UNIT-2 AC CIRCUITS Ch. V. Krishna Reddy EEE,CBITAC voltage source of instantaneous voltage 1 R L v = V,, sin(wt) is connected across the series combination of L and R. Jj——— Vp j—— VV. V=Vm20 Assume that the current flowing through L and R is v I amperes, where I is the rms value of the instantaneous current i. CJ Duc to this current, the voltage drop across L v= Vm sinwt and R are given by: voltage drop across R, Vg =I. R (Vx is in phase with I) VW TL voltage drop across L, V, =I. X, Se tt +; Voltage across L 0 (V,, leads I by 90°) j pl - : leads current by 90 ‘Tuesdas, September 8, 2020 Single Phase AC Circuits Faculty: Mx. Ch. V. Krishna Redd, CBIT 71. Phasor representation » The applied voltage v is equal to the phasor addition of Vp and V,. V= Vp Ti Vi teeeee qd) (phasor addition) Substituting, V,=IR Vi =X VEZ) 7P vi(Lxe V=IR+IX, ou... (2) » This addition and voltage triangle is shown in fig. Va (I-R) Voltage Triangle2.lmpedance (Z) V=Ve+ hy =1(RsjwL) * = Rejwl Z =R-+iwL Z=R+jX, » Impedance of R-L series circuit is expressed in rectangular form as, Z=R+jX ...... () » Impedance of R-L series circuit is expressed in polar form as, 3 where |Z| = V(R? + X;?) o = tan![X,/R] = tan“ at) = tan~*(74)3.lmpedance Triangle The right-angled triangle formed by the vectors representing the resistance drop, the reactance drop, and the impedance drop of a circuit carrying an alternating current is called Impedance Triangle. I2| = VRP +X) 7 x XL ¢ sin ® a 7 R cos® = zZ tan@ =—4. Voltage and current > The current through R-L circuit is given by, sy DL W208 LV ee (= 7“ Wze Z| I m Let, V=— Z| «i(Q=1, 2 -o Amp > Let, v = V,, sin (wt). Hence the expression for the instantaneous current is, i=I,, sin (ot- 9)5.Power Instantaneous power P (t) = VI = (Vn Sinwt)(I,, sin(wt-)) = Valm Sinwt sin(wt-) = “ain [cos - cos(2wt-)] = a cos - = cos(2wt-«)5.Power » Average Power If we represent the rms voltage and current by V and I then, the average power supplied to a series RL circuit is given by, P,, = VI cos o Watts » The average power supplied to the R-L circuit is, P,, = (Average power consumed by R)+ (Average power consumed by L) » But the average power consumed by pure inductance is zero. «. P,, = Average power consumed by RAC voltage source of instantaneous voltage i-— V, Vv v = V,, sin(wt) is connected across the series 7 combination of R and C. v V=Vm20 Assume that the current flowing through R and C is I amperes, where I is the rms value of the v=V,_ sinwt instantaneous current i. Duc to this current, the voltage drop across R and C are given by: voltage drop across R, Vg=LR VW - (Vp is in phase with I) Voltage across capacitor voltage drop across C, Vo =I. X¢ NoRage and coment +4 lags current (Ve lags I by 90°) are in phase ‘Tuesdas, September 8, 2020 Single Phase AC Circuits Faculty: Mx. Ch. V. Krishna Redd, CBIT Py1. Phasor representation » The applied voltage v is equal to the phasor addition of Vp and Vc. BEE EEEEEEEEt Voltage Triangle VEVat Ve ce (1) (phasor addition) va(L-R) 0. . A Substituting, V,=IR X Vo=IX ve ee V=IR+IX6 0.0... (2) » This addition and voltage triangle is shown in fig. ve VaR)? + (X,? Let |Z| = VR2+X2 2 V=1IV(RP+ (XK 2 V=L/Z2.lmpedance (Z) V=Vp+ Ve =1(R-iXc) v 7 7 R-iXc Z=RX¢ Z=R-jX¢ » Impedance of R-C series circuit is expressed in rectangular form as, Z=R-jXc 0... () » Impedance of R-C series circuit is expressed in polar form as, Z=|Z| Z-o--+- (2) ; where |Z| = V(R? + X,*) o=tan'[X,/R] = tan7*(22) = tan-\(Ze) I3.lmpedance Triangle The right-angled triangle formed by the vectors representing the resistance drop, the reactance drop, and the impedance drop of a circuit carrying an alternating current is called Impedance Triangle. e Impedance, Z = y sin® = cosh == . - i aR2+X2 tano ==ACurrent (le /y= 1,) i(t) = Im Sin(wot#®) where Im =42& @ = tan™!6) A(Rws)= ¢ = “ + where z= R-jX¢ =R- de SPower Instantaneous power P(t) = V1 = (Vj, Sinwt)(,, sin(wt+®)) = Vln Sint sin(wt+®) Hala [cose - cos(2ut+)] = Sa cos - Sale cos(2wt+) ‘Tuesdas, September 8, 2020 Single Phase AC Circuits Faculty: Mc Ch. V. Keishna Reds, CBIT 88aL RLC, Series Circuit = Circuit lagram é — i—— Va — Ve— [$$ y ——__ + | tim V = Vm Sinwt = Inthe RLC Series Circuit = X,=2nfL and Xp = 1/2nfC = When the AC voltage is applied through the RLC Series Circuit the resulting current I flows through the circuit, and thus the voltage across each element will be = Vpg=IR that is the voltage across the resistance R and is in phase with the current I. = V,=IX;, that is the voltage across the inductance L and it leads the current I by an angle of 90 degrees. = Vc=IXc that is the voltage across the capacitor C and it lags the current I by an angle of 90 degrees.URL Phasor Diagram of RLC Series Circuit = The phasor diagram of the RLC Series Circuit when the circuit is acting as an inductive circuit that means (V,>V<) is shown below and if (V.< Vc) the circuit will behave as a capacitive circuit. Current is taken as reference = Vp is drawn in phase with it. = V_ is drawn leading by 90, = V,is drawn lagging by 90,Meads = Since V, and V, are in opposition to each other there can be two cases: s 1)X,>Xe s 2)X, X_ = Phasor diagram Me A eadebadad “omVe 90° ‘ {oe >! ls0 Ved vSteps to draw the Phasor Diagram of the RLC Series Circuit Take current | as the reference as shown in the figure above The voltage across the inductor L that is V, is drawn leads the current | by a 90-degree angle. The voltage across the capacitor c that is V, is drawn lagging the current | by a 90 degree angle because in capacitive load the current leads the voltage by an angle of 90 degrees. The two vector V, and V¢ are opposite to each other.V= JWa + W— Vo2= VOR + UX, Kc)? or VaIjR?+ (KL—Xq? or Vv Jit Oe he Z=YR+ (KL - Xp)? From the phasor diagram, the value of phase angle will be _ wi Zz Phase Angle — Vi= Ve _ Xu— Xe a Wa TR or i Oi @ = tan“? +S= If the inductive reactance is greater than the capacitive reactance than the circuit reactance is inductive giving a lagging phase angle. = ImpediCase-2:When X, < X< = Phasor diagram = Impedance Triangle o Xe —Case-3) : When X, = X, = Phasor diagram | L Vs = Ve I, @=0° tv, Ve™=oV = When X; =X, IX,=1 X¢,Vp=Ve The opposing and equal voltages V- and V; now completely cancel each other out. The supply voltage and the circuit current must now be in phase, so the circuit is apparently entirely resistive! L and C have completely "disappeared". V5-Va=IRImpedance Triangle = As, X,-Xc, X_-Xc =0 =» So,Z=R = Cose = R/Z = 1 =» 8=0 = Power factor is unity. Phase angle is zero.PC Example 1 : An alternating voltage of 80+60j v is applied to a circuit and the current flowing is 4-2j.Find the . Impedance Phase angle . Power factor . Power consumed pens Solution: V = 80+60jv, =4-2)A = 100 2 36.87 = 4,47 2-26.56 v_ 80+60j 1.) Impedance = Z = + a = 22.37 263.43 2-22.37 2.) Phase Angle = = 63.43 3.)Power Factor = cos = 0.447(lagging) 4.)Power consumed = = VI cos @ = 100x4.47x0.447 = 199.81W ‘Tuesdas, September 8, 2020 Single Phase AC Cixcuits Faculty: Mx. Ch. V. Krishna Redd, CBIT 9aL Example 2 : An RMS voltage of 100 2Ov is applied to a series combination of Z, and Z, where Z, =20 z 30 ohms. The effective voltage drop across Z, is known to be 40 2-30v . Find the Reactive Component of Z, Answers : X2 = 33.30hms Solution: V=10020v, Z, =20230 ohms , V, = 402-30v 7= 2 = $0040. 50 260 ohms Z=Zy+Z, => Zp =T-Z, = 50 260 - 20230 = 7.68+33.3} Reactive component of Z, =33.30hms ‘Tuesdas, September 8, 2020 Single Phase AC Cixcuits Faculty: Mx. Ch. V. Krishna Redd, CBIT 100PC Example 3 : When a sinusoidal voltage of 120v is applied to a series RL circuit , it is found that there occurs a power dissipation of 1200W and a current flow given by i(t)= 28.3sin(314t-), Find the circuit Resistance and Inductance Ans : R = 3 ohms L=0.0165H Solution : vay 4 = 28.3 sin 3141-9) P= 1200 W 28.3 i= = 20.01 A v2 P= Vicos@ 1200 = 120 x 20.01 x cos ¢ cos $= 0.499 PO 20 <7 oO 2001 Z =ZL9=6 260.02 =3+j5.22 Resistance R = 32 Reactance X, = 5.22 X,= wh 5.195 = 314xL Inductance L = 0.0165 1 ‘Tuesdas, September 8, 2020 Single Phase AC Cixcuits Faculty: Mr. Ch. V. Ksishna Redd, CBIT 101ul Example 6 : A 100 ohm resistor is connected in series with a choke coil. When a 400V,50Hz supply is applied to this combination, the voltage across the resistor and the choke coil are 200v and 300v respectively. Find the 1. power consumed by the choke coil 2. Power factor of the choke coil 3. Power factor of circuit. Choke Coil solution 12 arn Impinoce ont call Zug = 222 3088 THE = 10 ga 23500 oat impesce z= 1 exon Za menem want = ¥E 200 200° = 7500 23750 ‘Subsdating the valve of» in te Ea. GTS) + XP = 22300 = 21093.75 X= 145.240 Power consumed by choke col = Pr Paixa7s=180W 73 Powe feaueeteate col = 3m 3 025 aga) Poverterotenat = Ate MBAS psp) ‘Tuesdas, September 8, 2020 Single Phase AC Cixcuits Faculty: Mx. Ch. V. Krishna Redd, CBIT 102aL Example 7 : Aseries circuit consumes 2KW at 0.5leading power factor when connected to 230v,50 Hz AC supply. Calculate 1. KVA 2. KVAR 3. Current drawn. Solution V=230V P=Vicos¢ 2000 = 230x 7x 0.5 1=17.39A P_ _ 2000 S=VI= Seg = 5 = 4000 VA=4kVA ¢ = cos” (0.5) = 60° Q = Vi sin $= 230 x 17.39 x sin (60°) = 3.464 KVAR ‘Tuesdas, September 8, 2020 Single Phase AC Cixcuits Faculty: Mx. Ch. V. Krishna Redd, CBIT 103SICA 5 Example 8 : A resistor R in series with a capacitance C is connected to 240v,50Hz supply. 1. Find the value of C so that R absorbs 300W at 100V 2. Maximum Charge 3. Maximum stores Energy in C i vemov Vp=t00v | P= 0W f= S0 He Xen (BE + (OF -C “RNA 1 eRe a exSOKE care ‘Voltage across capacitor -Ve= WW?-¥j = (oo? =218.17V Maximum value of Vox 218.17 xv = 30854 V ‘Maximum charge Qnes = Vom = 43:77 X 10° x 308.54 = 001356 nne 1 Maximum sored ey Fu" $C Vem)? 1 = X47 x 10-4 008.54)? 2083 ‘Tuesdas, September 8, 2020 Single Phase AC Cixcuits Faculty: Mz. Ch. V: Krishna Redd, CBIT 108PC Example 9: A capacitor of 35pF is connected in series with a variable resistor .The circuit is connected across 50Hz main. Find the value of resistor for a condition when the voltage across capacitor is half the ‘supply voltage. Answer: R= 157.5 Ohms Solution : C= 35 pF f= 50He 1 Ven 2¥ a2 1 1 a RIC ~ Iexsoxasxio® ~ 9-946 1 Ve=5V Xete iz Xen Xen iz c= > Z= Xe Z= (Re +x? 0X0? = 4x2 3X2= R® Bi = 3.x (90.946)? = 24813.35 R= 15750 ‘Tuesdas, September 8, 2020 Single Phase AC Cixcuits Faculty: Mx. Ch. V. Krishna Redd, CBIT 105aL Two impedances Z, and Z, having same numerical values are connected in series .If Z, is having power factor 0.866 lagging of and Z, having power factor of 0.8 leading, calculate the power factor of series combination. Answer: PF = 0.9982 (leading) Solution : Data ByeQez 1 = cos" (0.866) = 30° $2 = cos” (0.8) = 36.87° Z, = Z LO, =Z 230° = 0.866 Z+ 0.5Z Z, =ZL-$,=Z 2-36.87 = 08 Z-0.6Z For a series combination, Z = Z,+Z, = 0.866 Z+j05Z+08 Z-j06Z = 1.6666 Z—j0.1 Z = Z (1.666 - j0.1) = 1.668 Z Z-3.43° pf = cos (3.43°) = 0,9982 (leading) ‘Tuesdas, September 8, 2020 Single Phase AC Cixcuits Faculty: Mx. Ch. V. Krishna Redd, CBIT 107ILE ‘ADraw a vector diagram for the circuit shown in figure indicating terminal voltages ¥; and V2 and the current. Find 1. Value of current 2 Vand ¥, 3. Power Factor 4. Draw Vector diagram 0Q OSH 20 OH SOF %;$——++— 200V, 50H Total impedance Ty 81" Vs X,, = Wf = 2#x 50 x 0.05 = 15.110 X,, = InfL= 28x50 x0.1 = 31420 1 Xe" 376" taxsoxsoxio® “O%% Z= 10 + j15.71 + 20 + /31.42 ~ 63.66 = 30 -j16.53 = 34.25 2-28.85°0 200 I= > 5yqg “SHA T = 5384 20"A 2, = 10 415.71 = 18.62 257520 V, = ZT = (18.62 25752") (5.84 20°) = 108.74 257.52° V Z, = 00+ j3142- 63.66 = 2-32.24 = 3794 2-58.19. Vy = Z,-T = (37.94 2-58.19) (5.84 20°) = 221.57 2-58.19" V pt = cos $= 60s (28.85") = 0875 (leading) ‘Tuesdas, September 8, 2020 Single Phase AC Cixcuits Faculty: Mx. Ch. V. Krishna Redd, CBIT 109ul Find the values of R and C so that V, = 3V,, V, and V, are in quadrature. 0055H 60 e R Vy v, Answers: R=2.660 C= 1.59mF 240 V, SOHz — X,.= Inf = 2x x 50x 0.0255 = 8.2 Z, = 6+j8= 10 253.139°2 V,=3¥, 1xZ, = 3X1XZ, 2, = 32, V, and V, are in quadrature, ie., phase angle between V, and V, is 90°. Hence, the angle between Z, and Z, will be 90°. The impedance Z, is capacitive in nature. Z,=ZL0 Z= Pew, 13-90)" = 3.33 2-36.87" = 266-729 R= 2669 Xe=2Q 1 Xen ae 1 C= Sexgond 7159 mF ‘Tuesdas, September 8, 2020 Single Phase AC Cixcuits Faculty: Mx. Ch. V. Krishna Redd, CBIT noLE A250v,50Hz voltage is applied to a coil having resistance of 5 ohm and an inductance of 9.55H in series with a capacitor C. If the voltage across the coil is 300v, Find value of C. Answers: Solution : - Posa C=6.37HF 2X, >Xe L=9ssH C=O.58nF :X¢>X, 300 V i= 2RfL= 2m x 50 x 9.55 = 3000 2 Zou = (REXE = YE + 000)? = 30000 Yeon. 300 Yeu. 20 t= 7" 3000 = 0.18 ‘Total impedance z= t= 2 e250 When X,> Xo, Za Rey XeP (2500)? = (5)? + (3000 - X_? (3000 = X2) = 2500 Xe = 500 cw —-- —_1 _ 2K” 2x xS0%S00 Ze YR (Xe - XP (2500) = (5)? + (Xe 3000) 2500 = X= 3000 Xo= 3800 O° Bex 0X30 = 6.37 we When X¢> Xi, = 0.58 nF. ‘Tuesdas, September 8, 2020 Single Phase AC Cixcuits Faculty: Mx. Ch. V. Krishna Redd, CBIT mi