KYAMBOGO UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

DEPERTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING IN TELECOMMUNICATIONS

ENGINEERING

YEAR 3

INTERNSHIP REPORT

KIBS SYSTEMS LIMITED

ODUR MORISH

21/U/ETE/7761/PE
INTERNSHIP REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND
ELECTRONICS AT FACULTY OF ENGINEERING IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF
ENGINEERING IN TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING AT KYAMBOGO
UNIVERSITY.

DECLARATION
I ODUR MORISH 21/U/ETE/7761/PE, hereby sincerely declare that I have successfully
completed the 6 weeks of industrial training at KIBS SYSTEMS LIMITED. The content I have
presented in this report indicates everything I did through out the training and they all belong to
only me.

NAME…………………………………………………………….
Signature……………………………………….
APPROVAL

This is to certify that this internship report has been approved for submission to the Department
of Electrical and Electronics Engineering and it contains the student's own work to the best of
my knowledge.
UNIVERSITY SUPERVISOR

NAME: ARUHO JOSEPH

Signature: ………………………………...

Date: ………/………/….……

DEDICATION

I dedicate this report to my trainers, fellow trainees and my dear parents who kept me so close to
them throughout the whole industrial training..
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT.

First and foremost, I would like to give glory to the almighty God who has kept me alive and
disease free through my difficult journey.
Secondly, I am so grateful to the management of kibs systems limited especially the CEO of the
company Mr. Zziwa yusuffu for accepting me as a trainee in this wonderful company.
I would also like to give thanks to my trainers who endlessly struggled with us through the
challenging engineering problems, they taught us from grass till we understood on what we
never knew and never in any moment did they try to give up. Words alone can describe their
golden hearts.
Lastly, I would like to thank my dear parents for their financial support and helping to choose a
right career in my life.

CHAPTER TWO;

CLOSED CIRCUIT TELEVISION

INTRODUCTION

it can also be abbreviated as CCTV.

CCTV is the use of video camera to transmit a signal to a specific place on a limited set of monitors.

the CCTV operates continuously to monitor particular events.

PURPOSES OF THE CCTV SYSTEM

 provides capability of event monitoring and recording

 the system is easy to maintain.
 it is efficient since damage is limited, low cost of maintenance, monitoring is decentralized
which eases cost.
 human errors are minimized.

LIMITATIONS OF CCTV SYSTEM

 its operation depends on availability of power

 trained personnel are needed for their installation.

CCTV SYSTEM EQUIPMENTS

1. CAMERA.
This is an electronic device with a lens of viewing activities in the range of the lens

FEATURES OF A GOOD CAMERA

 it should give out a clear image

 it should have a wider field of view
 it should have a means of adjusting the zoom and focus of the lens.
 it should be capable of resisting weather changes.
 it should also be durable.

2. MONITOR(TELEVISION)

Refers to a telecom medium used for transmitting images in color and in 2 or 3 dimensions.

The monitor is connected to the NVR or DVR through the VGA or HDM1 cable.

3. SIGNAL CONTROLLERS

These are electronic devices used to analyze data on a CCTV system.

These include;

 digital video recorder(DVR).

 network video recorder(NVR).
 Ethernet switch

DVR
This is an electronic device that recodes video in digital format to disc drive, SD memory cards
and any other storage devices.
The DVR is connected to the camera through the coaxial cable with DNC connectors.

NVR
This is an advanced video recorder which compresses video footage to hard disc drive.
the NVR receives video, audio, images through an Ethernet network IP camera.
it is a stand alone storage device that can record video simultaneously from 4 to 32 network
cameras without requiring users to turn on their computers.
it is connected to a camera through a cat 6 cable and RJ45.

ETHERNET SWITCH
This is an electronic networking device that connects devices together on a network by using
packets switching to receive, process and forward data to the destination device.
it is a multi port network bridge that uses hardware addresses to process and forward data.

4. SURGE PROTECTORS
This is an electronic device designed to protect electrical devices from voltage spikes.
A surge protector attempts to limit the voltage supplied to an electronic device.
 in this case of a camera, it is either done by blocking or shorting to the ground any of the
unwanted voltage.
it supports data rate of up to 1GB.
it can also be outdoor.

5. POWER OVER ETHERNET EXTENDERS(POE).

This equipment is designed to amplify data signal of up to 10 to 100 mbps travelling through
category 6 to a distance of up to 100 meters.
it has lens indicator with green indicating POE enabled and yellow indicating link or activity.
6. MIDSPAM
It is a device used to combine power and data in to a single cable.
It is an additional POE power source that can be used in a combination with a non POE switch.

OPERATION OF A MIDSPAM
Whenever a device is connected to a midspam, a small amount of power is connected the cable
not enough to power device and only powers the port.
the midspam will send signal to ask whether device needs powers. The POE device will in turn
send message saying it requires power which the midspam will supply.
The power output from standard midspam is 48v at 350mA.
should a device require more than the above power, then midspams are used.

7. POWER SUPPLY
Power is supplied from the main socket through a stabilizer to UPS and then distributed to other
relevant devices.
All the analog cameras are supplied with 12V DC while IP network cameras are supplied with 44
to 57V DC POE.

8. CABLES.
Different camera categories use different cable format e.g. analog cameras use coaxial cable in
transmission of video signal whereas
IP use cat 6 network cable in transmission of data.

 COAXIAL CABLE
It uses BNC connectors.
it is the most common method of transmitting video signal.
it provides a very high bandwidth and assures the transmission of very high quality
video within the design distance.

 CAT 6 CABLE
It is commonly referred to as category 6.
it is a standardized and twisted pair cable in which pair of wires (a forward or return)
conductors from a single circuit are twisted together for the purpose of cancelling out
electromagnetic interference from other wires from external sources.
it connects electronic device over a distance of 100 meters.
  FIBER OPTIC CABLE.

It is the best method of transmitting video and data over long distance.

When using fiber, the video signal is electronically changed into pulsed light. This light is then
injected into the fiber and transmitted by internal reflection.

At the other end of the fiber, the pulse light is changed back into an electronic signal.

ADVANTAGE OF FIBER OPTIC CABLE.

The video and data can be sent for a very long distance without significant disturbance or
degradation.

TYPES OF CCTV CAMERAS

analog cameras

IP cameras

IP CAMERAS

ILLUSTRATION OF IP CAMERA INSTALLATION

BLOCK DIAGRAM

IP
surge Ethernet
network midspam POE server monitor
protector switch
camera

OPERATION OF IP CAMERA
  The IP network camera views activities in the range of its lens and gives video with clear
images.
 The video from the IP camera passes through the surge protector which either blocks or
shorts to the ground any unwanted voltage.
 the midspam will send a signal to ask whether the device needs power, the POE device
will deliver the message back in case the device needs power which the midspam will
supply.
 For long distance transmission, POE will be used.
 An ethernet switch which consists of cat 6 cable and RJ45 connects all the devices
together.
 The server receives all information from all the devices and compresses it.
 The monitor is connected to the server, it monitors only the specific output required.

MAIN ACTIVITIES DONE IN CCTV CAMERAS

 camera maintenance
 camera trouble shooting and repair
 camera installation

CASE 1:

CAMERA TROUBLESHOOTING AND REPAIR

THEORY

Troubleshooting simply means identifying the main problem that has led to the malfunctioning of the
CCTV cameras or improper functioning of the camera.

Repair is the process of practically solving the problem got through trouble shooting.

For example, in Kakira sugar limited, all CCTV cameras are checked by Mr. Isaac and Mr. Joshua on a
daily basis.

OBLECTIVES OF TROUBLE SHOOTING AND REPAIR

 To improve on company security

 To reduce the cost of supervision
 to improve on camera durability and productivity

EQUIPMENTS USED DURING TROUBLE SHOOTING AND REPAIR

 Pliers
 Testers
 cable testers
 Ethernet cable
 Crimping tool
 Camera screw driver
  Ladder

PROCEDURES DONE IN TROUBLESHOOTING AND REPAIR

1. Identifying the nonfunctioning cameras from the monitor in the electronic workshop as for
the case of kakira sugar limited.
2. surveying the sites where the non-working cameras are located. this limits accidents during
work.
3. As a team we came up with possible ideas why the camera was not working after reaching
the site. This step is where troubleshooting is done.
4. In the fourth step, ethernet cable connecting the camera to the switch is checked using
cable tester. Also the camera itself is checked whether it is functioning or not.
5. After the problem is identified in step four, the solution is done in step five through effective
repair.
NB;
We also realized that some cameras just needed maintenance instead of repair.

RESULTS/ OBSERVATIONS

The following are the main reasons we were able to identify that led to the nonfunctioning

of the cameras.

1. fault in the ethernet cable connecting the camera to the switch.

2. fault in the camera itself

3. poor view since it had no POE extenders

4. non-working NVR in case of IP network cameras only.

REMEDIES TO THE ABOVE OBSERVATIONS

1. Appropriately terminating the cables with the use of crimping tool, RJ45 connectors and

the category 6 cable. this was the first solution we came up with to tackle problem of

non-working Ethernet cable, it enabled us to restore some non-working cameras though

not all cables were having the terminating problem.

2. Laying of ethernet cable

MATERIALS USED IN CABLE LAYING

 unshielded twisted pair cable

  POE extenders

 switches

 climping tool

 cutters

 cable tester

ACTIVITIES DONE DURING CABLE LAYING

 We looked for the suitable site to lay the ethernet cables.

 After every 100 meters, we placed POE extenders for proper communication of the camera.

 we terminated the ethernet cables and we connected them to the switches and POE extenders

respectively.

 The POE was lighting appropriately which that the camera was working

3. Changing of the hard disk of the NVR. This enabled us to solve the problem of the non-

working NVR at Kakira sugar limited temple.

CONCLUSION ON TROUBLESHOOTING AND REPAIR OF CCTV CAMERAS

Through my training process at Kakira sugar limited I was able to gain experience on troubleshooting

and repair, and we were also able to know practically the difference between troubleshooting and

repair.

The engineering team of Mr. Isaac and Mr. Joshua were able to take us practically throughout the

process of troubleshooting and repair.

CASE 2:

CAMERA MAINTENANCE

THEORY
CCTV cameras are essential for security and safety in a company, but they also require and repair to

function properly.

As an engineer, you need to know how to plan, perform and monitor CCTV maintenance to ensure

optimal performance and avoid costly breakdowns.

CCTV MAINTENANCE SAFETY

Is the practice of ensuring your own safety and wellbeing while performing CCTV maintenance tasks.

This involves following the safety rules and regulations of the facility.

Wearing protective gears such as gloves, googles and helmets when working with electrical or

mechanical components of a CCTV camera and related equipments.

Avoiding working alone in hazardous areas without proper supervision or communication, and reporting

any incidents, accidents or hazards that occur during or after CCTV maintenance tasks.

EQUIPMENT USED IN CAMERA MAINTENANCE

 Camera screwdriver

 detergent

 Piece of cloth

 Water

 Foam cleaner

PROCEDURES OF CCTV CAMERA MAINTENANCE

  Check whether all cameras are functioning appropriately. At KSL, this is done through the use of

monitors at the electronics workshop.

 The cameras that giving un clear visions less than expected are noted down for proper

maintenance.

 With the aid of the camera screw driver, all unscrew able parts of the CCTV cameras are

unscrewed e.g. lens, camera cover, etc.

 They are washed thoroughly using the soft piece of cloth before being screwed back.

CASE 3:

CCTV CAMERA INSTALLATION

THEORY

CCTV camera installation simply refers to the practice of putting a surveillance camera to a site where it

did not exist.

In a company like Kakira sugar limited, cameras are a requirement for both security and monitoring

purposes.

FACTORS CONSIDERED DURING INSTALLATION

 Distance of coverage

 distance of signal transmission

 source of power

 environment

 area of coverage

MATERIALS AND TOOLS USED IN CAMERA INSTALLATION

 drilling machine

 cat 6 cable

 RJ45 connectors

 Conduit pipes

 Wall plugs

 Saddle

 Coupler

 Screws

 NVR

 Screen

 Ladder

 crimping tool

 camera

STEPS INVOLVED IN CAMERA INSTALLATION

1. CABLE PASSING;

The first step we did in this was drilling through the wall using a drilling machine, this was done

to enable us pass the conduit pipes through the wall.

We connected conduit pipes together with the use of couplers. The conduit pipes were

attached to the wall with the help of saddles and wall plugs.

We therefore passed our cat 6 cables successfully through the conduit pipes attached to the

wall.

2. TERMINATION OF CABLES

Since we were installing 4 IP cameras at Kakira sugar limited temple, we had to terminate 4 cat 6

cables that were to connect the camera to the NVR.

 We did this with the help of crimping tool, RJ45 connectors and category 6 cable.

3. We therefore connected the Ethernet cables to both the IP network cameras and NVR

respectively.

4. The NVR is connected to the power source and then to the monitor.

5. The IP network cameras are powered by POE extenders at the NVR.

6. From the monitor, we were able to observe that the cameras are working, and possible

adjustments were made to the angle of view.

CHAPTER THREE;

Radio communication

This is a common term of communication used to mean wireless communication.

Communication refers to the means of conveying information from one person to another. There
are two forms of oral communication used in Kakira sugar limited i.e.
● Mouth to mouth and Media communication.

Types of radio communication used in KSL

● Base radio
This is an electronic device which generates a radio frequency alternating current. When a
connected antenna is excited by this alternating current, the antenna emits radio waves. This
form of radio is used by mobile operators for communication with field operators at distance. It
is installed with an antenna connected to the radio with a coaxial cable and supplied with 12-
15vdc power supply through fuses. They are used in Karongo and Chico.

● Walk-talk radio
Walkie-talkies are handheld, portable radios; they communicate wirelessly (using radio waves)
on a single, shared frequency band. Each battery powered unit contains a transmitter, receiver
and antenna (for sending and receiving radio waves), a loud speaker for monitoring
communication within the wireless network, a microphone where someone talks from, and a
button that you “push-to-talk” (PTT). A collection of walk talkies has to be tuned to the same
frequency band, called a channel, to be able to communicate. When radios are in “receiving
mode”, the loud speaker outputs the message so long as the radios are on the same channel and
the PTT switch is released. When a worker wishes to communicate, he/ she holds the press-to-
talk button on their handset. The radio goes quiet as their loud speaker switches over to a
microphone. As he/ she talks into the radio, their words are converted into radio waves and
beamed out on the prearranged channel.

Terms used
● Ripples; these are the unwanted sound in the sound needed by the radio.
● Wave band is the range between which the frequency is free from other frequencies

4.5 TESTING THE FIRE ALARM SYSTEM

These are ideally steps we took when testing the different fire alarm systems;

● We first dislocated the manual call points, checked the resistance of the end resistor and
found it to be 4.7kΩ. After silencing the alarm that had been triggered by the open circuit at
the manual call point, we went on to check the connection of the sensors.
● After ensuring the wiring is/was fine, we introduced smoke near the sensors so as to trigger
the alarm. If the alarm goes on, it implies the circuit is complete.
● In the stores 4 & 17, the alarms didn’t go on despite the proper wiring and working end
resistors, we concluded the sensors were dead and most probably affected by the chemicals
and therefore recommended chemical resistant smoke sensors be installed.
● In the new and old engineering rooms, the alarms went on introducing smoke next to them
implying the systems were working fine.

4.8 FIBER SPLICING

We got to see how fiber splicing was done. At KSL, fusion splicing method is the one used to
join fiber optic.

❖ The fiber was first stripped to remove all the coatings.

❖ Its surface was then cleaned before cleaving it using the cleaver.
❖ It was then placed in the splicing machine for fusing.
❖ A sleeve was then placed across the fused part before it was melted along the joint using
the splicing machine.
❖ An OTDR machine was then used to check if the splicing dad been done perfectly and
the loss in the signal to be expected in decibels.

Figure 15: OTDR Machine for checking continuity in fibre cables