VO———S—t—“‘ 2 condiert days microwave or poxalte) trfp Unes tustograted cartels (HHaC8) Hicrobheip Liner + Co- plonax attp lines due Jo fategrahor of Steep liner clog egvipmerts used Co-cxial , waveguide > with Nonolithic microwave aw used pith circuits Haioly dour Aibh oun” ty > parallel nes - > cor planer Uuer > delded “ner > MicroAbtp Ung pes of Stetp Umer ue have 2 Hicrostyep ined > A wicroste P Une consists Ob O conducting Strip on one Side of dicleckic foubstrate and a ground plane on the otherside Which t& Shown in, Hur below 2S the dicledktcs congtant ob the Substrate (4 nepreented a5 Er ad the height of the 406- _itabe at ‘b'. the width gh the Conductor HW ‘wo and the thickrew at Em a ave tot ST Scanned with CamScanner? Eleckronio deitcos with high power op utes Coottal Uned or waveguides for power hrangmision, Where ak to microunse twkegrakd cirewil (rcs) MICrOANTP Lines ade Comm onlig used her Poser Hransmixgion > The ™!Croship lire && alin called 2% Open Ship Line - > Medes on MiCrOkinp Lines aru guasi~ tyangverce elehte and magnetic eM) - > Radiation looky, 1h mone win microktr'p lines - partticuby or discontinuities such OL Bhosle Cirevit Posts, Cornery te Thy 10% can be vedoeed by Of ng a thin, Nh -diodechic mated PA mictortyip line has on advantage over. balaned Ship Une becaute the open Ahrip has better interconnection peakuner ard easeer fabrication. Scanned with CamScannerh & : son OF O microAtsipling and % WOW over a Jraird Bigs veer ue > the chorwctwutic immpedane Ob & microstrip Une tga fonction of the Strip- tine width , the Strip - Ure thickness . the distance bIn the tine and the ground plane pind ‘the diefechic Constant ob the ratesial i oh O wire ower ground trangmiihen Une gen by - 22 pth hyd y= 7 bo Hh (ber b> 4) —O thou €, 2 dideckic Constant he The heighi- from center of wire to ground plane d= diameter of te wits EMedve diechic conrtant (eye) : 2 Propagation delay time (& given af GY: fue —@ Ty fos pree Space & Gy: [oto = 3°32 ns/m of 1106 ms) ir Ty 40r non magnetic medium 18 Te in Me nshae — @ Scanned with CamScannerra y > the @mphexi cal &,valton por Ere 3 dts covered by Digtacomo Long Propagation delay time Ang & whith given as bye + ONT Ee, +064: —- & TRnspormation of a suctaugulax condottor tO a» Equrvalen circolar Conduvtor | . Sprtng eld discoveud an emper cal eguation bor trantheymation , jahich & given a d= 06 O-6F w oe +& ) © Ww Marne ge Kamekex of the wie over grod W= Width of the microsbtp Line . thick nen of the micreseip Une OLE € 0-8 KR the sien’ tation. 2 Dbstitobug & ©) +® ato equation © pe _ FF . 0 Jn [22-98h fs E+ tay OR WHE bor Nea ne. Losses to Microstrip Unesx > for a Non magnetic dislety dielectric Substrate , Heo types of loses eceur in dominad mode Vs dialectic Hh fo. the substrate B ohmic skin lott in the Strip Condactey + The gycord plane The ku of these tuo lowes abe fh Krmed af alteration factor ‘x’ Scanned with CamScanneror abo hey y Apars- yom this, noicroehrtp ee 3- RadiaHon Loker - | Didectric loves | akerial , conducki ty | ? Ina tong diclectrte causes the dechic Cannot be neg lected which cured netic tah in the diukéchie ae md i pele cbte molonger in Hme phase , 1@sdl4 in ditte atteevaton constant expremed ’ S a Xa oe np]em - —-@) | Where Conductivity Ob tte droteckric Substeate in wim - =? The diectric Constant Can also be @xpreyed | Frtexm2 ob Loi tangeuk of | | tand: an oe —® Substtoe % @ tno we gee a= “2 [ME tard Nefem —@ The medi fired Exprewon ldo bor oy desuved bog ia Fen ag 7 Pratt? pucel A8 fm, —O | Scanned with CamScannerwhere & = Se-t ey -| ® Constant Expremed ag > AHeovahon Por aye Con be Kg = 243 te) tang ea a Ae), ~® Where Ay: Ao ‘ Ven % Age S_ ™ Fe, Ohmic Lokes D Th a microstrip Une over a Low-1ow dLiekectre Substrake , the main Lource ob tower at micowaue Fropurners osu te monperfect Conductors “The log fa te conductor te ohnuc loser - > The altenvation wntauk doe to Chimie loses of a wide moiero ship Wo give a _ 8686 R 2 Meo op alent > ~G Who 5 Rs = Tis = Bor pace Lbi nsuaistance lg @ Ree 1 WIG —® - & wh oc. ff 1&4 Stindepth in tm WH jem Scanned with CamScannerne—s...SSS—-x__~_™~ ~~ ~—~SCT«T a Radiation lowes substrates the The radiation Jom depends 0° Ta 1010 wool _ 7 wt Yhicknety and drctect constant TES gecmebr d ¢ , tha the xakto Oo demipakd Powe line U D> Lewins nests show ower fo the total ted enicrottip Yadiated p ob an open uirtot 2 EC Prag 2 2hom” es) les) —® Pe ; ctor and Wwhesg F Cer) a nadiatton bet th given a F (te) - wees (fre )> Ee tele, (fee -! ¢ how ey = efhective deve chic Conta” Ao: Ct 2 The radiation factor decreases with foc rely Aubstrate dielechic Contaw , & BA canbe bpemd as Fad nl”) | Scanned with CamScannerwhere R= Hadeaton Hesistance Which U R b #5) FC) —@ r= ako 1~ Scanned with CamScannerPoscalel Ship Lines > 4 paralld ship Une consists of tusg podectly parallel Strips Aepaated by o pefedt- dielechr?c Slab of onthorm thicenen a wo_. Atti ta dideckic |d glab UCT rt eg A Conductsy #9 > Ghematic a Pasxallel ship lines - 7 “The Condo vor plate widts to , the Hhicknens the cheleuyic material U'd’ aad the selative didlechiic Contant & By: PS Tt tA similar to two Condoctor Transmityn ine thus #4 can Aupporsr guati- TEN mode St Scanned with CamScanner2 The euatten for induance along the Cndock w d Btyipg Bw L: Med HI @ wo Where Me. pesmiabi Li ty of Hts Coudugy, ~ the capaci tance bln the we Condhoery Strips ® given af c= Elm —@ d hee g pexmitivily of ta didedhe Blab: 7 The series seststance for both ships o a. 2h a f(T Fe apn —@ oe To 2 The shuns Condyctance Gs Une Jd wher T; * conduct vite of The dielechic Jobst yale: Chow ctetic Tn nce R+Jwl . - 2 ae a lo ler live 2= G20 o °F At jue ber : a att :Ze, fhe 5/2 : a ° a qo Yege” a Scanned with CamScanner_Pe AXeovakion lomey ; 2 Ponalle Seip ling he Propagation Constant of a Potable ot, lim ou 7 cea ee | eine) Catiwc) DY Recwh 4 @ << we 32 ley PRIALe ay Y ik +(e + 4fE)+ wv WRT Y = of Ip PM es 8 (RIE EIE) url > wile red/m Substitutry RC, LIG Go parallel ghipline oe 2 fy | She eo bee = + [EX wy, 4 d,. 188 ¢ 47 + 6 ft aallge + off OE ooh, Scanned with CamScannerlire has a Ondo () A loser parallel Atri? Shia width ‘po othe subshate relahive didlecty, i odeckie Len 4 di vec Aten, he two conductors har wonttaut at 6 and a tram of Hm. Cal culate O 1 4a hove Be 50% CO) the Strep Une Capacitance GH The ship Lome tuductance UV) yhe phase velocitg Sc\ 444 z,- SH Sp Yen, ¥ ve * Zz Wz (231MM @ 1231x102 m ; : oe : HO ce Sa! — & Ero B8SUXO KE¥ 123) xi? z a d d 4 xis? Cz 163.5 PFl a ti / d ~ Dope Med ete de x ys Ww wo : 12° 8 xgig’d h= omy Bttlm- ©) ¢ Vp = iC = 3x18 : fog ~ Ye ~ ©F2X0° mfg Scanned with CamScannerModule -3 - Paxt-& ‘Anteone oates Syllabus Antredyctt on Basic Antenna parameter Potten Beam Arwa fodiation Loteosity Beam effecienyp Dineck vity and Gain Dine ctvity and Hesolution YUsu bb pPu be L Antenna ApertuKes E theeti ve height Sendastdeth > Radio Communication Noe > Antenna fd Foner > palastization vue TRF book Antennas 4 Wave Propagation by Toho. D- Kraurg chapter 20: a1 to all £ @13 aig topics by Ww fyatta P Scanned with CamScannerTntroductton > eo According fo TeEe standords , Ain antenna %8 onvally a metalic device Ca vod opwire) tor Kadiating or receiving waves: > Tt i a meant of wadiating os or wales En othex words , it tg a transétonal shucune bekveer free space and guiding device . > fin antenna (asueadl) & Considexed ata region Ob transition behween @ tangmision Line and Afocee. ° ferennas yadiale (couple | concentrate [direct eecteo - magmatic anergy in the deatred larsigned dPAe chong D> Aotenna Converts electrong to photons or Vico vita CoN eave on Re TINY Quided Twanaten Re. Ante ma, — wave 2k gion” “See-Apxe Aotenn “Pave 1 dotenns fy: Steuctone of Fx. and Re- ankenn K Source eT. Line ae Antenma ‘ Line theverina Egurvalent of antenna 1 Scanned with CamScannerling a Transmission tmpedance is given cs Fy =(Q 42) 45k + Op +3 Xo pohese Qo = Lom Hesistance (conductor and dielectric by) R= Radiakon xesiatance Xp = power Stord in tea near pield 92705 | ef Antenne: Types of Antennoy There au ditjeunt typet of antennas basd on Geometry , frog ueny t applicakon - Some of Tham ox, le Wise antennas C digule - love) Hicrosteie antenca Aipactone antenna Replectora antenna Log portodic diple array. Aceording to dinectioa) chasacterttics they axe Courts oy EO op | Ornni directional antenna “2. Dinediora antenna Rewapedive af aotensa -, ‘ Acco ring to. the length of transmission Leoes , thupote Clawitied nfo I) Redonant Prtennas Cua dipole , pateh. 6) 2 Non- xesonont- antennas AClordinp 40 the bardwidth , “they axa daw fred Toho 1+ Nosew band antennas a Broad bang antennas ¢ spiral . tygpenakio Scanned with CamScanner> Taotwpic antenna fh hypothetical Antenna , 13% th dtedivity as onity jevohich radiates Uni torn in all directors. Radiation Hechanism > Ivvespedtve of antenna ype, the radiation '% Produced by accelexated (or decelexated ) Charge . the basic fQuation of radiation 4 tr L rar cla dv TL=av @ igi. ga oO Where 9 og = me Changing current Als te) feng th eh the Cunent clement m Q= Change “ec! V = ttre Change op velouty mols 2 thes , tme charging jwovent and accelarated charge sadiales. ~the sadiakton 1A pexpendico lax to the accelesatton, and the radiated power ts Proportions! to the Sguake of PL or ad. 2 fn case oh two- wise pocllel tanameition dine , as the Spacing bln the wines & Amal) fraction of Keaveleng th , So TEM wave Prepagates. AR Stparation 2PProaches tho order of wavelenth, of more , the wave tends to dodiate « 7 For a lomlex trantmision line (ie R=Q:0) the energy 8 thased bin electucljand mag nebe(h) fields (in magnatic feet) Scanned with CamScanner2 Ih ‘one cone , ex: Oh Line % Open s then ico, wa Prod of enexgy i shared by dechic ted, We ab tha line th shonk , than ve, & Paste OF ic beetle. h Ontseg is Uu thasted by magnekic be ene sefleckiont octur > Since » a wave poled @ more Of Iwittiq, live propotly “te will take some tinne £0 change tts direction $0 fome emegy may toate tubo SPace Tht, proces & Gnown wt Hadiakon Maximum yodfakfoo oceurd , when He TO Obey ak the end ae posud to poem eo axl. 2 Thus 1 aN antenna Ua trantiton davice py tromducen barween a quidad wave avd a gree | Apace wave OF ice yeria Tri a device Which takerfacer a Cirewil and space: Radiation patterns Pf %€ Ub a cnattamatical and/or graphical sepre- -fenkakion of tie vadiaten Prepared of an autem Such af — ounplitude , phar, Polorigahen ete -- 0 a fonction of an gulax space Co: ordivaber Big. © 2 he radiakton patti au tt 3D goad bel Frvolu top ht Vastiastton of telds ax power a @ fonction Sf spherical Co-ordinates 624 Scanned with CamScanner2 comple taly apecity the stadiaken pnthxn wert held inkens thy cud Polostizection it Gi 3 pattorus w- te 6§ Componnn of pane Detter EEG be Ey L6G) Vw. We 4 Compontut Of E asa function HELG 12 Ep ( 8-4) Vf « i) the phouk of those 4206s a a fonts, A owgit Bg 12 Sloe) F Lyle) 7 dng field pattern can be stpresenked 3d Splarical Co-ordinates ex) be plane cote throuyh the main fobt axis. tho Avch WH a sgh" cuales Galld of tu Princip ane | patted xy (H-plaw ) 4 xx Ce- plane) {iy En plow 3 A plane parallel to the & fiold vector ond Containing pia direction manmum xadiaton - Qt iA abo bwar as Clevation plows (Pp i+ conttant) . i) plow A pleut pasallel te ah error , orthognal to E-ted velhor ound ceutaivd ug Has direchow ot Maximal todiahon Dt 14 alro Bowr ag | agino thal pla C8 constaut) « 2 in Pen pu tude yadiokion patton , have Maly R) Rald patroro > a pot qrald Scanned with CamScanner"(either ethic (E) 08 magnetic BW) mea a linear Scale . (i) Power pattesun, A plot of power, C Proportional to eithar elechic lear Magnetic ffold Gparz lp”) ona dinsax | or decibel (da) seal - = Thviding the feud Component by 118 aK Value 1 We obtain a Dormaligd fHeld patos Vt th dimemsientlou and hag a max: value ag vite 1-2 Mormaligd fueld pattern for 6 camp of E lg £, (8.0), - folet) diweutien lot Ferny | siwGosly , Normaliged power. patter TA Given af | Slog | R, (8) = Ste) diwenseuley SEB nae lass S06) = Polynit vector or Powses pe Unt @® power deneity ae - ee 2 = [6 cor) rep oa] Ih, fac” SO) rae maximum Value of 89.9) , Mer” Zo wy 1A tntvPntic Prapeclouce a reedipw = BIL he f= 2 31a To decibels , Ut can be expreued ay Pas == (0 leg (PLOY) Scanned with CamScannerField pattern figs Norwaligd Hod aud power patteruu 7 polar Co-ordtich of Plow patos - Pp, (9e4) © UGra) . Jor Jobe C- wos gente v mn ° wh Fp. san padtern (6s) power pattern ena liar Atala 7 A sadialion tobe tk a PORtiou of stadiaben Pattesun bounded Sugieut Of Su 1 FUME O labyely “eae Hadiosion vateujle ‘g J 2 A Major lobe: TE i the Comtatntva Bie divechen of Hadiaton lobe Scanned with CamScannerRnor lobe: st Hf away. otlur lobe BEPE A way, lobe . Side lobe: 94 4h a yadiaten lobe ta onsp AEH On ottar than Hu fubeuded Lobe Sictolob,, One Normally. the Lasgcal Of the wines lobes Back lobe: ft i x sadiakien lobe whok ayy MOK oun e of oppo x wat ely (Po rk The beam of aK audenng . Talk power beamistdth (pais) 2 ob Wh the angular diktauce between thy Folks volare Powe hecower halk of tt toting, ©) Yeld become sh or Oto Oh IER Maxim es) Ptr Uw tue angle between two veuors From the patter orig to Hua poiuls of tts mayer lobe ole Hhe Hxadiaken tatu ty, 1% bolh ef 1th monimum e) power eeconuy hols of -3d@ drom ile mouimum & peld becomes F DOote4 % WA yrcuy mum Frat roll beam width (En Ga) 2 Few ths angle bebueen tle ood Vectra trom the pattort Origin to “tur PEIWH, hat +he Kadiasion Futoutity of pour or eld Hirst null oe ro - often Euso= 2X Hper Scanned with CamScanner1 nee (B Ae automa hay a fold patton given by FO) = Corre 046240’ - Rnd Hpi. prom deg. of HPBW- Boe) = ot Cok? 6 = 01 40% 6 = cost (ypyox) = 32° Hpew= 28° = 2x33 = be: (B. AP antenna has a pald putters Free 4 E(0) = Cab 8 corre for 0505 90° Pend (1) teen Ci) PN Bio- 4h 10) From deh Ee) = 0: ¥t Cob B, COL2Q= Or foH.~y Col2O, = Fare j = a Ba = oa Cos (zu, ) y ler 8,2 0° -» Bae 22:8" 6, 2% 8,2 20-44 wv 20-57 6, 2225 > By = 20:03 6,2 20:03 6,= 20 Apes 26, O28, = dxto5 = I’ i) From deg, £(6) 20 Cob B. Co 2.0 20 ak O2hs' first null econ Fron = Qo- axus Oe MB deine as the ae Lo orgle wut TEA t the Conker of % nen | vodius % thal 1% a it by an onc whose fenath “ur it athe cir ce oh ortle (A C=204r | Bn one ure » te mo ch rodiang thak we have Rode Ss 2H oT. i x { Ve Fy one cirde . ne have af vodiang Stesadian : = the measure of solid angle Wo Steradan, = Tt C& defined at the Loud angle With Pg i Veter af the Canter of tis sphere of vadics ¥ thot gg Seka by O Aphorical Aurjace 6ua aii, =< Scanned with CamScannerepval ip theft of A Aquant wrth each de A feng th 7 athe ‘ingiteamol atwa da on te Aurface ob a sphon if ghvin af daz 1” ano dOdg (mr) The clement oh fold omg dn Gf a sphere ty oats & ~ Pane dadg = GnB dodg (er) e > Anta of a Splae A ung > Gn one aplan , the total mo-of Horacio, we hat Storodiout = A. NT y ee gq In one Spor we have NIT Sterodlions - 7 Sind Osta. sae 10 = 1 sind dodo aor da whars diz Sin @dedg > In polor od Coordinate: an incremental wea dS on the turface Of & Sphow i, tho Product Scanned with CamScanner% ee Ssngth de w tte 8 dmehon and Torgg Te tua direction « ' WE das rde. renddd = ¥ sine dO dg da zy? du wOhOne Ans poled angst Aorodians (6 | 2 The ARCO Oh & Aphane %& Gren as ox wv Az J fas = \ | sme a ap Qt0 8:0 ar a {46 | ene de #0 Bio zY. @" Coss | ° © sR am es (alg) = kw” © Ata Of 0 Span, 18 henrt dx = um = solid angle robtsutleel be oo aphon | Storadian [Sx + Solid ovale oh MPO fay 1 tad® = (122) ang” = 3282-8 deg” HT W%- = 3242.9 K ug = U2S3 keg” Beam Area or Beam Aelid angle PP Beam Osa oF beam Solid ang Le tor an . ule raf of tr antenna (8% gaven by “ha | Mot malized Power Pattern Scanned with CamScannerever a gphare (UT or) Mh ar De a fa, (gdn (8 gro g:0 ow @ “ff fo Od) Gnd dOdg FS 6:9 (“the beam atta Dip Wb tha Bolid ang lt theevgh Which a of ty Power Hadated by te Antenna would stream Th P (6.9) mafdfaind Ps martmgm Value ove Ng: Ochas Pitts > The beam ana of an autenna can be Se descé bed opp: tutoun of tte los Acbtendod by ths holt power Pole af the main fol ft the two principal planes v yw ; y = Blam wuay Ny Spe tp ex be bohesa Cope. Mapes Ma the Upeio's in due HO0 PrindpaS planes. Bears Oh eck ent > The total won aducn Dp Consikts of tle MAIN beam asua Sy plus the minor Loh avg ae Da = Ly tn The Hatio of mein keam mua to the total Scanned with CamScanner[ total beam sean th called af -the beam, & Checiency gy, SL ey = — . bem eciony, Dn : oo Obb Jena D The Sao of minor lobe aIUa (is) AO Hey total ean osua tf Called a2 Abra Factor, 2, Em = SE. stray factor “thas 2yt ome! : Find Hae sna-of Sune agrees in the Acuid angle OF % SHhertical Aurfacw thak is between GE =26 + Bru and between Gisdt Fito 9 Me 5 ds wh. : af \ ach. = Tee Jonsse 238 9226 G85 gag a 0 49 > (9), (urs) HO X (Conte po-989) = YoHk o zo tree oe or VE o'lo4x 3273+ 399 tog * G 00 arena hos a “bell pathexn given by (9): yor 0<6< 90 - Find tha beam Bua Of tKis patton ‘ t welod Gi) app row mak moto » Scanned with CamScanner© Aes ff plop da = JJ bd die orm te PD, Core sino do ap 0 8:0 we WE coto= x aa [ oe ema Ad ~Hinddb: da 0:0 © <824 1 | K Ob, Sup 4 ctoond from deb, E pl8p) = 090% cove: oroy = 62 C8" (VGFe3) = 33" up = Pup = 28= reas & o 2 Dia: bbx 662 4356 HY : o DAT | Shue godion = 3293 dag wig ~ M356 - [033 Se 3283 Radiokon Sntensnt (W) 2 1% the Poor xodiated by an ‘Tantenra Per "dh aw wr unit golid angle. ‘VU ay ig a gon fick! portameten and ut cbtaind by mmol plying the power densi ty Spuasad > by distance Scanned with CamScanner- \-e U~T Sad whee Seog 4 POW dy, : bot Sing = NEW vohane Y (B B4AL Seg 74 FRE en 604, os a* 2 Radfation powex dentaty TE Th the Power atotioted wilh an EM Wag Te t% algo bnowe at Poynting vector 08 POW denay "Ss" ouity se wm? , 2 Whe SlO6)= EXW * [eetero 4 epcep)]/n,, Me 3 The total power Crating Hug dotedl Horbace can be obtogacd bp deqrating tue normal component of he poyntieg vecing over ths, enties surface ae isa @) Boas woah Z . tohexe § + popntive vertor uae ds ¥en dodp Tnfptitimal area om we pote SB Sad v the tota) Poses sadiated by an Rho Hepic antenna. Mi From deg, Pro © Jfsdc@ Js 40 WMT DP sotopic anieora radiates uncdennly Pratl directions atlus S=& Scanned with CamScannerat Ww Prog 2 SCS Vsinadedg= Sr *f =) “646 ea oe (cota )" = Sreaat Gi Fed = Sot WT y™ walls. SB power Aintty of on Totropic antenna ts Ly = Prot ety nn Seoflaslyy 7. The total power adPated by an antenra Can be obtaiuid by Taheg rabua tu radiaken Tbentity over tte entipe solid angle & Aw a re Pras * ff van J fv sispdodg . waits G20 BO EB. Find the total power sKadiatel by an fletrpic Antenna . ityom debs Pag = Ud na =f a4 Tokepic antenna radiates Oni bor mlyg te all dfrecHont, Wb Us Up yw Prod = Ife SO dod = Up » fae J sine a6 + Us vag ( “Diaechivite fn deubels Can be Sepretabed af DB) = Io Joc i >) ° ae Co. frre nsprteu) J 7 ay of an iLobropic antenna (8 oni Fp, LH) ®) ts Ord) tes Go iolvope antenna 3 Uy > | D- v lo ) ® source has a yadkathon vo tong ty poten peo by 0 Ue Gnd. Herd ‘the dive ch vi FG Ob the seurce Sh. ag, OOH | Un vl85) VU, ° Pred Frna = {h Uda = ii Upp Be : iat va tnd Guo dOde = Om { [svtosaoe wv = Umsdit x ae) do * eto 2 Um T (9 - Se)" = Onn © Scanned with CamScanner> : @B Mredvirg can also be spread ay the Xatin ot Markimom to average poyn ting vector "0.9 = SUE) aimansoulee ‘au The overage Poyting vettoy quer a shoe is ar 1 S'o8) = zSf S(Greb) de® °° a) 0 70x _ Sep hr [0% call Sh Sea) oe ate Plog = $09 Dp) Ey ue 1) Sra Sf Poa) dr Di ar Since : 7s tome [Praia dn V2 “the gmollen the beam tingle (20) @ beam OMAR the graben. the directivity suit Scanned with CamScanner101 > A (or) Prob ber Ds SRT pe UT, Y(6,0) — @ 0,2 Ut Mrs Bs ms bor - Rad = Sf VAG) du Dane 2 AT Ura l88) aa [foe : (2 “a “red $e) ut ULOre) foes ~ Py &a) Dma = Tavoen wt Jf Ploaaa = 2 UK’ 8 eng OPP Tox: mak ont hig 2 \ * Eup: sp | D- ut & we HIDT2 (ayy Bip Pyp &) Se She Fre (9?) { © Find tbs divech yi YF of am ttobepic an tor $1: An dtrections . thotropic antenra vodiahes Spualty, all oy P60) =] se - 4 Scanned with CamScanner= “a> [fropan = ffi shrodoay we oT = | ag Sin dd => ate (-et0)"_ 7 2 Fay, . 8:0 ‘ So = AT Dinechv cig fn deci bel ix DAB) = loleg lI) = odg Pind the direct? of an antenna wrth HpBio ta 6 4G dimetions af go’ A: From deg, D> AT “a Opprovimately ny: Oe Dap gy i253 egy? his “Ds NBSS ep = Ae lo3-13 Che’ tip 9") 20x20 D inde = lo log Wosys) = 20d@+ Find the directive tg han Pnbinitesimal dipole arkrw with rediaton Totenstlg given a us fol» Uma 598 ee From det, p: Mob) P ‘ E al © sing dedd Scanned with CamScanneroe a Vira j 9 i sin3g do o 0 Bod Uma «27 Pent, Wn oO bot Sin’g - |- co’ 2 Una 1 see cin dé o UF cog = = Una ti Jura’) Sind dd ~Sin6 46 = 4% ofsecwt pared | 1 2 Una, UF Joe) re : \ © Yoe 2 ~~ = Umar 24% = Umar! 2 ay, | sir 4 Fens > Ure © “> | Dg 2 Vax at Unde Poa gape et hs Dei a ha (rs) = haar © ve wie Component 64 ee rodtated power deraity oh 00 tHbptimeed Lineax antenna is gren be Wrag © S = ay Wy = a Hp %06 /p Xm Iho Ao is the peak value of the Power deni ty By td the yadial unit vector Determine tHe total Yodiabed power and dbechvity . Scanned with CamScannersol * Brom , 2 dS @ fp W-dg vor dof eG ff wT : ff Ao S98 gg dOdP o 5 TT wr ui =A dg [ se’ dO = na28 ( (tooo do ® © ° ( T +s nrg = 1Cod29 = Aot [e- Sn a > a ), Fg t AoTaa = At w- Dinechvity 2 TOGA AI HSNO Prod fo VO) = 8. @ Wy 7 = Bohne ¥ U6,9) = Ae Sind 2@,q) = t Gnd > \24 Sind Drax * oe od Din de = to lay (D )= to log (a4) 2 }05de @ V(8,4) = Ao ang Prog > ff paw = Jf tosing. sno do dg 7% am 7 = Ao \ &n'OAOdY = Ap 2a Jwte de S090 I Scanned with CamScanner= dod Jews 36 = Aow (e- Son ° > Mot +t: Aouw™ Py ot 7 wT wt 006) up #80? gue - Prad ° _ pew” il @® Find the deeokuery ob te ellocing radiakion intensity pateatn @ Y= Um (O40 > unidirectional Com pare wl. Given 02 Uy 008 oxpey Co FEA ontario) OD: x Ws Prod = (ve o[foacnesee dodg ld cos 2 & = Um f's9 fase gine dQ =dx 0<62Th, co ol encod = Up X20 (&) = Umedte S 2UeT D: We UG) uf x MoO _ ¥ cog Frad ro Denar = M D in d= (0 logy 2 6:02 def @ ho antenna hax a HO Pruttern F(e)> Cos'o,KOLTO dixechul fad the beam aca, By bosoad method © Sproule method @ the decile) difberence. Sol + Ah: © eam areal 92 Jf plegdn plea): Vag “6 = [lee da Scanned with CamScannerCos" 5 ds sind do ler se. , \ ~ S'48d8. 4, z 5.) © 04620 ad J Mas : an(28) ep 5 é a Lat q Wx. “BF Le 26 eperad a + ee: st wa we > “1° S ul, 88 5 to bog Gey todg. © epprorimate method. oa! —_—— 4 Po Desa” agp HP ®wW = 20 =e Fron det, E(8) = 0oh6 = Onto 8 = Cos! (Yond) = 33° ‘ . 6 = 2x33 266 for Uniform power tanannission ¢) = 0) > 66 os OL By = 66 x Go deg HOSS __Hi253 QR ~ bbxb6 F6d8. > ta de% = tolog (444) = pecs Dp: qt Gi) deg, e. co = a Forts dB: Scanned with CamScannera —L Gain of an_avtenra- Gain og soo at th defined o& Hm Himes He nabio ob Todsoben 2? Fotenai ty fo a given direction “fo the meh power accogted toy the antenna. a) G6) = Hs to . 2 Pour gain 1 uted to quantity hows effect vel. the antenna transhormed tp vadioted POW » 2? tt % aw realigd quosditye Which if lex than directivity dye £0 ohmic tomer tn the antenra (e) A raveratch 19 heeding the antenna can aio doduce the gai: * The sadiakton ebbecienuy ob OP antenna 14 dekined od the satio of adiated power #0 th total Tapot power Khon thou ars no losied , Piyt Pin Hao = looy. Relation between Gain 4 Diveckvity wT Ge NT VCO) Pip 4 Dt ug, LO Fag | = nh R Viera NE eee Py Pedy | Scanned with CamScannerSemi wuko Gain fh We ger GQ: han, LOO) - qc nn ed) Fad/ Fred +2 me une BEG) sod fA, OS Ring > 2 Rood [Oe)* fou ta)" Rise Rowe 2 Fem 0) * meatox 6 Radiation Uheciency Speci bier be amouul- of Pow Stadiabed Futo free 4pace wert ts ttal Eaput Power bed - is Prog s Brad : LER Rey Q; ce i Fra? Racy 18s Ry ae Ve . @ _Reod 4 Read +R (®) Th total Topot Power fed +0 AnH antenra ‘4 (oom ard the power sadiated by on Bntenna tA S5mu- Find the eff ecienuy of an antenrn - bef: Given Prag = gsmua $ Ay= loom y oN: Prag Pin. . Scanned with CamScanner% Noteora Apertures ; ie eames meee fobjere hea i Hw > Dpextors ob 2 antenra fh ¢ whith ah. power M wadia tad ef) CCved - > Ppoctyre ef an antenna basi cable, dofird ay the Salto of the power Uncex cong; dexoten to We power density - > wr ye Power cen) oc poy verter of He plau wane af defiud ag power Pe vb Ken densted as § wanthsl >. The area or phyfical opertume of the horn andrenra, Yh Ap m. SD Gh tte horn extrabls all fu power oom Hu voove guar tPA enthe Phe Col apertone , “ten tte fptal power P ia waits i abso From the Wome P= S¥Mp wat. @ E ap Wo) Scanned with CamScannerPower vnder Conti eH . 7 laze @ Ap + aw dary > Depending jpon tH power conndened , dibbreut pets oe defined Line effective aperku (fe), geattering aperkurs (Ao), used at a 9acelver » Fron D consider On autenna low Apotaa ue - the otal sucetued Power » i er yadiakd (QR) » & Porton “l8 wasted we (RD and fu Ssemariod wf power u xo oad lenown at effective Paws (9) ; felfedtive Apadurs. ( Ae) ST Uw defiud a8 te Kako of ebbective power fo Hu Powel kw) - Reems os @ = Rr i 8 Leh jf / > EYeckive Opecuna(Ayia abuso Jers thow Hu paysicl POM (Ap) he dofins aperture Cherie ry OX Hu soko of ehfedttue apectusa fo physled Apel Lap = Ger for hom 4 poxratolic se, tp Os < dye O8 a 7 < Scanned with CamScanner\ NM . direction Ae Up le ob Propagation * Radiation Over Oo beap, Sida . Un Qe From 29ko ng 5 wall Ap apextun Ae - L ? ker us Consider an anteora with an eppedtve Petru fe , which radiates all tts Power Ina Conte) pattern of beam arava ~ heb He freld be unttorm over the apextune- Then the Power Madiaked f&% a Pr A, 2 Ste &) ——O fo pohane Zo> 3442 ree space iy “G % Oster Held Ey ja ats fox felt ok O distance y , the 2 bMumi Power Seaspieed e Pen a Pz fe yo % Te. &) —@ 42 a los Lows Com an i B: Sin > a Scanned with CamScannerToke Sausuxeot eM both silt , ~ . fate fee TA © , do: 4t D> Diechvit} of an antenna Airey Proportienal fo the ethettive and Phiysical apartone of an antenna. | Note Py ae . 5 =" For an folropic antenra » Atrectively 2 lt @odg The etterkive epedcuy of an Uotropic Qutenna ty 2 . Mo Aa a fez ae Ta tq @ 0-0%96A~ AN other antennas HU have con ebbective aperture Ether gual f0 or greater than Hue. EB). gtnd the derectivtty aud eHledtive apcture » Fa ban half wave dipoh autenna dv & Oo ae & Med Scanned with CamScanner> Consider a Aa dipole antenna 4 placed aly, $ axth Srmelrically tow t orlgra + The Bd dip, ~botton jore't origin 1S, . €@ = Ep Cos wr Lw-rt time) fy Eo cos(BY) = Eo Cos ay) Last ‘axe) Moning ey ib contra roughoot the drain) lena dy, the poterticd dipfeunce avou dy t dy = ey dy Then the total folentias dithewne ig ‘ Ny Vc (av 2 ( yay’ - [toto OE y) ay “Ny Ny Vo = Eo | Sto zy) ; _ 7 [ee on = Seek (vei) 2 Sh wm From the Gui volun cirauit, Pete (eve 1 Re, Omrtop no loes, Rp 1820 Ore ve 2 “ 7 Rowe _@ 7 eave ate +R fA, | Ry 2F3 ci ct Scanned with CamScannerf . ee - 30 A. 9.43 A> Fenton fe ABH Ae ob Afr dipole antenna ts a O13A piractivt ty (>) = Ai fe noon igs a Pa - Dtede to log (b3) = 2-13d6; eh! Find the dirackuetg and effect ve aperture of 0 hor as ai oloe ’ eye ! ° ~ coatden a shox dipole of Jength £ 1% placed eons yy wees ym metaically wor T origin. The “field dist ebotion wor t regio 8 € = Eq cosdot) (wert oxgin) ey = Eg CR (BY) = Eq COR Cy) yr: + Space) D Ao mi & & Constant throughout the Uemental Jeng th dy, “he potential difteune acrow dy 3 dv: ey dy Then the total volt 2 H Yo ve (du = feyay : i. (0s (2 y) dys aff Coup ty Pa ° HEA |oafar iv) boa ey r [ssee oer sia ft) 4 Scanned with CamScannergill > For a ghont dipole, IkkA @ Wa«l, Opp Sag 8 eve Eo Ke x VEE, L- uotke 8: be Eo ae = £ Peta af Me lomy zo jot Pri 7 250, bon Bon? 4” fe= = : VY be RE” 3 Re = EC Bot na” 5 3A = olga” GF owity Bog xt x 56% The disectivity Of ax antenna iA given as De BAe etre 3a ; oO Bs a* A 882. an Dt de=z to logcrs) = 1-76 dei % Ebpedive fength or heigik siegers to linear avtennas and tt t the Senath oh An antenm Sespongi ble fer Power Hadiation of xecephen - 7? BY depends upon the type ef Currie dis ntbubey Scanned with CamScanner_2 Gt ik dekemed o% the Hatio of the tudured voltage to to fucidewt field 2 he - 2 Clteckve heigue iA epual to the phytical Yeightr multiplied by the normalized or overage current « ‘ Gg. - q he = 5 ede = 299 A ten) o To P 2 ve high Fe fee Sag be = ebbechve Pegi te GP. hos physical heig ey fap « ener, DG the current is uniform, Lele @ he=hp “Fay sto, hes bp if |: ‘ J FH? a Ja ? for a shont dipole, ie Leold, Sag: + So ant» Soyg = So, as pte 2 ns d Jeo he= 26 hp Lit fo Sage he be Ose yy a a ah APN stage ps sili J Tlayg?°52 Scanned with CamScanner2 for a Xa antenna, the curred dittfouHon ty \E ae \ Atouseidal. ea ett oa) + Taps fag * Fs fo» en dO \ ' ° a Py i a he = S$ ho 2 2% cigs he + gz by > 2 tp = 0-64 bp wT Relation betoeen Ke and he tohon the dodiotion Host erance food . than 2 8p an anteona , Rr wh makcud #o te Power deliverd fo te food it He MAXimUM & Mit. iM RAR, aR, Pies Ve 2 wg e: FE tw) 6 Totound of chfectve apetures the fame Powe Can be Expresed ag / ~h eR Po Ste & “tg:8 Zo Ke ® 20 i efualiy @ F Scanned with CamScannerQ Zo + WR he= “gor Fe 2 - hero a a/ fle = Te » (wr?) i é i BAN the Radio Communication Unk Lis aes ; ee ee 8 oreo) Qe Tes eo IS = Ret Hex sa of an antenna 7 Tt Apeci peat the Capacity hope x0 peed The goguired power to a Hier dittance for a ghee pe 3 fe th a power —brandhur naho wwich 4 power £o tts total ts ee a sotto of joceived tomnitted power - BD This formula giver te power received over a Commurtcation Link D> Amome lols roatchd antenra, Lot the | transmitter peed a power Pp) tO the trans thy Scanned with CamScanner| 2 with a power density ob tr. antenna ars, ante with ebhective apekrure Ag - li Dincek vty of Tx-anr 14 Dy - So ’ og @s:0, “Sayg oe Sag = m Way Pak a dittane % a receiving antenna eHer, peruse Ao, ‘intexcepts ome of the Power yadiated bg tte trangni ug autenna and Aelivert - ty the Hecelven & DS ker the trans mnitting autenna Ys Trobeopie . Hy Power pex unit oso (Power dewmty oF Poyuhy vector’) available ab the secalving antenna if Re Sy? wr eae I 2 2b the antenna hat glo the power per voit axed 1K auailable at the Neceiving aulenna will be tnereated to Porportion ax given by sp Ge lm > Ang > NOW the Power Collecked by the lomteu, matthd Meceivey autenna of efecbive aperture Aor P Scanned with CamScanner| 8, te = BEBE to “on > the Goin of the Fronts Hag autenra Can be expreaied of Ait Aer Lith eppecieny <1 ae @9) @ = sobshtotig Ge ID P, we gor P,- Ht Aer Aer bet vad Pes Fetus tranamiMion jormula how Pgs received power Wo) Re Lyang mitted power (9) er Per = EHecHve aperture Ob Te: £ RK. aterm (2) y= distance between antennas (m) Ne voavelength (m) Bl ‘adio Line" Wax) al igi shan etter Conmecal 40 an antenna of 25 m* ebtective opentute at 5Gug. the peg antenna hast an effective aper- tare of osm? and i Located af (5km Line of Boute distance from the tronmitting Antenne. Aasuniiy tomes morelied autennag. ‘Find the power delioned Scanned with camScannergo), R= p Per Per 1g RE XOS. re > er (is x10?) ory i" E 2B pw hos 4a ©, 2x. g.og. f 5xtot Antenna Feld toned », eS ae vet soem! Corrent the velocity tharge flow and the te Shown tn Hegure belous distributton for dipole ro ttn For field CRratanhobex fepicn) Scanned with CamScanner-_— 2 the electric pieldt fern concenbic circles to region as Shown tr tt outet are normal to both & lines and DuUu- ald nod erection of Power Prangent sion 2 the Huds may be divided trko 1° principal segions 1 nleax bédd o Freimal Xone & Pan pield of Frayn hofwr Xone - “the boordosuy berween the too zones 4 feuen a3 2 Q= = (ro) dimension 6 autenra (0 wn Mm 2 maximum At wawelength 2 Qn the reax ud . the Dongs toaived Compenat Ok the clectic field moy be s% nificant oud jhe POUR flow 1% mot entirely yada 2 the Shape of the pels Pattern depends Ro gorwsead an the déstance too tu the ease sigpe> 2 Ip the fax prepor, the measurable freld fo the yadial dtrecton tow & divected! Components asa tranguerte decom the antenna and all power Vodiasly avtwosd - * fh the fax tleld the Shape of the field Patter, ¢ WB Rrdependent- of the distance « Scanned with camScannerReactive neax biel sagien | that portion of the near bietd immediatly Sarcoundddg the Anitnna wWhes tn the Suachue field Predominates , E do RK 0623 [z when D M ete longest dimension of due antenna . Radiating nea eld sug'en | hal ttginn of The feld of an ant bly reackve near field & for Held ego thew in tue radiation ‘elds Predominates € eohou on the angola deetd distsi buen UM dependant epoo re distae the anteona. ae o én fe £R< per Cor beeld Thal fapion of te Feld of an antenna, Who the angular eld distoviie, oe Uberbia tty Podependuds et tur dartance tron tht antenna. v oP Qo [8Bandwidth of a0 antenna M defined as te range of freguencies voi thin Which the PSbormant OF the antenna, lov £ Some charnacterstic , conporms to a Speeprd Ktendard > Th oa of drepeenue ,o0 Ui ther Sicke of & center frepue ney (%efonance tr: fo dipole) tlohou the Qubenna Characters such of Tip impedance , pattern, bendiord th, Polasuizatten , SLL , goin, bam direction ,radiatten Ubecieny a5e torth'in # an acceptabh value of thek ab bendtond fodicates tek “te OPA ark, 6°00; loz] Fravenuy ty to tines greater than te lower og Hooooiobd.. 1. ag expend af Antennas with very large bandwedths Like 4O'l ax Hown al teegueory inde pendent antennas eeFind the gain fa de® ob © ParaboC Hepfor, antenna at 16GHy having, a dfametex a io. joka wil be th gai, Adsurme efpectencyp A Ob - ok 264ty tol : Re = Apodtunm $= is@up dzim grin of poxa bolic seflecty Ve pce \ek Fe = Ap 2 uxos) < 0: 48534 7 o- #esy De Mp | MEE Aaue Ne = (0-02) eG +4. 0694 ax108 2 Az Se 5 OAC 15x10 (so Gz D = 0-6 %2ybFY-068F = [YU IOWHY> G@ fn de = (0 log Clugoy-uy ) = UL Fad @ Scanned with CamScanner