02 Intelligence

[ Chapter Overview I
1. Intelligence is a uniq d h h' .
. ue an t e 1ghest attribute of human species.
2 • Intelhgence refers to th .
. . e capacity to understand the world, think rationally, and use
Introduction available resources effectively when faced with challenges.
3
· ~wn~ beings have made progress in diverse aspects of life by usmg their
mtelhgence.

l. Many psychol~gists believe that intelligence is a single and global ability while
Perspectives others feel that 1t encompasses several different abilities.
2- Binet, Tennan and Wechsler believed that intelligence is a single entity.
on intelligence
3. Th~~tone, Thorndike, Speannan, Cattell, Hom and Gardner believed that multiple
ab1httes together comprise intelligence.
History
1. Broca and Sir Galton were among the first scientists to think about measuring
intelligence. In mid 1880s, Sir Galton tried to determine intelligence by measuring
the size of human skull.
2. In the early 1890s, Cattell used the term 'mental test' for the first time in the
psychological literature. Further, he argued that test administration must be
standardised.
3. In 1905, Binet published the first scale of intelligence in collaboration with Simon
(Binet- Simon Intelligence Scale). This scale was revised in 1908 and 1911.
4. In 1916, Tennan revised the Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale and it was known as
Stanford Binet Test. It was revised several times.
5. In 1917, Yerkes prepared Army Alpha and Army Beta intelligence tests to recruit
soldiers in the army. The importance of intelligence testing increased in Post-World
Measurement War I period;
of intelligence 6. During the World War II, Army General Classification Test was used to recruit
soldiers.
_ In 1939, Wechsler published the Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale. He also
7
developed Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC).
_ Besides these tests, many other psychologists have developed various intelligence
8
tests.
Related concepts . . . . ·
. M tal age is the age at which an md1v1dual performs successfully on
1 Mental Age. en . • .
· h t t epared for that age. Thts concept was introduced by Bmet.
11 items oft e es pr . .
a Q t· t (IQ.): The concept of Intelligence Quotient (I.Q.) was
2 Intelligence uo ien . .
• . db William Stemm 1912.
introduce Y
Mental Age(MA) x JOO
I.Q. = Chronological Age(C.A)
"nistration: Individual and Group tests
thods of ad m1
1. Based on me . d· Verbal and Non-verbal tests
2 Based on material use · t an be administered to a single individual at a time.
. t ts· These tes s c
3 Individual es · be administered to more than one person at a time.
Types of . These tests can b
4 Group tests: se language (words or num ers) for measuring
intelligence • . These tests u
5. Verbal tests·
tests
·ntelligence. t use pictures, designs and material objects to measure
1 These tes s
6. Non-verbal tests:
intelligence.
 . .
Std. XII Arts: Perfect Psychology Ir tests enable teachers to dev ise special
instnicti
. k stud ents onaJ
l nt of wea
1. Effective schooling: Inte igenced e . . .
ro ams to enhance the mental eve opm
~e~ al health aiding: Intelligence
tests a~~ ~elp ful for diagnostic purposes,
rehab1htat1ve pr~ ~am s.
2. ro nosis and for deciding therapeutic or tdm g relevant educational
Applications p g . t' . IQ scores help parents in .provfr th
of intelligence 3. Effective paren mg. real istic exp ecta tion s om em.
facilities to their children and to set th
testing in stu dents to cho ose e career which is
selli ng: Inte llige nce tests help
various areas 4. Career coun
suitable to their intellectual capacities. th suitable
Vocational counselling: Intelligence
tests help people to cho ose e most
5.
vocation. others,
nce is the ability to get alon g well with
J. Social Intelligence: Social intellige
and to get them to cooperate with oneself. monitor
Intelligence is the ability to perceive and
2. Emotional Intelligence: Emotional this
discriminate among them and to use
New trends in one 's own and othe r's emotions, to
action.
intelligence information to guide one 's thinking and by human
Intelligence is an innovation created
3. Artificial Intelligence: Artificial those
s or the software programmes running
intelligence. It refers to enabling machine
rience, just like human beings.
machines to think and learn through expe

Glossary I
Artificial commonly associated with human beings
Ability of a computer to perform tasks
intelligence
Emotional age emotions
A pers on's ability to understand and man
intelligence
viduals at a time
Group tests Tests that are administered to many indi
Individual at a time
Tests that are administered to one subject
tests
Intelligence lligence level based on psychological tests
Standard measure of an individual ' s inte
Quotient ance (men tal
ng to express an indi vidu al's perform
A measure used in psychological testi h the same
s it takes an average individual to reac
Mental age ability) in terms of the number of year
level
Performance a task or activity
Tests that require participants to perform
tests
Social age interpersonal relationship s
A person's ability to understand and man
intelligence
Verbal tests Tests that make use of words and numbers
Vocational Relating to an occupation or employment

tribution
Important psychologists and their con
1
d the conceP
with Theodore Simon. Also , intro duce
Published the first scale of intelligence
Alfred Binet the father of inte lligence test.
of' Mental age' . Bin et is considered as
Charles - nce
Developed two-factor theory of intellige

- - -
Spearman

- -- - - - - - - - -- - - - - - ~
~,
-
 Chapter 2: Intelligence
David
Wechsler Developed the Wechsler-Bellevue Intelli gence Sca le and Wechsler rntelli gcnce Scale
Howard
Gardner Proposed the theory of multiple intelligences
Lewis
Terman Revised the Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale. Al so, refined the formula for I.Q.
Raymond
Cattell Used the tern, 'M ental test' for the first time in the psychological literatu re
Robert
Yerkes Prepared Anny Alpha and Anny Beta intelligence tests with his colleagues
\Villiam
Stem introduced the concept of Intelligence Quotient (1.Q.)

Q.1. (A] Choose the correct option and complete *8. _ _ _ has given formula of LQ.
the following statements. (1 Mark each] (A) Binet (8) Stern
{C) Wechsler
1. _ _ _ is a unique and the highest attribute 9.
of human species. - - - test of intelligence is a type of test
based on tbe material used for conducting test.
(A) Emotions (B) Personality
(A) Group (B) Non-verbal
(C) Intelligence
(C) Individual
2. - - - factor is the minimum competence * 10.
required to carry out daily work. - - - is an individual testG of intelligence.
(Mar 2022)
(A) Average (B) Special
(A) Army Alpha Test
(C) General
(B) Army Beta Test
*3. has given the concepts of fluid (C) Block Building Test
intelligence and crystallised intelligence.
11. intelligence tests are useful to
(A) Cattell (B) Thorndike
measure higher mental abilities.
(C) Salovey
(A) Verbal (B) Non-verbal
4. thought he could determine (C) Group
intelligence by measuring th~ size of the
12. The Army Alpha test ts test of
human skull.
intelligence. (Mar 2020]
(A) Sir Francis Galton
(A) verbal individual
(B) Paul Broca
(B) verbal group
(C) Raymond Cattell
(C) individual performance
5. In the early 1890s, Raymond Cattell
13. - -- included 'inter personal intelligence'
established laboratories in the _ __
(B) United States in his multiple intelligence theory.
(A) India
(A) Thorndike (B) Speannan
(C) United Kingdom
(C) Gardner
6. th
Sir Francis Gatton opined at int~ligence is 14. People with high _ _ _ intelligence are
best measured through _ _ _ tas · successful negotiators.
(A) (8) motor • (B) socia · J.
sensory (A) emot1ona 1
(C) complex (C) artificial
7. devised a test comprising of items
---- I 5. John Mayer and Peter Salovey used the term
specified for different age groups to measure intelligence for the first time.
mental ageG of people. - ) - e-motional
-( A (B) social
(B) Binet
(A) Pearson (C) artificial
_ ___:__~ (~C~) ~ T~erm~a~n_ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _.!___ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _~~:J
/
 Std. XII Arts: Perteet Psychology 5I 9. . a 1 tes ts are useful for mass testing. ~
nd1v1du
\ 6. inte\hgcncc is an innovat'ion created .
--- + 10. Group test s G of intellig ence are less
by human intelligence. Emotional
lA) Social expensi ve.
(13)
lC) Artificial * 11. Verbal testsG of intellig ence can be given
easily to illiterat e people.
Anim rrs:
12. In non-ver bal tests, languag e is used to
\. \nte\\igence 2. General
measur e intellig ence. . .
). Canel\ 4. Sir Francis Gallon
13. A contmu . ed pattern of toxic behavio ur
sensory . . G
~- l'nited State!- 6.
in d .tea t es a low level of social mtelhg ence .
Binet S. Stem
0 NC1n-,·e rha\ 10. Block Building Tes t
* 14. It is possibl e to increas e emotional
. G
11. \" erbal 12. verbal group intel l1gence •
13. Gardner * 15 . There are certam · 1·1m1'tations to Artifici al
14. social . G
l ~- emNion al 16. Artificial lntelltg ence .
An swc rs:
(l. l . [81Match the pairs. (1 Mark each) I I.
4.
True
True
2.
5.
True
False
3.
6.
False
True
1. 7. True 8. False 9. False
Grou ~A., Grou 'B' 10. True 11. False 12. False
1. Thurstone a. Three indepen dent 13 . True 14. True 15. True
abilities
11 . Thorndike b. ent I
Q.1. (D) Find odd one out.
l
Spearm an
__ _:_~ ~ - ---"'-:- ce \
1.
lll. C. Seven ary Koh's Block Design Test, Raven' s Coloure d
abilities Progres sive Matrice s, Alexan der's Pass-al ong
G-ardne r
I\ . d. lntelli ence test test, Merril Palmer Block Buildin g test
\ . Binet. e. Two factors of
2. Binet's Scale of Intellig ence, Wechsl er Scale
- \M.a.r 2020\ intelli~e nce I of Intellig ence, Army Genera l Classifi cation
Test, Koh's Block Design
Ans: i - c. ii - a.. iii - e, iv - b , v - d
Answers:
Q._L lCl State whether the following statements l. Raven' s Coloure d Progres sive Matrice s
are true or false. [1 Mark each} 2. Army General Classifi cation Test

l. lmcllig,eoce is essential for getting success , ' Q.1. [El Answer the following in one sentence
taking decisions. and so on . each. [1 Mark each]
2 Humans are proved to be supreme due to their
ioLc\\ig,ence . *1 What is meant by intelligence?
Ct:stall is.ed intell igence depends on one' s Ans: Intelligence
refers to the capacit y to
neurological development . underst and the world, think rational ly, and use
4.
fa.istent ial intelligence is one of the types of availabl e resourc es effectiv ely when faced
intelli gence given by Howard Gardn er. with challeng es.
S.
Su Francis Galton was an ass istant in 2.
Raymon d Cattell ' s laborato ry. Which psychologists believed that
6 intelligence is a set of multiple abilities?
In lhe Poi.1 First World War period, the
Lmportance of intelligence testing, increase d. Ans: Psychol ogists like E. L. Thornd ike, Louis
7.
Tne founh edition of Wechsler Adult T hurston e and Charles Spearm an believed
lntellig,ence Scale (WAJS) was rd east.:d by that intelligence is a set of multipl e abilities.
Karl Pe.arson . *3.
8. Who is considered as the father of
Binet assumed that me ntal development or a intelligence test?
person corresponds to his chronological age .
Ans: Alfred Binet is conside red as the father of
I intellige nce test.

-
4. Why wns WAIS dcsl~ncd'! 2. Prof. Shlnde a,tave an lntclll~cnce test to
Ans: Wechsler Adult lntclli gc11cc Sco la (WAIS) solve to Rnm, All, Snetrn and Mahck at the
wos designed to mensurc th e int elli gence of iuamc time. Bmied on the methods of'
ndult s nnd older udolcscont s. udmlnlstrntlon, what kind of Intelligence
fest did Prof. Shlndc use?
~- Who lntroducl'cl the concc1,t of mcntnl n2c'!
Ans: Group test of intelligence
Ans: Alfred Binet intrnch,ccd the concept or mcntnl
ngc . 3. l~njcsh wnnt11 to measure lntclll2ence of
Illiterate people. Dependln2 on the test
6. Whnt 111·(' the ty1les of lntclll~cnce tcsC.s material used, what type of lnC.elll2encc test
bt1scd on the mcehods of ndmlnlstrntlon? will he have to use'!
Ans: The two types of intelli gence tests based on Ans: Non-verbal (Paper pencil/ Performance) test
methods of admini strntion arc individual tests of intelligence
and group tests.
4. A researcher conducts an experiment to
*7. What is meant by :cst of
lndlvldual C assess an Individual's ability to monitor his
intelligence? own emotions and use this Information as
An s: Int elli gence test that ca n be admini stered to a a guide to his behaviour. Herc, which kind
single individual at a time is ca lled individual of Intelligence Is being measured by
test of intelli gence. researcher'?
Ans: Emotional intelligence
8. Which type of intelligence tests facllltate
mass testing'! IMar 20201 5. An automated robot was used to dispense
An s : Group tests o f intelli gence fac ilitate mass medicines at the Covid Care Center. The
testing. function of this automated robot is based
on which kind of intelligence? IMar 2022 J
*9. What is meant by verbal tests of Ans: Artificial Intelligence
intelligence'!
Ans : Intelligence tests that use language (words or Q.3. [A] Define/Explain the following concepts.
numbers) for measuring intelligence arc
ca lled verbal tests of intelligence . 1. Intelligencc !Mar 2020)
Ans: According to Lewis Terman , 'An ability to
10. Who proposed the term 'social
think on an abstract level is called
intelligence '?
Intelligence ' . According to David Wechsler,
An s: E.L. Thorndike, a psychologi st from ' Intelligence is the aggregate or global
Columbia University proposed the term social capacity of an individual to act purposefull y,
intelligence for the first time in 1920. to think rationally, and to deal effectively with
11. Who popularised the concept of emotional his environment ' .
intelligence '! ·k 2, Mental age
Ans: Daniel Goleman populari sed the concept of Ans: Mental age can be defin ed as the age at which
emoti onal intelli gence. an individual performs success fully on all
items of the test prepared for that age.
Q.2. Write answers to the following questions
based on examples. (2 Marks each] *3. Verbal tests of intelligence !Mar 20221
Ans:
1. Neha' s mental age is 18 while chronological i. Verbal tests of intelligence use language
(words or numbers) for measuring
age is 21. If we divide her mental age by
intelligence. In these tests, subjects arc
chronological age and multiple it by 100,
what the resulting number would required to respond verbally to test items.
represent? ii . e.g. Army Alpha Test, Wechsler's Adult
Ans: Intelligence Quoti ent (1.Q.) Intelligence Scale (WAIS).
------
----- --

Id
 Std. XII Arts: Perfect .Psychology

Verbal tests are useful to measur e higher Some examp les of group tests are Ann
iii.
mental abilities. These tests are also useful to Alpha Test, Anny Genera l Classifi cation Te~
differen tiate betwee n people having average and Raven' s Standa rd Progres sive Matrices.
intellig ence and those having above average 3. What are the disadvantages of group tests
in tel Iigence. of intelligence? IMar 20221
iv. Verba.I tests cannot be given to people having Ans: Intellig ence tests that can be administered to
different linguist ic backgro w1d, illiterat e more than one person at a time are called
people and small childre n . Further , these tes~s group test of intellig ence.
are culture bow1d and so, cannot be used 111 Disadv antages of group tests of intellige nce
different culture s. are as follows :-
I. The test admini strator has much less
*4. Social intelligence
opportw lity to establis h rapport , obtain co-
Ans: Accord ing to Karl Albrec ht , 'Social
operati on and maintai n interest of the clients.
intellig ence is the ability to get along well 11. Group test are less capable of measuring
wi th others, and to get them to cooper ate creative aspect of intelligence compared to
with onesel f. individual tests.

*5. Emotional intelligence I Q.3. [C] Compare and Contrast.

Ans: John M ayer and Peter Salovey defined
Emotio nal lntellig ence as the 'Ability to 1. Fluid intellig ence and CrystalJised
perceiv e and monito r one' s own and others intellig ence
emotio ns, to discrim inate among them and Ans:
to use this informa tion to guide one ' s thinkin g i. Fluid intelligence is dependent on neurological
and action ' . development while crystallised intelligence is
not dependent on one's neurological
GG - Gyan Guru development.
11. Fluid intellig ence is relative ly free from the
Emotio nal intellig ence has five influen ces of learnin g and experie nces.
compon ents : self-aw areness , self- Conver sely, crystall ised intellig ence is a
regulati on, self-mo tivation , empath y and functio n of one's educati onal attainm ent,
social skill s. acquire d experie nces and stock of
knowle dge.
,Q..3 . ['BJ Answer in 25-30 words. [2 Marks each] 2. Human intellig ence and Artificial
intellig ence
1. Ex.plain E. L. Thornd ike's perspective on Ans:
intellig ence. i. Artificial Intelligence is an innovation created
An s : E. L. Thorn di ke put forth three independent by human intelligence. In comparison to
abilities that can be ca lled intelligence. These Artificial Intelligence, human intellige nce is
abili ties are abstract intelli gence, social superior in nature.
0
intell igence and concrete intelli gence . 11. There are comparati vely no limitatio ns :
human intellige nce, but there are certain
2. Give e:umpl es of individual and group limitations to Artificial Intellig ence.
tests of intelligence. d on
iii . Du e to upgrad ed knowl edge base .
An s: Some exam pl es o f indi vidua l tests o f . ethics,
experi.ences, imagin ation, emotion s,
intell igence arc Bin et' s Sca le of . 11 · ce c:u1
and soci a l values human mte 1gen 5
Intelli ge nce, Wec hsler Sca le of Int elli gen ce, . ' decision
ke
lake compar ative ly more relevan t
Dr. Bh ati a' s Perform ance Test or
while Artifici al [ntellig ence can wed
Intelligenc e, Arthur Point Scal e and Koh' s . f stor
dec ision s only on the basis 0
Block Design . ____ ./
- -- ---- --- - informa tion .

i
 Q.4. Answer the following questions briefly.
1f Chapter 2: Intelligence

111. Accord ing to Spearm an, general factor is the

minimu m compet ence required to carry out
t. Explain Louis Thurst one's perspe ctive on daily work while specific factor includes
intellig ence. abilities which are required to solve problem s
Ans: in specific areas.
1. Louis Thursto ne propose d seven primary
*2. Intelligence QuotientG ·
abilities , each indepen dent of the other, which
Ans:
can be called intellig ence.
i. The concept of Intelligence Quotient (I.Q .)
11 . These seven primary abilities are verbal
was introduced by German psychologist
compre hension , word fluency , number
William Stern in 1912.
facility, spatial visualisation, assoc1at1ve
ii . Stern comput ed 1.Q. as a ratio of Mental Age
memory , perceptual speed and reasoni ng.
111. llmrsto ne also devised a test to measur e these (M .A.) to Chronological Age (C.A .). Thi s
abilities. formula is given as :

2. What led to the format ion of Binet-S imon (1.Q.) = Mental Age(M A)
Intellig ence Scale? Chronological Age(C. A)
Ans:
111. Later, Terman refined the formula of I.Q. by
1. In the beginni ng of the 20th Century , school
multiplying the ratio of M.A. and C.A. by
authori ties in Paris were keenly interested in
100. This formula is given as :
knowin g the reasons for repeate d failure of
certain student s in examin ation. (1.Q.) = Mental Age(M A) x
u. They were keen to know the reasons since no 100
Chronological Age(C. A)
medica l or environ mental factors were found
to be associa ted with the failure. *3. Non-verbal tests of intelligence
u1. This led to the formati on of Binet-S imon Ans:
Intellig ence Scale. 1. Non-verbal tests of intelligence use pictures ,
3. Verbal tests of intellig ence cannot be given designs and material objects to measure
to an illitera te person . Explain why. intelligence. In these tests, subjects are not
[Mar 2020] required to respond verbally to test items.
Ans: Verbal tests of intelligence cannot be given to ii. Non-verbal tests are of two types viz.
an illiterate person because: Performance testsG and Paper-pencil tests.
L These tests use languag e (words or numbers) m. e.g. Performance tests: Koh's Block Design
for measur ing intelligence. Test, Alexan der's Pass-along test,
11. In verbal tests, subjects are required to . Dr. Bhatia's Non-Verbal Test oflntell igence.
respond verbally to test items. 1v. e.g. Paper pencil tests: Raven's Standard
111 . An illiterate person may not be able to Progressive Matrices, Raven's Coloured
respond to these test items. Progressive Matrices.
v. Non-verbal tests can be given to people
Q.S. [A] Write short notes on the following. having different linguistic background,
[3 Marks each] illiterate people and small children.
Performance tests · are especially · useful to
* l. Charle s Spearm an's theory of intelligence measure intelligence of differently abled
Ans: people. Non-verbal tests are culture free and
1. In 1927, Charles Spearm an separated and so, can be used in different cultures .
identified two different factors of intelligence vi . Non-verbal tests are less suitable to measure
with the help of a statistical method called higher and subtle mental abilities. These tests
factor analysis. are also less suitable to differentiate between
11. These factors of intelligence are General people having average intelligence and those
factor (g) and Specific factor (s). having above average intelligence.
!Jtd. XII Art1: Perfect P1yehology
~
1
4, ArOflc\al lntem icncc #2. State the characteristics of peop·Je ~
A"":
high and low emotional intelligence. ~ = ==
2.
\. Artific ial lnt.cllifbc;ncc is an innovation created AnJ:
by 'human int.clliS',,-..icc. i. People having high emotio nal intellig ence All
ii . Artifi cial Intelligence refers to enabling emotionally stable, patient, optim i;
machines or the software programmes indepe ndent, happy , enthusiastic, calm ~
runnin g th ose machines to think and learn satisfie d.
through experience, just like human beings . 11. Conve rsel y , people having low emotional
I I.
iii . It ill a fi eld of study that combines compu ter intellig ence are emotio nally unstable.
science, 1:1l~orithmg, languages, philosophy impati ent, pess1m1stic, depend ent, sad.
and psycho logy . apathe tic, restles s and dissati sfie.d
U l.
iv . Today , Artificial lntellig ence is used on a 111. People with high emotio nal intellig ence COP'
lar~c Kcalc to perform various daily routine with variou s challen ges in life in an effecti~ ! \" .

Uutks ag well as to solve various critical manne r than those havin g low emotional
problem s . intellig ence. Hence , those with high
emotio nal inte11igence are more likely to be V.
v. e.g. It is used for speech recogn ition, natural
lan~ua gc proces sing., spam filterin g from succes sful in a compe titive world .
emails , medica l diagno sing, detecti ng fraud s
in econom ic transac tions, weathe r forecas ting, For your unders tandin g •I I

etc. * I.
Now a days, emotio nal intellig ence is gi ven more
vi . There are cc-rtain limitati ons to Artifici al
Intellig ence. lt can take decisions only on th e
import ance than schola stic intellig ence. This is I Ar
becaus e emotio nally intellig ence people have I \.
basis of stored inform ation .
sound psycho logical health and so, they are able)
vii . 1lcncc, Artific ial Intelli gence cannot be an
to lead a happy life .
option to human int.clli gcnce in a real sense.
11.

' The A~e o f A.I .' is a web i,crics hosted by

Robert Downe y Jr. It explore s how A .I. has
shaped the world around us. The first epi sode of
\ Q.6. Answer the follow ing in 80-100 words.
J
the scricB a ired on l!S' 1' Decem ber 20 19. 1. Explai n Gardn er's theory of intelligence.
!Note: Ans: 111.
Scan the () . R. Code in Quill _ • .
~
' I. Howar d Gardne r in his theory of multiple
The /'odhol App tu watch one of the · intellig ence asserte d that there are nine
episode s from th e scrieK. I (!l · .:1 indepe ndent types of intellig ence.
I I. These nine types are:
\ Q.S. LB) Answer the following In S0-60 words. I
' a. Lingui stic intellig ence iv
b. Logica l-mathe matica l intellig ence
I. 1<:xplal n C attell and Horn's theory of C. Spatial intellig ence
lntclllgcncc.
d. Musica l intellig ence
An":
e. Bodily -kinest hetic intellig ence
i. Raymo nd Cattell with hi !i student John Horn
f. Interpe rsonal intellig ence
proposed .a the,J ry O 1· ·mtc 1, ·tgcncc explain
ing g. Intra-p ersonal intellig ence V.
two types ~f i~tclli gence, Ouid intellig ence
and cryi;t.allt Kcd mtclli gcnce. h. Natura listic intellig ence
ii. Accordin g to them, tluid intelligence is I. Existential intellig ence
Ill. All types of the above mentio ned intelhge . ~
dcpcnd cnt on neu ro logical development. ri
O n th e other hand, crystallised intelli gence is grow and develo p differe ntly in differcrit
iii. .
a function of one' s educati onal attainm ent people dependm g upon their hered•'(\,
. . ntsl
acq11ircd experie nces and stock of knowledge.' c h arac tenst1cs and environrne
experiences.
 Chapter 2: Intelligence

v1. In 1917, Rober t Yerkes with his colleagues

2. Explain Karl Albre cht's views relating to
prepared Army Alpha and Army Beta
social intelligence.
intelligence tests which were used while
Ans:
recruiting soldiers in the army.
1. According to Karl Albrecht, our behavi our
v11. In I 939, Army General Classification Test was
towards others falls somewhere on a spectrum
used on a large scale while recruiting soldiers in
between toxic behaviour and nourishing
the army during the Second World War.
behaviour.
ii. Devaluing others , . refusing co-operation, v111. In 1939, David Wechs ler publis hed the
negative talking and discouraging others are Wechs ler-Be llevue Intelli gence Scale. It
some of the examples of toxic behaviour. was revise d in I 955 and renam ed as
A continued pattern of toxic behaviour Wechs ler Adult Intelli gence Scale (WAIS ).
iii.
indicates a low level of social intelligence. The fourth edition of this test (WAIS -IV)
1v. Respecting others, co-operating with them, was release d in 2008 by Karl Pearso n.
Wechs ler also develo ped Wechs ler
positive talking and encouraging others are
some of the examples of nourishing behaviour. Intelli gence Scale for Childr en (WISC ).
v. A continued pattern of nourishing behaviour 1x. Besides these tests, many other psychologists
indicates a high level of social intelligence. have developed various intelligence tests.

*2. 'Intell igence testing has a wide usage in

Q. 7. Answer the following questions in detail.
various areas' . Justif y with examp les.
*1. Write in detail about the history of OR
intelligence testing. Expla in the applic ations of intelli gence
Ans: testing in variou s areas. [Mar 2022]
1. Paul Broca and Sir Francis Galton were Ans: Measu remen t of intelli gence began with the
among the first scientists to think about need of knowi ng individ ual differe nces. In
measuring intelligence. today' s worlds, intelli gence testing has its
11. In mid 1880s, Sir Francis Galton administered applications in divers e fields such as
a battery of tests measuring variables such as educational institutes, child guidan ce
head size, reaction time, visual accuracy, centres, diagno stic clinics , indust ries etc.
auditory threshold, breathing capacity, etc. He Intelli gence testing has wide applic ations in
assumed that the larger the skull, the smarter diverse fields as fol.lows:
the person. His test did not prove very useful. i. Effect ive school ing: Intelli gence tests
111. During early 1890s, Raymond Cattell used the enable teachers to classif y studen ts into
term 'mental test' for the first time. He different intellectual catego ries and devise
expanded Sir Francis Galton 's ideas by special instructional progra ms to enhan ce
emphasising that test administration must be their mental develo pment . Such progra ms
standardised so that results are comparable. also contrib ute to develo pment of
1v. In I 905, Alfred Binet published the first scale educat ionally backw ard students.
of intelligence in collaboration with Theodore ii. Menta l health aiding: Intelli gence tests
Simon . The Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale enable clinicians to measu re the intellectual
consists of several components such as logical levels of their clients. These tests are
reasoning, finding rhyming words and naming helpful for diagno stic purpos es, progno sis
objects. This scale was revised in 1908 and and for deciding the therap eutic or
191 I. rehabilitative programs.
v. In 1916, Lewis Terman from Stanford iii. Effect ive parenting: Intelligence tests help
University revised the Binet-Simon
parents to know the intellectual capaci ties
Intelligence Scale. He established new age of their child. So, IQ scores help parent s in
nonns and extended the upper age limit of the
provid ing releva nt educational facilities to
scale. This revised test was known as Stanford
their child and to set realist ic expect ations
Binet Test. It was revised in l 93 7, 1960,
from their children.
1972, 1986 and 2004.
 Std. XU Arts! Perfect Psychology
Career counselling: intelligence tests he lp 11. Psy chologists like E. L. Thomdike, Lo .
srudents to choose a career that is sui table Thurstone, Charles Spearman did lits
to their intellectuaJ capacities. This reduces believe in the unitary notion of intellige not 4.
. "" nee
their chances of failure, waste of time as !°ey. came up with the theory tha~
well as money and increases th e ir mtelhgence is composed of multiple
abilities . i.
possibi lities of being successful.
ii.
Voatioa.ar6 coaaseUing: Intelligence tests
b.elp people to choose the most suitable *2. Write in brief about individuaJ tests or ill.
intelligence iv.
vocarion. It helps in reducing the problems
All
of absenteeism~ job dissatisfaction and Points:
I.
in.creases the possibiliries of livi ng a i. Meaning ii. Advantages
satisfied and happy life. iii Disadvantages
+-J. Explain the cb.ara.cteristics of people Ans: II.

b~ving bigb IOci.aJ· intelligence. I. intelligence tests that can be adminjstered to a

Aru : single individual at a time are called
111 .
L People having high social intelligence are individual tests of intel1igence.
good at understanding and interacting with
ii. Advantages of such tests are that the test
others.
administrator can establish rapport with the
IL They have the ability to monitor their verbal and
client. During testing, he can get additional iv.
non-verbaJ expressions while cormnw:ricaring.
information about the client' s feelings, moods
llL They are good speakers and active listeners.
and expressions. Individual tests are more
iv . They are sk.iUed at assessing the emotions,
motiv ations, desires and intentions of others.
capable of measuring creative thinking
compared to group test.
C
V. They have a good understanding of social {NOi
dynamics. Ill. individual tests are time consuming and costly
subj c
Vl. They are flexible in their approach while to administer than group tests. Further, these
1.
dealing with others. tests require a trained and skilful examiner to
V IL They are goal-oriented, persistent and administer, score and interpret them.
self-confident. *3. i.
Write in brief about group tests of
V JJJ. They can effectively resolve conflicts in ii.
intelligence.
social context.
Points:
""- They are successful negotiators. iii.
They enhance personal and professional L Meaning ii Advantages
X.
relationships with others. UL Disadvantages iv.
Ans: v.
Q..8. Answer the following questions with the
help of the given points. [5 Marks each] 1. Intelligence tests that can be administered to
more than one person at a time are called Ans:
1. Exp.lain the penpective§ on intemgence group tests of intelligence.
with respect to: 11. Group tests are less time-consuming and 2.
L JnulHgence as a single and general ability economical to administer than individual
iL fnt.elligence as a set of multiple abilities tests. In group tests, the role of the examiner
Ana: is minimal and hence, he need not go through i.
,. Psychologists like Alfred Binet, Lewis any specialised training.
Terman , David Wechsler believed that 111. The test administrator has much Jess
intelligence is a sing le and general ability. ii.
opportunity to establish rapport, obtairl
They believed in the unitary notion o f co-operation and maintain interest of clients-
intell igence. They explained th at only the These tests are less capable of measunn"'
• 0

fu nctions of intelligence take different form s creative aspect of intelligence compared ro

1,ut. csS<.,-ntially it is the same ability. individual tests. _.-/
:· 26
4. Explain cognitive abilities which together
T Ans:
Chapter 2: Intelligence

Mental Age (MA)

comprise emotional intelligence with I.Q. -------=---'- ---'- x JOO
Chronological Age (C.A)
respect to:
i. Perceiving emotions I. Aabha 's J.Q . can be calculated as:
ii. Using emotions 14
I.Q. = -:- X 100 = 175
iii. Understanding emotions 8
iv. Managing emotions 11. Mayur' s I.Q . can be calculated as:
6
Ans: I. Q. = - x I 00 = 75
1. Perceiving emotions refer to the ability to 8
identify and interpret emotions of self as well 3. Make a chart listing the advantages and
as others. disadvantages of individual tests of
11. Using emotions relate to the ability to use intelligence. (Textbook pg. no I 6)
emotions to facilitate various cognitive Ans: Refer Q.8. - 2.
activities like thinking and problem solving.
4. Make a chart listing the advantages and
m. Understanding emotions relate to the ability to
disadvantages of group tests of intelligence.
understand emotional language and (Textbook pg. no 16)
comprehend relations among various
Ans: Refer Q. 8. - 3.
emotions.
1v. Managing emotions refers to the ability to 5. Study the specimen of verbal test of
regulate emotions of self and others. intelligence given below:
Verbal test of intelligence
Activities Choose the correct option :
i. Shoe - Foot : : Hat - .............. .
[Note: The answers of activities will be very a. Kitten b. Head c. Knife
subj ective. The answers provided are for reference.] ii. Eye - Head : : Window - ........... .
1. Read the following sentences and decide a. Key b. Floor c. Room
whether the given sentences are facts or (Textbook pg. no 17)
just beliefs about intelligence: (Students are expected to do this activity on
their own)
i. Intelligence is something that is inborn.
ii. Students who are intelligent can get good 6. Read the following examples:
marks in examinations. i. Chetan, a very intelligent adult, fails to
ill. Students who do not get good marks in cope up with the simple challenges in life.
examinations are less intelligent. He feels very lonely. His relations with
iv. People who are intelligent are very smart. parents, wife and colleagues are extremely
problematic.
v. Intelligent people can impress anyone by
(Textbook pg. no 12) ii. Sagar, a bank manager has good relations
their talk.
iii. Belief with others. But, sometimes he becomes angry
Ans: i. Belief 11. Fact
without reason and talks rudely to his
iv. Fact v. Fact
subordinates.
2. Read the following examples. Using the iii. Anil, a young entrepreneur, got very less
formula, calculate the I.Q. of the following marks in his degree examination. However,
students: by his hard work, excellent communication
i. Aabha is a genius girl. Her chronological skills and ability to maintain friendly
age is 8 years and her mental age is 14 relations with all, he has become successful
years. Find out her I.Q. in his business and is living his life very
ii. Mayor has learning disabilities. His happily.
chronological age is 8 years and his mental (Textbook pg. no 18)
age is 6 years. Find out bis I.Q. (Students are expected to do this activity on
(Textbook pg. no 15) their own)
 Std. XII Arts: Perfect Psycho
log y -:.. ;;.. -.-- .;:; 11i!"'.:.:.========~=~d~lf':":== = ~b~ =
7.
- --
Read the examples ~lven In Ac
tivit y 6 ; gain
9 Study the ,erences =~
ctwccn th; '=
and decide the positions of Ch · characteristics of people
elan, 11 "ar having high Q
and Anll on the following emotional Intelligence and
spectrum of low emotional
behaviour . Intelligence and think abo ut
what you can
do to develop your emotional
lntelli gence1
(f'e xtbnok pg no 20; Q
An s:
l ,0 w
Level of Social
Avcrngc I. Re.fer Q.5 . BJ - 2.
Level of Social
Intellige nce ii . So me of the ways in which I
l111clli gc11 cc can dev elop and

(Texthoo k pg. no 19) a.

improve my emoti onal intellig
Res ponding and not reacting
ence are: [
to a conflict or
differenc e of opinion Q
Chetan : Low level of soc ial intelli b By using an assertive and not Q
gence aggressive form
Sagar: Average level of soc ial inte of communication
lligence
Anil : High level of soc ial intelli gen C. Actively listening and allowin
ce g the speaker to
completely present a point of vie
w Q
Rea d the following examples: d. Taking criticism in a constru
tive way and
Megha is always afraid of avoid getting offended or being
getting less defensive
marks in examinations. Th e. Employ empathy and open
erefore, she the door for
al11•ays becomes restless and avo mutual respect and understandin
ids going to g
college. 10. Discuss how the following
Shailesh, an ordinary worke devices use
r in a textile Artificial Intelligence:
mill earns 10,000 salary i. Computers
per mon'th. ii. Self-driving cars
Th ough having some financial iii. Robots
problems, he
never feels anxious, he und iv. Medical diagnostic tools
erstands the Q
problems of others, helps nee v.
dy people and Translation devices
lives bis life happily. (Textb vi.
ook pg. no 19) Automatic Missiles
(St udents are exp ected to do vii. Chatbots, etc.
this activity on (Textbook pg. no :O!
their own)
(Students are exp ect ed to
do this activity on
the ir own)

Time: 1 hr Chapter Assessment

Total Marks: 25
Q. J. Wr ite wh ether the foll
owing statements are 'True'
or 'False'.
1.
A continu ed pattern of tox ic beh 131
avi our indica tes a low level of soc
2.
Indi vidua l tests are useful for ma ial intelligence.
ss tes ting.
3. Existential intell igence is one of
the typ es of intelligence g·ive b
H
Q.2 . An swer the following que n y oward Gardner.
stions in one sentence each.
I. Wh o is consid ere d as the fath er
of inte lli gence tes t? 121
2. Wh al is meant by verba l tests of
intelli gence?
Q.3. Explain the following con
cepts in 25 to 30 words each.
(Any 2)
J. Emotional intelligence
[4)

:,..;a
.
2. Int elligence
3.
~ ._.:_:__ ~Soc-
ial intelligenc e
_::_------
~ - - - --
- - -- -
 Chapter 2: Intelligence

Q.4. Write short notes on the following topics in 50 to 60 words each. (Any 2) [6)
1. Intelligence Quotient
2. Artificial Intelligence
3. Charles Speannan 's theory of intelligence
Q.5. Answer the following questions in 150 to 200 words each. (Any I) 1101
I. Explain the characteristics of people having high social intelligence.
2. Write in detail about the history of intelligence testing.

Answers
Q.1. I. True 2. False 3. True

Q.2. 1. Alfred Binet is considered as the father of intelligence test.

nce are called
2. Intelligence tests that use language (words or numbers) for measuring intellige
verbal tests of intelligence.
to perceive and
Q.3. l. John Mayer and Peter Salovey defined Emotional Intelligence as the 'Ability
this information
monitor one's own and others emotions, to discriminate among them and to use
to guide one's thinking and action'.
Intelligence'.
2. According to Lewis Terman, 'An ability to think on an abstract level is called
an individual to
According to David Wechsler, 'Intelligence is the aggregate or global capacity of
act purposefully, to think ra~ionally, and to deal effectively with his environment'.
others, and to
3. According to Karl Albrecht, 'Social intelligence is the ability to get along well with
get them to cooperate with oneself.
Q.4. I.
ogist William
I. The concept of Intelligence Quotient (I.Q.) was introduced by German psychol
Stem in 1912.
This formula
11. Stem computed I.Q. as a ratio of Mental Age (M.A.) to Chronological Age (C.A.).
is given as:
= Mental Age(MA)
(I. Q .)
Chronological Age(C.A)
by l 00. This
111. Later, Terman refined the formula of 1.Q. by multiplying the ratio of M.A. and C.A.
formula is given as:
(I.Q.) = Mental Age(MA) x 100
Chronological Age(C.A)
2.
1. Artificial Intelligence is an innovation created by human intelligence.
running those
11. Artificial Intelligence refers to enabling machines or the software programmes
machines to think and learn through experience, just like human beings.
hy and
111. It is a field of study that combines computer science, algorithms, languages, philosop
psychology.
routine tasks as
1v. Today, Artificial Intelligence is used on a large sca le to perform various daily
well as to solve various critical problems.
from emails,
v. e.g. It is used for speech recognition, natural languag e process ing, spam filtering
etc.
medical diagnosing, detecting frauds in economic transactions, weatJ1er forecasting,
on the basis of
vi. There are certain limitations to Artificial Intelligence. It can take decisions only
stored information.
sense.
vii. Hence, Artificial Intelligence cannot be an option to human intelligence in a real
 ~ ~~~~~~==:L
f.,=
-=
:::=-
St d. XJI Arts: p

3.
erfect~

In 1927 Charles sp ea rm an --
' . .
he lp o f a sratLStJ
cal m~tb
od
cPnarated and I.d t'fied two diff
ca
-r
ll ed factor anal ys
en 1 1
.
is .
=~====~---
erent factors o f
intelligen ce
'
With - - -
~
u. These factors o Ge factor (g) and Spe
f intelligen ce ar
e I ci fi c factor (s ).
. an ge ne ral fane ra . th m in im
Ill . Accordmg to S ctor um competenc
work ,,-rule spec pe an n · . 1
s e e required to ca
ific factor in cludes a btTt fie s which are required to
ny out dail·
so lve problems m .
areas. Specj~
!

Q.5. l.
I. People ha ,·ing hi
eh soci·al m · te u·
1gence are g ood at un de rs ta nd in g
-
lb ev ha \'e th e ab · ':' an d in te ra ct in
11.
ility to m orut· or th · rbal and non- verb . g with ot hers .
Th e~ - are good speake er r ve al express10ns whi.
Ill .
T h ~ are ~kill ed at rs and ac ti ve li st en er s. le commum.catm .
I\ '. assessing th e em
g.
,·. ot io ns , m ot iv at io ns , de si . _
Th e~- ha ve a go re s an d m te nt 1o
od un de rs ta nd in
\ l. Toe;- are fl exible in th g
ei r ap pr oa ch w
o f so ci al dy na m ic s. ns o f ot he rs .
\ U , They are go hi le de al in g w it
al-ori en te d, pe rs h ot he rs .
\'111. T oe v ca
is te nt an d se lf -c
n effectiv el y re on fi de nt .
so lve co nf li ct s
ix. T he y are su cc es in so ci al co nt ex
sf ul ne go ti at or s. t.
x.. T he y en ha nc e pe
rs on al an d pr of
es si on al re la ti on
2. sh ip s w it h ot he
rs .
L Paul Broca an
d Sir Francis
intelligence. Galton w er e am
on g th e first
sc ie nt is ts to th
lL In m id 1880s, Si in k ab ou t mea
r Fr an ci s G al to suring
size , reaction ti n ad m in is te re d a ba
me, visual accu tt er y o f te st s m
th e la rger the sk racy, au di to ry ea su ri ng va ri ab
ull, th e sm ar te r th re sh ol d, br ea th in le s su ch as head
UL th e person. H is g ca pa ci ty , et c.
D ur in g ea rly 18 te st di d no t pr ov H e as su m ed tba
90s, R ay m on d e ve ry us ef ul .
S ir Francis Gal Cattell us ed th e
ton ' s ideas by te rm ' m en ta l te
results are compa em ph as is in g th st ' fo r th e fi rs t
rable. at te st ad m in is tr at ti m e. H e ex pa
io n m us t be st nd ed
JV .
Io 1905, Alfre d an da rd is ed so
B in et pu bl is he d th at
Simon. Toe B th e first sc al e
inet-S im on Inte o f in te ll ig en ce
· fi lligence Scale in co ll ab or at io
reasonm g, m .d.m g rb ym · ds d consists o f se ve
ra l co m po ne nt
n w it h T he od
or e
In 19 16 , Lewis T m g wor an n · b. · s su ch
er m an from Stan ~ m g ~ ~ects: This 1 · l
ford U m vers1ty sc al e w as re vi se
es ta bl is hed ne w
age norms and reVIsed th e Bin d in 19 08 anas d
og ic a
ex te nd ed th e up et-slill· In t 19 1 1.
known as Stan fo . T I pe r age limit o on .
V1. ln J917, Rober
rd B m et es t. · ~
tw as re vise m 19 .., - f th e sc al e T he.111g en ce S ca le H e
t Yerkes w ith ~ 7, 1960, 19 .
his colleagues 72, 1986 an d• 1s reV1sed te st ·
te st s w hi ch w
ere used w hi.le pr ep ar ed A nn y A 20 04 w as
re cr u1 .. Id. . lp ha an d A nn
VI I. ln )939 A nn y tm g so th
1ers m . e arm y. v B. •
General Classif
ication Test w as ., et a m te lh.oe
th e army' du rin g used on a large ~
nc e
the Se co nd Wor sc al e w
Vl ll . In 19 39 D ld W ar . hi le re cr u ·t ·
av id Wechs ler 1
m g so ld ie
19 55 an'd re na m published the W ·
ed as Wechsler ec hs le r- B el le vu rs m
A . e In te ll ig en ce Sc
(W AIS-JV) w du lt Intelligence Sc al e. It was
as released in ale (W AlS ). The .
Intelligence Sc al .
20 08 by Karl Pearson . fo ur th ed it io n re f
vi se d .
. 1n
e for C hi ld re n (W Wechs ler al so 0
th
IX . B es id es these tests, IS C ). de ve lo pe d W is t
m an y ot he r ps yc es t
ho logists ha ve de ec hs ie
veloped various r
intelligence te st
s.