Design of Box Culvert

REF CALCULATION OUTPUT

Design Properties and Parameters
-Density of compacted soil (unsaturated) γunsat. 19 kN/m³
-Density of compacted soil (saturated) γsat. 22 kN/m³
-Density of water 10 kN/m³
-Safe soil bearing pressure SBP 200 kN/m²
-Angle of internal friction 27°
-Active Earth Pressure coefficient Ka 1- Sin27/1+ Sin27 0.38
-Soil internal coefficient of friction ,'µ' Tan 27⁰ 0.4
-Loaded length (45° dispersion ) L = 3.1+1×2 5.1 m
Table -Traffic loading UDL/notional lane BS 5400-part 2 = 336(1/5.1)⁰˙⁶⁷ 112.79 kN/m²
-KEL 120 kN/m
-Carriageway width 5900 mm
-Notional width (1 notional lanes) 3
-Lane width = 5.9/3 1.97 m
-Concrete cover to reinforcements c 50 mm
-Finishes and screeds 25 mm
-Surcharge 10 kN/m²
-Concrete density γcon. 25 kN/m³
-Design case: Surrounding soil saturated
Road surface

1000

350
A B

2300

D C
400

400 3100 400

3900
TOP - Slab load analysis
EC1 Slab dead loads Ultimate load (kN/m²) Service load (kN/m²)
Pt. 1.1 -Slab load s/w = 25×0.35×1.15 10.06 = 25×0.35 8.75
-Finishes/screeds = 25×0.025×1.15 0.72 = 25×0.025 0.63
-wt of fill culvert = 1×22×1.5 33.00 = 1×22×1.20 26.40
Total permanent load, (kN/m²) 43.78 35.78 43.78
HA lane factors
Table 14 HA lane factor (table 14 ,BD 37/01)
-1st & 2nd lane = 0.274 ×3 = 0.82 0.82
UDL per notional lane (kN/m²) Ultimate load (kN/m²) Service load (kN/m²)
-1st & 2nd lane = 0.82×112.79×1.5/1.97 70.42 = 0.82×112.79×1.0/1.97 46.95 70.42
KEL per notional lane (kN/m²)
-1st & 2nd lane = 0.82×120×1.5/(1.97×1×2) 37.46 = 0.82×120/(1.97×1×2) 24.97 37.46
Total slab loadings
EC0 Ultimate load (kN/m²) Service load (kN/m²)
Eq.6.10 w =43.78+70.42+37.46 = 151.66 =35.78+46.95+24.97 = 107.70 151.66
Eq.6.14b Taking 1m width of concrete slab =>151.66 × 1.0 = > n = 151.66kN/m
151.66kN/m

A B

6
 A B

3.5
BOTTOM - Slab load analysis
EC1 Slab dead loads Ultimate load (kN/m²) Service load (kN/m²)
Pt. 1.1 -Slab load s/w = 25×0.4×1.15 11.50 = 25×0.4×1.15 10.00
-wt of walls = 25×2.3×0.4×2×1.15/3.9 13.56 = 25×2.3×0.4×2/3.9 11.79
-Finishes/screeds = 25×0.025×1.15 0.72 = 25×0.025×1.15 0.63
-Top slab 43.78 35.78
Total permanent load, (kN/m²) 69.56 58.20 69.56
UDL per notional lane (kN/m²) Service load (kN/m²)
-1st & 2nd lane = 0.82×112.79×1.5/1.97 70.42 = 0.82×112.79×1.0/1.97 46.95 70.42
KEL per notional lane (kN/m²)
-1st & 2nd lane = 0.82×120×1.5/(1.97×1×2) 37.46 = 0.82×120/(1.97×1×2) 24.97 37.46
Total slab loadings
EC0 Ultimate load (kN/m²) Service load (kN/m²)
Eq.6.10 w =69.56+70.42+37.46 = 177.44 177.44
Eq.6.14b Taking 1m width of concrete slab =>177.44 × 1.0 = > n = 177.44kN/m

D C

177.44kN/m
3.5
WALLS - Lateral Pressure on the walls
Ultimate load (kN/m²)
Top of culvert (p₁ ) Sg = 1.5×Ka×γ = 10×0.38×1.5 5.70
'EP =1.5{Ka(γsat-γw)+γw}h ={(22-10)0.38+10}1.18×1.5 25.66
31.36 kN/m 31.36
Bot. of culvert (p₂ ) Sg = 1.5×Ka×γ = 10×0.38×1.5 5.70
'EP =1.5{Ka(γsat-γw)+γw}h ={(22-10)0.38+10}3.85×1.5 84.08
89.78 kN/m 89.78
Diagrammatically
151.66kN/m
31.36kN/m 31.36kN/m
A B

2.68m

89.78kN/m D C 89.78kNm

177.44kN/m
3.50m
Diagrammatically open continuous Beam
151.66 31.36 89.78 177.44 89.78 31.36

A B C D A

3.5 2.68 3.5 2.68

Fixed End Moment
Span A-B
FEMAB = wl ²/12
FEMAB = FEMBA = 151.66×3.5²/12 154.82
Span B-C & D-A
FEMBC = w₁l ²/12 + w₂l ²/30
FEMBC = FEMAD = 31.36×2.68²/12+58.42×2.68²/30 32.76

6
 FEMCB = w₁l ²/12 + w₂l ²/20
FEMCB = FEMDA = 31.36×2.68²/12+58.42×2.68²/20 -39.75
Span C-D
FEMCD = wl ²/12
FEMCD = FEMDC = 177.44×3.5²/12 181.14
Moment Distribution
Span A B B C C D D A
D.F 0.33 0.33 0.67 0.57 0.43 0.43 0.57 0.67
FEM 154.82 -154.82 32.76 -39.75 181.14 -181.14 39.75 -32.76
DIST1 -40.28 40.28 81.78 -80.59 -60.8 60.8 80.59 -81.78
C/O 20.14 -20.14 -40.3 40.89 30.4 -30.4 -40.89 40.3
DIST2 -19.95 19.95 40.49 -40.64 -30.65 30.65 40.64 -40.49
TOTAL 114.73 -114.73 114.73 -120.09 120.09 -120.09 120.09 -114.73
Maximum Shear Force and Moment at spans
Span A-B @Top Slab
RA = RB = 151.66×3.5/2 =265.41kN 265.41
Msupt. = Max(114.73,-114.73) 114.73
Mmax = 265.41×1.75-151.66×1.75²/2 - 114.73 =217.04kNm 217.04
Span C-D @Bottom Slab
RC = RD = 177.44×3.5/2 =310.52kN 310.52
Msupt. = Max(120.09,-120.09) 120.09
Mmax = 310.52×1.75-151.66×1.75²/2 - 120.09 =290.62kNm 290.62
Span B-C & D-A @Vertical Wall
RB = w ₁L/2 + w ₂L/6 + (FEMBC -FEMCB)/L
= (31.36×2.68/2 +58.42×2.68/6) + (114.73-120.09)/2.68 =66.12kN
= 66.12kN 66.12
RC = w ₁L/2 + w ₂L/3 + (FEMBC -FEMCB)/L
= (31.36×2.68/2 +58.42×2.68/3) + (-120.09 + 114.73)/2.68 =92.21kN
= 92.21kN 92.21
Msupt. = Max(114.73,-120.09) 120.09
Shear Force Equation SF= 66.12 -(31.36x + 58.42x/2)
At Mmax/min SF =0
SF= 29.21x+31.36x-66.12 = 0
x= 1.09m 1.09
Moment Equation [email protected] = 66.12x -(31.36x²/2 + 58.42x²/3) -114.73 =-84.42kNm
[email protected] =-84.42kNm -84.42
Design of Box Culvert @Top Slab
REF CALCULATION OUTPUT
-Assume main reinforcement bar φ = 20 mm
-Assume distribution reinforcement bar φ = 16 mm
-Concrete compressive strength fck = 30 N/mm²
-Rebar steel strength fyk = 425 N/mm²
Effective depth, deff
∅′ = 350 - 50 - 20 / 2 = 290 mm
𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑓 = ℎ − 𝑐 − ⇒
2 deff = 290 mm 290
Maximum design moment MEd = 217.04kNm 217.04
𝑀
𝐾= = 217.04×1000²/(30×1000×290²) = 0.086
𝑏𝑑2 𝑓𝑐𝑘
K= 0.086 < 0.167 K=0.086
Therefore no comp. reinforcement needed
Lever arm, z
𝐾
𝑧 = 𝑑 0.5 + 0.25 − = 290(0.5+√(0.25-0.086/1.134)) = 266 mm 266
z = 0.95×d 1.134 = 0.95×290 = 276 mm 276
Therefore lever arm, z = 266 mm z=266mm

6
 Steel reinforcement requirement
𝑀 A s req. = 217.04×1000²/(0.87×425×266) = 2207 mm² 2207
𝐴𝑠 =
0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑧
cl. 9.2.1.1 Check minimum area of reinforcements
f ctm = 0.3 × f ck 0.67 = 0.3×30⁰˙⁶⁷ = 2.93 MPa 2.93
Equ. 9.1N As, min = 0.26 (fctm/ fyk) bt d > 0.13%bd = 0.26×(2.93/425)×1000×290 = 520 mm² 520
cl. 9.6.2(1) Check maximum reinfocements
Max As =4%bd = 4×1000×290/100 = 11600 mm² 290
Therefore, provide T20 @ 125 B1 Area A s = 2513 >2207mm²/m OK
cl. 9.3.1.1(2) Distribution steel reinf. req'. A s ' Max A's = (20%Aprov,vert., As, min)
Max(0.2×2513, 520) 520 mm² 520
Therefore, provide T16 @ 200 B2 Area A s = 1005 >520mm²/m OK
Shear stress check
Max. support shear force 265.41 265.41kN
Max. design shear resistance VRd, c
Cl 6.2.2 VRd, c = {CRd, c×k×(100×ρ1×fck)1/3 ≥ (Vmin = 0.035×k1.5×√fck)}×bwd
C Rd,c = 0.12
k = 1+√(200/d) = min (1+√(200/290) ; 2.0 ) = 1.83
ρ₁ = A sl /(bw d) 2513/(1000×290) = 0.87% 0.87
v Rd, c = 0.12×1.83×(100×0.0087×30)^(1/3)×1000×290= 188.91 kN/m 188.91
v min = 0.035×√30×1.83¹˙⁵×1000×290= 137.63 kN/m 137.63
Therefore, v Rd, c = Max(188.91, 137.63) = 188.91 kN/m
vEd = 265.41 > (vRd, c = 188.91kN/m) Fail in shear
The shear strength is satisfactory; no shear reinforcement is required
Design of Box Culvert @Bottom Slab
REF CALCULATION OUTPUT
-Assume mid-span steel bar φ = 20 mm
-Assume support steel bar φ = 16 mm
-Concrete compressive strength fck = 20 N/mm²
-Rebar steel strength fyk = 425 N/mm²
Effective depth, deff
∅′ = 400 - 50 - 20 / 2 = 340 mm
𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑓 = ℎ − 𝑐 − ⇒
2 deff = 340 mm 340
Maximum design moment MEd = 290.62kNm 290.62
𝑀
𝐾= 2 = 290.62×1000²/(20×1000×340²) = 0.126
𝑏𝑑 𝑓𝑐𝑘
K= 0.126 < 0.167 K=0.126
Therefore no comp. reinforcement needed
Lever arm, z

𝐾
𝑧 = 𝑑 0.5 + 0.25 − = 340(0.5+√(0.25-0.126/1.134)) = 297 mm 297
z = 0.95×d 1.134 = 0.95×340 = 323 mm 323
Therefore lever arm, z = 297 mm z=297mm
Steel reinforcement requirement
𝑀 A sreq. = 290.62×1000²/(0.87×425×297) = 2646 mm² 2646
𝐴𝑠 =
0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑧
cl. 9.2.1.1 Check minimum area of reinforcements
f ctm = 0.3 × f ck 0.67 = 0.3×20⁰˙⁶⁷ = 2.23 MPa 2.23
Equ. 9.1N As, min = 0.26 (fctm/ fyk) bt d > 0.13%bd = 0.26×(2.93/425)×1000×340 = 609 mm² 609
cl. 9.6.2(1) Check maximum reinfocements
Max As =4%bd = 4×1000×340/100 = 13600 mm² 340
Therefore, provide T20 @ 100 B1 Area A s = 3141 >2646mm²/m OK
cl. 9.3.1.1(2) Distribution steel reinf. req'. A s ' Max A's = (20%Aprov,vert., As, min)
Max(0.2×3141, 609) 628 mm² 628
Therefore, provide T16 @ 150 B2 Area A s = 1340 >628mm²/m OK

6
 Shear stress check
Max. support shear force 310.5 310.52kN
Max. design shear resistance VRd, c
Cl 6.2.2 VRd, c = {CRd, c×k×(100×ρ1×fck)1/3 ≥ (Vmin = 0.035×k1.5×√fck)}×bwd
C Rd,c = 0.12
k = 1+√(200/d) = min (1+√(200/340) ; 2.0 ) = 1.77
ρ₁ = A sl /(bw d) 3141/(1000×340) = 0.92% 0.92
v Rd, c = 0.12×1.77×(100×0.0092×20)^(1/3)×1000×340= 190.65 kN/m 190.65
v min = 0.035×√20×1.77¹˙⁵×1000×340= 125.32 kN/m 125.32
Therefore, v Rd, c = Max(190.65, 125.32) = 190.65 kN/m
vEd = 310.52 > (vRd, c = 190.65kN/m) Fail in shear
The shear strength is satisfactory; no shear reinforcement is required
Design of Box Culvert @Vertical Walls
REF CALCULATION OUTPUT
-Assume near-face (NF) steel bar φ = 16 mm
-Assume far-face (FF) steel bar φ = 12 mm
-Concrete compressive strength fck = 20 N/mm²
-Rebar steel strength fyk = 425 N/mm²
Effective depth, deff
∅′ = 400 - 50 - 16 / 2 = 342 mm
𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑓 = ℎ − 𝑐 − ⇒
2 deff = 342 mm 342
Maximum Support moment MEd = 120.09kNm 120.09
𝑀
𝐾= 2 = 120.09×1000²/(20×1000×342²) = 0.051
𝑏𝑑 𝑓𝑐𝑘
K= 0.051 < 0.167 K=0.051
Therefore no comp. reinforcement needed
Lever arm, z

𝐾
𝑧 = 𝑑 0.5 + 0.25 − = 342(0.5+√(0.25-0.051/1.134)) = 326 mm 326
z = 0.95×d 1.134 = 0.95×342 = 325 mm 325
Therefore lever arm, z = 325 mm z=325mm
Steel reinforcement requirement
𝑀 A s req. = 120.09×1000²/(0.87×425×325) = 999 mm² 999
𝐴𝑠 =
0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑧
cl. 9.6.2(1) Check minimum area of reinforcements
Min As = 0.20%Ac = 0.20×1000×400/100 = 800 mm² 800
cl. 9.6.2(1) Check maximum reinfocements
Max As =4%bd = 4×1000×342/100 = 13680 mm² 342
Therefore, provide T16 @ 125 NF Area A s = 1608 >999mm²/m OK
cl. 9.3.1.1(2) Distribution steel reinf. req'. A s ' Max A's = (25%Aprov,vert., As, hmin, 0.10%Ac)
Max(0.25×1608, 800,0.10×1000×400/100) 609 mm² 609
Therefore, provide T12 @ 150 FF Area A s = 753 >609mm²/m OK
Shear stress check
Max. support shear force = Max(66.12,92.21) 92.21kN
Max. design shear resistance VRd, c
Cl 6.2.2 VRd, c = {CRd, c×k×(100×ρ1×fck)1/3 ≥ (Vmin = 0.035×k1.5×√fck)}×bwd
C Rd,c = 0.12
k = 1+√(200/d) = min (1+√(200/342) ; 2.0 ) = 1.76
ρ₁ = A sl /(bw d) 1608/(1000×342) = 0.47% 0.47
v Rd, c = 0.12×1.76×(100×0.0047×20)^(1/3)×1000×342= 152.44 kN/m 152.44
v min = 0.035×√20×1.76¹˙⁵×1000×342= 124.99 kN/m 124.99
Therefore, v Rd, c = Max(152.44, 124.99) = 152.44 kN/m
vEd = 92.21 < (vRd, c = 152.44kN/m) OK
The shear strength is satisfactory; no shear reinforcement is required
Sketch(s) of box culvert section

6
 Road surface

1000 T20-01-125T1 T16-01-200T2

350

T20-01-125B1 T16-01-200B2
2×T16-01-125NF 2×T16-01-125NF
2300 2×T12-01-150FF BOX CULVERT 2×T12-01-150FF

T20-01-100T1 T16-01-150T2

400

T20-01-100B1 T16-01-150B2
400 3100 400
3900