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Movement in and out of cells diffusion
Movement in and out of cells
• Everything – including living cells – is made of atoms, molecules and ions.
• These particles are always moving. The higher the temperature, the faster they
move.
• This is because the particles have more kinetic energy at higher temperatures.
The more kinetic energy they have, the faster they move.
Movement in and out of cells diffusion Movement in and out of cells diffusion
Diffusion: the net movement of molecules and ions from a region
of their higher concentration to a region of their lower
concentration down a concentration gradient, as a result of their
random movement.
solution溶液
solvent溶剂
solute溶质
concentration浓度
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Movement in and out of cells Diffusion in living organisms Movement in and out of cells diffusion
Carbon dioxide
Oxygen
alveoli
Cell membranes are freely
permeable to oxygen and carbon
dioxide, so theses easily diffuse into
and out of cells.
alveoli肺泡
Movement in and out of cells diffusion Movement in and out of cells diffusion
ileum scent
ileum回肠 scent气味
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Movement in and out of cells diffusion Movement in and out of cells diffusion- investigate how surface area affects diffusion
Factors of diffusion
♦ surface area
♦ temperature
♦ concentration gradient
♦ distance
a dish containing agar jelly a sharp knife plastic or blunt-ended
+ a little bit of weak alkali forceps (tweezers)
(e.g. ammonium hydroxide)
+ cresol red (dye)
Movement in and out of cells diffusion- investigate how surface area affects diffusion Movement in and out of cells diffusion- investigate how surface area affects diffusion
Safety
Take care with the acid.
Wear safety glasses in case of splashes.
If you spill it, clean up the spills immediately, using plenty of cold water.
Take care with the sharp blade.
Cut with the blade facing away from you.
ruler Large test-tubes stopwatch
Place the jelly on a firm surface before you start to cut it.
some dilute hydrochloric acid
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Movement in and out of cells diffusion- investigate how surface area affects diffusion Movement in and out of cells diffusion- investigate how surface area affects diffusion
1. Cut two cubes of agar jelly, with sides of 1 cm.
The jelly cubes contained a weak alkali and cresol red, which is an indicator.
Explain why the cubes changed colour.
2. Cut one of the cubes into four smaller cubes, each with sides of 0.5 cm.
Complete these sentences, choosing the correct words.
3. Put the large cube into a test-tube. Put the four small cubes into the other test-
tube.
The time taken for the four small cubes to completely change colour was
greater / smaller than the one single cube.
4. Add equal volumes of dilute hydrochloric acid to each tube, making sure that
This is because the surface area / volume of the small cubes was greater /
all of the cubes are covered with acid.
smaller than for the single cube.
5. Start the stopwatch. Time how many seconds it takes for the cubes in each
test-tube to become fully yellow.
Movement in and out of cells diffusion- investigate other factors that affect diffusion Movement in and out of cells diffusion- investigate other factors that affect diffusion
Temperature, concentration gradient, distance
It is important that no variables, other than the one you are investigating,
The variable that you change in your experiment is called the independent affect your experiment. Which variables will you standardise (keep the same)
variable. What is the independent variable in your experiment? in your experiment? How will you do this?
Think about how you can change your independent variable. Decide how Write a short, clear description of how you will do your experiment.
many different values you will have.
Draw a results chart that you could use to fill in your results. Include
The variable that you measure, as you collect your results, is the dependent headings, but do not put in any results (unless you are able to actually do your
variable. What is the dependent variable in your experiment? experiment, of course).
Describe how you will measure your dependent variable. Predict what you would expect to find in your experiment.
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Movement in and out of cells osmosis Movement in and out of cells osmosis
Water can make up around 80% of some organisms’ bodies and acts as a solvent for
many different substances. For example:
• when we swallow food, some of it dissolves in water in the alimentary canal,
where it can be acted on by enzymes which are also dissolved in water
• the kidneys excrete urea dissolved in water, to form urine
• substances are transported around the body dissolved in the water in blood plasma
Movement in and out of cells osmosis Movement in and out of cells osmosis
There are concentration gradients inside and outside the cell, down which water and Water (solvent)
solutes will diffuse, if they are able to pass through the membrane. High water potential → low water potential (net movement)
The term concentration is normally
used to mean the concentration of the Osmosis
solute dissolved in the water. The diffusion of water molecules from a region of higher
water potential (dilute solution) to a region of lower water
A dilute solution (where there is a lot potential (concentrated solution), through a partially
of water) has a high water potential. permeable membrane.
partially permeable membrane 半透膜
A concentrated solution (where there water potential水势
is less water) has a low water potential. dilute稀薄的
concentrated浓的
osmosis渗透作用
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Movement in and out of cells osmosis Movement in and out of cells Osmosis - using dialysis tubing to investigate osmosis
Which is larger – a water molecules or a sugar molecule ?
What is meant by a partially permeable membrane?
How would you describe a solution that has a high concentration
of water molecules?
• a dropper pipette
• a stopwatch
• at least two different concentrations of
sugar solution.
Movement in and out of cells Osmosis - using dialysis tubing to investigate osmosis Movement in and out of cells Osmosis - using dialysis tubing to investigate osmosis
1. Collect a piece of dialysis tubing. Put a few drops of water on it to soften it, and rub it
gently between your fingers until it opens. Tie one end of it around itself in a tight knot. 7. You can now try repeating your experiment, but this time use a different
concentration of sugar solution. This is quite tricky to do, because you will need
2. Use a dropper pipette to carefully fill the piece of tubing with the most concentrated to take your apparatus apart to change the sugar solution. Record your results
sugar solution. using the new sugar solution.
3. Place a long, narrow glass tube into the dialysis tubing. Use some strong thread to tie 8. On a large sheet of graph paper, draw a line graph for your first set of results.
the dialysis tubing very tightly around the glass tube. Remember that the independent variable goes on the x-axis, and the dependent
variable goes on the y-axis.
4. Place the dialysis tubing inside a beaker of water. Support the glass tube using a retort
stand, boss and clamp. 9. If you were able to repeat the experiment with a different sugar solution, plot
another graph on the same pair of axes.
5. Mark the level of the liquid inside the glass tube.
6. Every two minutes, record the level of liquid inside the glass tube.
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Movement in and out of cells Osmosis - using dialysis tubing to investigate osmosis Movement in and out of cells osmosis
Explain why the liquid moved up the glass tube.
Why would plants wilt if we put too much fertilization into soil ?
Use your graph for the first set of results to work out the mean rate at which the
liquid moved up the tube, in mm per second.
Why would plants fresh again in pure water ?
If you were able to repeat the experiment with a different sugar solution, compare
the two sets of results. Can you explain any differences between them?
Imagine you are able to use dialysis tubing with ridges on it, instead of a smooth
surface. Predict how this might affect your results. Explain your prediction.
Suggest how you could modify this experiment to find out how temperature
affects the rate of osmosis. Predict the results you would expect.
Movement in and out of cells osmosis Movement in and out of cells Osmosis and animal cells
Cell membrane
Partially permeable membrane
Animal cells (in pure water or dilute solution)
The cytoplasm inside the cell is a fairly Water diffuse into cell through permeable
concentrated solution. The protein and membrane
many other substances dissolved in it are
too large to get through the cell membrane. Cell swell → burst
partially permeable半透性的 swell膨胀
fully permeable全透性的 burst爆发，爆裂
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Movement in and out of cells Osmosis and animal cells Movement in and out of cells Osmosis and plant cells
plant cells (in pure water)
Animal cells (in concentrated solution) Water diffuse into cell through partially permeable
membrane by osmosis.
Water diffuse out of cell through permeable
The cytoplasm presses out against the cell wall, but
membrane
the wall resists and presses back on the contents.
Cell shrink
Turgid
Turgor pressure – stay upright and keep firm
turgid浮肿的
shrink收缩 turgor肿胀
elastic有弹性的
inelastic缺乏弹性的
Movement in and out of cells Osmosis and plant cells Movement in and out of cells Osmosis and plant cells
plant cells (in concentrated solution)
Water diffuse out of cell through permeable
membrane, the cytoplasm stops pushing What is meant by a turgid cell ?
outwards on the cell wall.
How is plasmolysis ?
flaccid (floppy) How can plasmolysis be brought about?
(in very concentrated water)
The cell memebrane tears away from the cell wall.
plasmolysed
flaccid(floppy) 松弛的
plasmolysed 质壁分离的
plasmolysis 质壁分离
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Movement in and out of cells Investigating the effect of osmosis on potato strips Movement in and out of cells Investigating the effect of osmosis on potato strips
1. Peel and cut the potato.
• a large potato
• a sharp knife or other way to peel the 2. Pour solutions into three beakers and label.
potato 3. Place two potato strips into each liquid, making sure they are completely covered.
• a cork borer to cut cylinders from the
4. Leave the potato strips in their liquids for about 20 minutes. While you are
potato (or you can use the knife to cut
strips) waiting, construct a results chart. You can fill in the original lengths of the strips.
• a ruler to measure in mm 5. After 20 minutes, take the potato strips out of their solutions. Measure the length
• three containers such as small beakers
of each one again. Record the new lengths.
• some distilled water, a dilute sugar
solution and a concentrated sugar 6. Calculate the change in length of each strip. Remember to say whether it has got
solution. longer (a positive change) or shorter (a negative change)
Movement in and out of cells Active transport
When an animal cell is placed in pure water, water____________________ the cell
by ____________________ through the partially permeable cell
____________________.
What will happen the concentration of matter in and out of
cells for long time by diffusion or osmosis?
Animal cells burst if they are placed in pure water, but plant cells do not. Explain
why.
energy
Here are some descriptions of what happens to a plant cell when it is placed in a
concentrated solution. Write the descriptions in the correct order.
1. The cytoplasm and vacuole shrink.
2. The cell membrane is pulled away from the cell wall.
3. Water moves out of the cell through the partially permeable cell membrane.
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Movement in and out of cells Active transport Movement in and out of cells Active transport
Active transport
The movement of molecules and ions in or out of a cell through the cell
membrane against a concentration gradient, using energy from respiration
active transport 主动运输
carrier protein 载体蛋白
Movement in and out of cells Active transport Movement in and out of cells Active transport
Compare active transport, osmosis, diffusion
diffusion osmosis Active transport
Discuss the importance of active transport?
Need partially
permeable membrane
direction
Need energy or not
Need transport protein
or not
examples
