fosm of Yuntwable Cusrgy, Hydbo power lant Reservoir ° Constuuchon of a dam on astuver uo Ctuali a duosorvely of use of natural walin falls . + wat fxom de Juservetn us duleased through a penstock 5 a Lasege pipe that channels tre warn clown to dhe Dirbinen. © Te flowing water. Abuk the blades of tre Harbin, Coumny it do Spin. Me KE of water Us Converted + Pius mechonu'cel uta olsuives thro jerPratoH bo pro oluce. elec Ai u'ty,* The gemerated electricity ui then Beams nities! AhSouph power Lis to homss businesses envi! OH usu, "APIOr parsing Mdoughh tet Tdhine » back Gnlo the iver clown stam, Hus water ws Biomars and Bio gas * Biomass rqes +o an organic matuuial from plants omd omimals Hat Cam be ubed a4 a Aounce 6) embyy- Ths Mmeludes wood, ogricubtunal Cops sy animal Momurs. amd OHH biological miliu'alt. Bromat Gn be baudined crectly Jo produce heat or Cconvesctad wuto bro fuels Mike ethanol or brodiesel dhkough psocestes Like fedimentation ox Shand eter ficat'on, ° Bro ga8 tsa Type. + broemsngy produced ftom the ANaerobre oligesHon Gf Okgania matuu'als by MICHO Ofganisrs, T+ prrimanity Consists of mutaane CCHy) and Carbon cLiorids (co). Bio gas is gonsroted ferom ne decompbosi Hon Sf Cr gonic watle in dae environment olevoid #4 ox4 92m, Auch as in land fille, aligeartes, on 4ebtc tanks, J+ Gm be ured aha ful 5 for heating > Clectricity gemanation amd even a vehicle fuel .Unit-4 Tinporlant Questions € PYR(A k TU) sie What et conventional amd non-convertonol emmyy, Sounces 7 +2 What wu Renewable and non-renewable emthgy Auden] og. What ans primary and Aecondasy emorgy Aor ces) =H Douve due coninuity Cguat'on fosr 1-D fluid flew. Aso olive dre en pressi'on fon usi'nal power, -8- stat -6- Write mil, - Bernoutli"® strsodem fos fluid flour clown dre prime'ple of power grrttstion un tind Dedive an exprussion for marimum officiemey, -t- Diseus some physical properties of flake In bouely. @) Density or mass densi ty 4) Wscosity b) weight Dewsi ty e) Speeipre Gravity. ©) Speet fre Volume. -8- Eyplam ah Ay pes Ll flow: “q- Discuss ald paxomelis tefatrd to wind Turbine « joe W3dk a Short nole on utind farm, “ir Explain goodtian mad power plant uslth oliagromn 2(D- Ddewkify dat potential 4] geo trormal entngy anal how db Gn be exducter. -13- Explamn toot Kurrg puneiple Of ocean Hrymal emerge Convervison COTEC), Defre theth Ay pes . e[y- How are wind durin devignad 7 cise Wiute & Ahort notes ont ar Fluid dy nanucs un und entryy Conversion, ) Bete law to duceive mardimum entryy © Effect J m0" F Jute blocky on performance Off creme,- I6- Whout i Aisle I Discus brtal power plat with rath oslventages 2 DUmitabion Also give puseut Atatus ©} diced power in INDIA. - Fe Define hy deo power + Sketeh hy olto powey plant Desentbe Hu Aingle hatin’ ond Shwe badtn? ystems ©) Hiols® powen hatinering, Discuss than advantages amol Limi tet on, 9- Describe tha process of Grifieation of solid bromass. What ds dhe gouthal Composition of tha gas pst du cel and what ds tt ih heating valut 1 what au it appli coors) 2o- Desetibe Deenbandhu biogas poout. ue-