Theme - 4 GEOMETRY| [INES AND ANGLES 16 REVIEW 1. POINT : A point is a mark of position, which has no P ength, no breadth and no thickness. In general, a fine dot Fin marked with a very sharp edged pencil represents a point. A it is represented by a capital letter as shown alongside. pan 2. LINE: A line has length, but no breadth or thickness. The given figure shows a line AB in which two arrow- ag¢____,, heads in opposite directions show that it can be extended infinitely in both the directions. 7. A line may be straight or curved but when we say ‘a line’ it means a straight line | only. (i) ————— (ii) —— i} on ee (A line or a straight line) (Curved lines) 2. Each line, whatever be its length, has an infinite number of points in it. 3. RAY : It is a straight line which starts from a fixed point and moves in the same direction. Sy The given figure shows a ray AB with fixed initial point. A*—————_°8 A and moving in the direction AB. * A ray is a line whose one end is fixed and the other end is variable which extends infinitely in one direction of the line. 0) ———— (ii) <—_— A B A B > = < (Ray AB) (Ray BA or ray AB) * Any number of rays can be drawn through the same fixed point. € 4. LINE SEGMENT : It is a straight line with its both ends ,4~———___—*8 fixed. The given figure shows a line segment, whose both the ends A and B are fixed. + A line segment has a definite length, which can be measured. * Through any two fixed points, one and only one line segment can be drawn. + If two line segments have equal lengths, the line segments are said to be equal- (492) Conese MATHEMATICS Midcle school —71, The adjoining figure shows a line AB which can be extended upto infinity on its both sides. , eo 2 A line AB is represented by AB or BA. = 2, The adjoining figure shows a ray AB (AB) with fixed end as point A and which can be extended upto infinity through point B. It is clear from the figure, that a ray ay a5 (48) is a part of a line 3, The adjoining figure shows a line segment AB with fixed 8 ends A and B. Aline segment AB is represented by AB Line segment AB (AB) Itis clear from the different figures, that a line segment is apart of a ray as well as of a line. Also, a line segment is, the shortest distance between two fixed points. 1, Collinear points : If three or more points lie onthe <—s —s » > same straight line (as shown alongside), the points ARLE AIS ; eee are said to be collinear points aa orine oad 2. Intersecting lines : When two lines intersect (meet) each other at one point only, the lines are called intersecting lines and the point at which these lines intersect is called their point of intersection. In the given figure, lines AB and CD are intersecting lines and the common point O is the point of intersection. 3. Concurrent lines : When three or more coplanar lines pass through the same fixed point, the lines are said to be concurrent and the fixed point O, through which the lines pass, is called point of concurrence. 4. Parallel lines : Two lines in the same plane are said to be parallel to each other, if they do not meet (intersect) with each other no matter upto what length they are produced. = The distance between two parallel lines always remains the same. + etc. Lines and Angles Scanned By Camera Scanner1. An infinite number of lines can be drawn to pass through a given fixed point. 2. One and only one line can be drawn <1 + through two fixed points. A 5. ANGLE : An angle is formed when two line segments or two rays have a common end-point. The two line segments, forming an angle, are called the arms of the angle whereas their common end-point is called the vertex vertex of the angle. The adjacent figure represents an angle ABC or ZABC 2, 4 or simply 2B. AB and BC are the arms of the angle and their common point B is the vertex. (76.2) MEASUREMENT OF AN ANGLE The unit of measuring an angle is degree. The symbol for degree is °. Thus : 60 degree = 60°, 87 degree = 87° and so on. If one degree is divided into 60 equal parts, each part is called a minute (’ ) and if one minute is further divided into 60 equal parts, each part is called a second (” ). Thus, (i) 1° = 60’ and 1 = 60” (ii) 8 minutes 45 seconds = 8’ 45” (iil) 25 degrees 30 minutes 15 seconds = 25° 30’ 15” and so on. (963) TYPES OF ANGLES 1, Acute angie : measures less than 90° aa he ae 2. Right angle: measures 90° 2™, i etc. E 3. Obtuse angle : measures between 90° FZeamea SavedGa) a and 180° 100° ete, 180° Aen ett al 4, Straight angle 210° measures 180° om a ‘Seanned By Camera Seamer(4) MORE ABOUT ANGLES . Angles about a point : If a numb : i er formed about point, their sum is always 360", | "08 a2 In the adjoining figure : ZAOB + ZBOC + ZCOD + ZDOE + ZEOA = 360°, 2. Adjacent angles : Two angles are said to be adjacent angles, if: (i) they have a common vertex, (i) they have @ common atm and °, 8 = a A E (ii) the other arms of the two angles lie on opposite sides of the common arm. The adjoining figure shows a pair of adjacent angles : because (i) they have a common vertex (0), (ii) they have a common arm (OB) and (iii) the other arms OA and OC of the two angles are on opposite sides of the common arm OB. A 2 \ fs 3. Vertically opposite angles : When two straight lines intersect each other four angles are formed. At the point of intersection of the two straight lines, the angles opposite to each other are called vertically opposite angles. In the adjoining figure, two straight lines AB and CD intersect each other at a point O. Angles AOD and BOC form one pair of vertically opposite angles, whereas angles AOC. and BOD form another pair of vertically opposite angles. Vertically opposite angles are always equal. | ie. ZAOD = ZBOC and __ZAOC = ZBOD. Important : In the adjoining figure, rays OX and OY meet at O to form ZXOY (i.e. Za) and reflex XOY (ie., 2b). It must be noted that ZXOY represents the smaller angle only, unless it is mentioned otherwise. hn (165) COMPLEMENTARY AND SUPPLEMENTARY ANGLES e.g., 20° and 70° are at Clearly, 20° is the complet 1 Two angles are called complementary angles, if their sum is one right angle, i.e., , is called the complement of the other. a oo coat cada i les, because 20° + 70° = 90 ‘Scanned By Camera SeamerExample 1: } ig In the adjoining figure, AOB is a straight line. Find the angles AOC and BOC. Solution : ak Bt vance Since, AOB is a straight line x 4 z = ZAOC + ZBOC = 180° > (2x +30) + (x + 30)" = 180” = 3x +60 = 180 jie. 3x = 180 ~ 60 = 120 120 and, x= 240° ZAOG = (2x + 30)° 2 x 40 + 30)° = 110° (Ans.) (x + 30)? = (40 + 30) = 70° (Ans) zBoc Example 2: Use the information, given in the adjoining figure, to find the value of x. Solution = x Lar The sum of the angles around a point = 360° 430° X + 87° + 130° + 62° = 360° x + 279° = 360 ie. x = 360° - 279° = 81° (Ans.) Example 3 : ()) Find the complement of the angle 47° 36’. (ii) Find the supplement of the angle 93° 28” 43”. Solution : 0 9° 60" 10° - 47° 367 =89° 60’ — 47° 36’ = 42° 24° (Ans.) (i) =179° 60’ =179° 59’ 60” ‘Supplement of 93° 28°43” = 180° — 93° 28’ 43” = 179° 59’ 60” — 93° 28’ 43” 86° 31’ 17" (Ans.) Example 4: Find the angle which is five times of its complement. Solution : Let the angle be x’. Its complement = (90 ~ x° (998 )§$@pm$Apjpmj$pa rico MATHEMATICS Middle School — 7 ‘Scanned By Camera Seamer2 * = 5x (90- x)" x x= 450 ~ 5x ~ 6x = 450 and x = “a =75 Required angle = 75° example 5: Find two supplementary angles which are in the ratio 13 : 5, (Ans.) solution : Let the angles be 13x° and 5x° 18x + 5x° = 180° > 18x° = 180° ie x2 L140 Required angles are : 13x° and 5x° 13 x 10° and 5 x 10° 130° and 50° (EXERCISE 16(A)) (i) A line segment 4 cm long can have only 2000 points in it. (i) A ray has one end point and a line segment has two end-points, (ii) A line segment is the shortest distance between any two given points. (iv) An infinite number of straight lines can be drawn through a given point. (v) Write the number of end points in (a) aline segment AB (b) aray AB (c) a line AB (Ans.) 1. State, true or false (vi) Out of AB, AB, AB and AB, which one has a fixed length ? (vil) How many rays can be drawn through a fixed point © 2 (vii) How many lines can be drawn through three (2) collinear points ? _(b) non-coliinear points ? (9) Is 40° the complement of 60°? (x) Is 45° the supplement of 45° ? 2. In which of the following figures, are ZAOB and ZAOC adjacent angles ? Give, in each case, reason for your answer. W e i} qi) (wv) 8 oe Le Le Z ° >A ° >A oO 2B ac—t > 3. In the given figure, AC is a straight line, Find : Wx, (i) ZA0B, (il) 2800, ies and Angles: Ls Scanned By Camera SeamerPras nD 4. Find yin the given figure. Soa 5. In the given figure, find ZPOR. 6. In the given figure, p = q° = °, find each. Pree 7. In the given figure, if x = 2y, find x and y. xhy. 8. _ In the adjoining figure, if b° = a° + c°, find b. 9. _ In the given figure, AB is perpendicular to BC at B. Find: (i) the value of x, (ii) the complement of angle x. 10. Write the complement of : (i) 25° (ii) 90° (ii) @ (iv) (+5) (vy) (0 -a)° wi) 3 of a right angle (vi) ; of 180° (vil) 21°17" 41. Write the supplement of : (i) 100° (ii) 0° (ii) 2 (iv) (x + 35)° () (@0+a+by (vi) (110 -x- 29° (vii) $ of a right angle (vill) 80° 49° 25” o— 4 42. Are the following pairs of angles complementary ? (i) 10° and 80° (i) 97°28’ and 52°997 (j) 54° and © of a right angle. xo 8» (iii) BOAS. tl) aS TICS Middle Schoo! — ‘Scanned By Camera Scanner43, Are the following pairs of an, igles suppl 4 (i) 139° and 39°, ame 5 o 26° 59’ and 153° 1”, (iil) 10 of a right angle and 15 of two ri (iv) 2x° + 65° and 115° — ay, 44. If 3x + 18° and 2x + 25° are ‘Supplementary, find the value of x. 15. If two complementary angles are in the ratio 1 : 5, find them. 16, If two supplementary angles are in the ratio 2 : 7, find them. 47. Three angles which add Upto 180° are in the ratio 2 « 3: 7. Find them. 18. 20% of an angle is the Supplement of 60°. Find the angle. 19. 10% of x° is the complement of 40% of 2x°. Find x. ight angles, , oe 20. Use the adjacent figure, to find angle x and its supplement, a 21. Find K in each of the given ( (i figures. x \3l : e <5" KK 28 k +150" 22. In the given figure, lines PQ, MN and RS intersect at 0. If x: y= 1: 2 and z= 90°, find ZROM and ZPOR. 23. In the given figure, find ZAOB and ZBOC. 24. Find each angle shown in the figure. 25. AB, CD and EF are three lines intersecting at th (i) Find x, if y= 45° and z = 90°, x @ , ‘ ‘Scanned By Camara ScannerCONCEPT OF A TRANSVERSAL A straight line which cuts two or more given straight lines is called @ transversal. In the adjoining figure, PQ cuts straight lines AB and $e CD, and so itis a transversal When a transversal cuts two given straight lines (refer to the adjoining figure), the following pairs of angles are formed. 1. Two pairs of interior alternate angles Angles marked 1 and 2 form one pair of interior alternate angles, while angles marked 3 and 4 form another pair of interior alternate angles. 2. Two pairs of exterior alternate angles : Angles marked 5 and 8 form one pair, while angles marked 6 and 7 form the other pair of exterior altemate angles. Four pairs of corresponding angles : Angles marked 3 and 6, 1 and 5, 8 and 2, 7 and 4 form the four pairs of corresponding angles 4. Two pairs of allied or co-interior or conjoined angles : Angles marked 3 and 2 form one pair and angles marked 1 and 4 form another pair of allied angles. (67) PARALLEL LINES Two straight lines are said to be parallel, if they do not meet anywhere, no matter how long they are produced in sje any direction. A att 8 The adjacent figure shows two parallel lines AB and ela cD. iS 7a o When two parallel lines AB and CD are cut by a transversal PQ : (i) Interior and exterior alternate angles are equal : je, 2-26 and “4=25 4-8 and 2-4 (ii) Corresponding angles are equal je, = £5; 22 = £6; £3= 27 and 44= 28 (iii) Co-interior or allied angles are supplementary : je, 23+ £5 = 180" and 24 + 26 = 180°. ‘Example In the adjoining figure, line AB is parallel to line CD. If EF is a transversal, find the values of angles x, y, a and b. Solution : a ‘X + 78° = 180° [Straight line angles] [Interior alternate angles} {Exterior alternate angles] ‘Scanned By Camera Scanner— a=78° oe @ {Corresponding angles) (Ans.) LO [Vertically opposite angles] (Ans.) example 7: : in the adjoining figure, AB is parallel to cp ao = 40" and ZDCO = 35°. Find the angle AoG ‘nd reflex angle AOC. ie © solution * Through the point O, draw EF parallel and so parallel to CD. be Let ZAOE = a and ZCOE = b . 40° and, b= 35° = ZAOC =a+ b= 40° + 35° = 75° ZAOC + reflex angle AOC = 360° = Reflex angle AOC = 360° - 75° = 285° e (Ans.) Example 8 : In the given figure, transversal EF cuts parallel lines AB and CD at points M and N respectively. Use the information given in the figure to find the value ot x. } Atternate angles Solution : ZBMN = ZAME [Vertically opposite angles] = (2x-8)° AB is parallel to CD and EF is transversal = ZBMN + ZMND = 180° [Co-interior angles] = (2x8)? + (8x- 17) = 180° = 5x° — 25° = 180° ie 5x° = 205° and x = 41° (Ans.) CONDITIONS OF PARALLELISM If two straight lines are cut by a transversal such that (i) a pair of alternate angles are equal, or (ii) a pair of corresponding angles are equal, or (ii) the sum of the interior angles on the same side of the transversal is 180°, then the two straight lines are parallel to each other. Therefore, in order to prove that the given lines are parallel; show either alternate angles are equal or, corresponding angles are equal or, the co-interior angles are supplementary. Lines and Angles: 201 ‘Scanned By Camera SeamerIn questions 1 and 2, given below, identify the given pairs of angles as corresponding angles, interior alternate angles, exterior alternate angles, adjacent angles, vertically opposite angles or allied angles : 1. (i) 23 and 26 (il) 22 and 24 (ii) 28 and 27 (iv) 22 and 27 () 24 and 26 (vi) 24 and 28 (vil) 21 and 26 (vill) 24 and 24 (%) 25 and 27 2 (i) 21 and 24 (i) 24 and 27 (iii) 210 and 212 (wv) Zand 213 (v) 26 and 28 (vi) 214 and 28 (vii) 27 and 29 (vill) 24 and 25 (i) 24 and 26 (x) 26 and 27 (x) 22 and 213, 3. _ In the following figures, the arrows indicate parallel lines. State which angles are equal. Give reasons i) (ii) 4. 5. Which pair of the dotted line segments, in the following figures, reason : i) (ii) (iii) are parallel. Give ‘Scanned By Camara Seanner(wy) wi) Inthe given figures, the directed lines are parallel to each other. Find the unknown angles. () (ii) (ii) w, w (wii) (viii) 7) 75 1128 [ (xi) (i) 180 Dy ba 1307 ‘i Unes and Angles Scanned By Camera Seamer8. Find xin the following cases : : e i (iil) i) (il) % ot ae 4 a ox (wv) “ i) 4 ae cs ott * es ye 1807 ae Do you know : 1. Through any given point (say, point O) point; the lines are called concurrent an infinite number of lines can be ec oe The point through which the lines drawn pass, is called the point of O\ concurrence. P In the given figure, P is the point of 2. Through any two given points (say, concurrence. points A and B) one and only one straight line can be drawn : The adjoining qs Pp figure shows non-concurrent 3. If two straight lines are drawn on a lines. plane surface (say, the page of your note-book), the lines are either! ¢ |, a parallel to each other or intersect each | 5» If three or more points lie on the same eee oas ica) straight line, the points are called collinear points. << OR ca ce <> IA, B and C are collinear points] 4. When several (three or more than 8 three) lines are drawn in a plane (say, a page of your note-book) such that all « © the lines drawn pass through the same [A B and C are non-collinear points) Concise MATHEMATICS Middle School — 7 ‘Scanned By Camera SeamerMULTIPLE CHOICE TYPE choose the correct answer from the options given below . 4, Two complementary angles are in the ratio 1 : 2, the smaller angle is : (i) 60° (ii) 30° (ili) 120° (iv) 90° 2, Two angles (3x — 20)° and (2x + 30)” are supplementary, the value of x is : (i) 34 (ii) 38 (iii) 50 (iv) 10 3. In the given figure, AOB is a straight line and y = 30°, the value of x is ; () 20° (ii) 70° arorhe (ii) 30° (iv) 60° A oO 4, In the given figure, BA is parallel to DE, the ZBCD is equal to: © (i) 70° (ii) 90° il) 110° (iv) none of these ( 5, In the given figure, AB is parallel to CD and PQ is a transversal. It Za = 3x — 30° and 2b = 2x + 10°; then the value of xis: () 20° A (iy 40° (iii) 30° c (wv) 50° 6. In the given figure, BA is parallel to CE. The angle ABC is : () 50° (i) 60° (ii) 70° (iv) 55° ~ | the given figure, BA is parallel to DC and MN is a transversal, then Za is : (i) 55° (iy) 125° (il) 120° 9 (iv) 60° ea 8. In the given figure, AB // CD and PQ // RO, then Za (i) 68° (ii) 1128 Ga. (il) 158° (iv) none of these Q 10. The supplement of an angle is four times its complement. The angle is : (i) 30° (ii) 40° (iii) 60° (iv) 36° nes and A ‘00° 150° = e P 2 8 co hb D Q 8 c D 8 . In the given figure, AB is parallel to CD. The value of xis: * 950 () 50° (ii) 60° G & (ii) 55° (iv) 45° 130° ‘Scanned By Camara Scanner