0.

1 Single Phase AC circuit

0.1.1 AC circuit with a pure resistance: V=Vm sin t

v, i , p
Power
Consider an electrical circuit consists of a pure
Vm
resistance R with an alternating voltage V =
Vm sinωt as shown in the Figure 19. The current Im
i flowing in the circuit is expressed as 3π
R 2 2π
0
π π  =ωt
i 2
i=I m sin t

V=Vmsin t Figure 2
Figure 1
0.1.2 AC circuit with a pure Inductance:
Consider an electrical circuit consists of a inductor L
Vm sinωt
i = = Im sinωt with an alternating voltage V = Vm sinωt as shown
R
in the Figure 3. The current i flowing in the circuit
is expressed as
where Im = VRm
The instantaneous power consumed by the L
resistance R in the above circuit is VL
i
P = vi = (Vm sinωt)(Im sinωt)
JS

= Vm Im sin2 (ωt) V=Vmsin t

1 − cos2ωt
= Vm Im Figure 3
N

2
Vm Im Vm Im
= − cos2ωt
2 2 dl
VL = −L
di
The equation consists of two terms. The first
VL 1
term is called as the constant power term. The dl = dt = Vm sinωt dt
second term is consists of Vm2Im cos2ωt which is L Z L
Vm
periodically varying with frequency 2ω, twice the i = sinωt dt
L
input frequency. The average power over a period
Vm
of time is zero. = (−cosωt)
ωL
Vm π
= sin(ωt − )
Vm Im Vm Im XL 2
P = − cos2ωt  π
2  2 = Im sin ωt −
Z 2π
Vm Im Vm Im
 2
Pav = − cos2ωt
0 2 2
Vm Im Vm Im 2π 1
Z The instantaneous power consumed by the
= − (cos2ωt) dωt inductance L in the above circuit is
2 2 0 2π
V m Im
 π
= −0 P = vi = (Vm sinωt)Im sin ωt −
2 2
V I = Vm Im sin(ωt)(−cosωt)
= √m √m 1
2 2 = − Vm Im sin2ωt
= VI 2
The power consumed by the inductance consists
The details of the input alternating voltage v current of Vm2Im cos2ωt which is periodically varying with
i and power p waveforms are as shown in Figure 2 frequency 2ω, twice the input frequency.
 The details of the input alternating voltage v The instantaneous power is.
current i and power p waveforms are as shown in  π
Figure 4 P = vi = (Vm sinωt)Im sin ωt +
2
V=V sin t
v, i , p Power
m = V I
m m sinωtcosω
1
V m = Vm Im sin2ωt
2
Im
The details of the input alternating voltage v
2π
0 current i and power p waveforms are as shown in
π π 3π  =ωt
2 2 Figure 6
V=Vm sin t
i=I m sin t v, i , p Power

Vm

Im
Figure 4 2π
0
π π 3π  =ωt
2 2
i=I m sin t
0.1.3 AC circuit with a pure Capaci-
tance:

Consider an electrical circuit consists of a capacitor

C with an alternating voltage V = Vm sinωt as Figure 6
shown in the Figure 3. The current i flowing in
the circuit is expressed as 0.1.4 Series R-L circuit:
C
Consider an electrical circuit consists of a resistor
JS

q R and inductor L connected in series with an

i alternating voltage V = Vm sinωt as shown in the
Figure 7. The voltage across the resistor is VR and
N

V=V sin t m
across the inductor is VL .
R L
Figure 5 VR VL
i

dq dCv V=Vmsin t
i = =
dt dt Figure 7
d
= C Vm sinωt The current flowing in the network I, the
dt
= ωCVm cosωt voltage across resistor VR is in phase with I and
Vm the voltage across inductor VL leads the current by
= sin(ωt + π/2) 90◦ . The phasor diagram of I VR are VL as shown
1/ωC
Vm V =IZ
= sin(ωt + π/2) VL =IX L
XC
= Im sin(ωt + π/2) 
VR =IR I
in Figure 12.

where Im = XVm Vm
, XC = ωC Figure 8
C
The instantaneous power consumed by the
inductance L in the above circuit is Z XL
π


P = vi = (Vm sinωt)Im sin ωt −
2
= Vm Im sin(ωt)(−cosωt) R
1 Figure 9
= − Vm Im sin2ωt
2
 From the phasor diagram, the the resultant 0.1.5 Series R-C circuit:
voltage V can be expressed as
Consider an electrical circuit consists of a resistor
q R and capacitor C are connected in series with an
V = VR2 + VL2
p alternating voltage V = Vm sinωt as shown in the
= (IR)2 + (IXL )2 Figure 7. The voltage across the resistor is VR and
q across the capacitor is VC .
= I R2 + XL2 C
R
q
= I R2 + XL2 VR VC
i
= IZ

where Z is V=Vmsin t

Figure 11
q
Z = R2 + XL2
The current flowing in the network I, the voltage
The phase angle Φ between the voltage and and the across resistor VR is in phase with I and the voltage
current is across capacitor VC lags the current by 90◦ . The
phasor diagram of I, VR and VL are as shown in
−1 XL Figure ?? (a).
Φ = tan
R VR =IR R
 I  I
The instantaneous power consumed by the
VC =IX C XC
circuit is V =IZ Z

P = vi = (Vm sinωt)Im sin (ωt − φ) (a) (b)

1
= Vm Im [cosφ − cos(2ωt − φ) Figure 12
2
JS

1 1 From the phasor diagram, the the resultant

= Vm Im cosφ − Vm Im cos(2ωt − φ) voltage V can be expressed as
2 2
q
N

V = VR2 + VC2
The second term is periodically varying quantity p
= (IR)2 + (−IXC )2
and its frequency is twice the applied frequency. q
Average of the power is zero. The first term is = I R2 + XC2
called as the constant power term which represents q
the power consumed in the circuit. = I R2 + XC2
= IZ
1 Vm Im where Z is
P = Vm Im cosφ = √ √ cosφ
2 2 2
q
Z = R2 + XC2
= V Icosφ
The phase angle Φ between the voltage and and the
The details of the input alternating voltage v current is
current i and power p waveforms are as shown in
XC
Figure 13 Φ = tan−1
R
V=Vm sin t Power
v, i , p The instantaneous power consumed by the
circuit is
Vm
P = vi = (Vm sinωt)Im sin (ωt + φ)
Im 1
3π = Vm Im [cosφ − cos(2ωt − φ)
2
2 2π 1 1
0 = Vm Im cosφ − Vm Im cos(2ωt − φ)
π π  =ωt 2 2
2
 i=I m sin t
The second term is periodically varying quantity
and its frequency is twice the applied frequency.
Figure 10
Average of the power is zero. The first term is
called as the constant power term which represents V=Vm sin t Power
the power consumed in the circuit.
v, i , p
Vm

Im
1 Vm Im
P = Vm Im cosφ = √ √ cosφ 3π
2 2 2 2 2π
= V Icosφ 0
π π  =ωt
2
 i=I m sin t
The details of the input alternating voltage v
current i and power p waveforms are as shown in
Figure 13 Figure 13

JS
N
2 Problems on AC circuits

Q1) Two parallel circuits comprising of (i) a coil of Q2) Two impedances Z1 = 150 − j157 Ω and Z2 =
resistance of 20Ω and inductance of 0.07 H and (ii) 100 − j110 Ω Find (i) Branch Currents (ii) Total
a resistance of 50 Ω in series with a condenser of current (iii) Total power (iv) Draw vector Diagram
capacitance 60 µF are connected across 230 V, 50 Solution:
Hz. Calculate the main current and power factor of
the arrangement. i1 150  j157 

Solution:
100  j110 
50  60  F
i2

20  0.07 H i

200 V 50 Hz
i
Figure 15
230 V 50 Hz

Figure 14
Z1 = 150 − j157 = 217∠ − 46.3◦
200
I1 = = 0.921∠46.3◦
XL = 2πf L = 2π × 50 × 0.07 = 22 Ω 217∠ − 46.3◦
Z1 = 20 + j22 = 29.7∠47.7◦

230 Z2 = 100 + j110 = 148.66∠47.75◦

= 7.74∠ − 47.7◦
JS

I1 = 200
29.7∠47.7◦ I2 = = 1.345∠ − 47.75◦
148.66∠47.75◦
1 1
XC = =
N

2πf C 2π × 50 × 60 × 10−6
= 53 Ω Z1 × Z2
◦ Z =
Z2 = 50 − j53 = 72.86∠ − 46.66 Z1 + Z2
(150 − j157)(100 + j110)
230 =
I2 = = 3.156∠46.6◦ 150 − j157 + 100 + j110
72.86∠ − 46.66◦ = 124 + j26.53
Z1 × Z2
Z =
Z1 + Z2
200
(20 + j22)(50 − j53) I = = 1.577∠ − 12◦
= 124 + j26.53
20 + j22 + 50 − j53
= 25.657 + j11.93
(iii) Total power
230
I = = 8.125∠ − 24.92◦ P ower = V Icos(φ) = 200 × 1.577cos(−12◦ )
25.657 + j11.93
Power factor is = 308.6W atts

p.f = cos(φ) = cos(∠ − 24.92◦ ) = 0.907 (iv) Draw vector Diagram

I 2  3.15A I1  0.92A

2  46.6 1  46.3
230 V 200 V
  24.9   12
1  47.7 2  47.8
I  8.125A I  1.57A

I1  7.74A I 2  1.345A
Q3) In the arrangement shown in the figure.
Calculate the impedance between AB and the phase
angle between voltage and current. Also calculate R = 7
the total power consumed, if the applied voltage XL = 2πf L = 2π × 50 × 31.8 × 10−3
between AB is 200∠30◦ . = 10 Ω
Solution: Z = 7 + j10 = 12.2∠55◦
8 10 
2 5 i) circuit current
A B
7 9 V 100
I = =
Z 12.2∠55◦
= 8.19∠ − 55◦
Figure 16
ii) Phase angle

Z1 = 8 + j10 = 12.8∠51.34◦
XL 10
Z1 = 7 + j9 = 11.4∠52.12◦ φ = tan−1 = tan−1
R 7
= 55◦
Two Impedances are in parallel
iii) Power factor
(8 + j10)(7 + j9)
Z3 =
8 + j10 + 7 + j9 cosφ = cos(55◦ ) = 0.573
= 3.733 + j4.73
iv) Power
The impedance between AB is = V Icosφ = 100 × 8.19 × cos(55◦ )
ZAB = 3.733 + j4.73 + 5 − j2 = 469.75w
JS

= 8.733 + j2.73 = 9.147∠17.36◦

N

2019-Jan 4 c) A coil having a resistance of 20 Ω and

inductance of 0.0382 H, is connected in parallel with
200∠30◦
I = = 21.865∠12.64◦ a circuit consisting of a 150 µ F capacitor in series
9.147∠17.36◦ with 10 Ω resistor. The arrangement is connected
Phase angle between voltage and current ∠12.64◦ to a 230 V, 50 Hz supply. Determine current in each
The total power consumed branch. Also find total supply current.
Solution:
10  150  F
P ower = V Icos(φ)
◦
200 × 21.865cos(∠12.64 )
= 4267W atts 20  0.0382 H

2019-Jan 3 b) A resistance of 7 is connected in series i

with a pure inductance of 31.8 mH and the circuit
is connected to a 100 V 50 Hz sinusoidal supply. 230 V 50 Hz
Calculate i) circuit current ii) Phase angle iii) Power
factor iv) Power. Figure 18
Solution:
7 31.8 mH
XL = 2πf L = 2π × 50 × 0.0382
= 12 Ω
i Z1 = 20 + j12 = 23.3∠30.96◦

100 V 50 Hz V 230
I1 = =
Z1 23.3∠30.96◦
Figure 17 = 9.87∠ − 30.96◦ A
 1 1
XC = =
2πf C 2π × 50 × 150 × 10−6
E 160 + j120
= 21.22 Ω Z = =
I 6 + j8
Z2 = 10 + j21.22 = 23.45∠64.76◦ 200∠36.87◦
=
10∠53.13◦
V 230 = 20∠ − 16.26◦
I2 = =
Z1 23.45∠64.76◦ = 19.2 − j5.6
= 9.8∠ − 64.76◦ A
R = 19.2Ω XC = 5.6Ω

2019-DEC 3 b) Given V = 200sin377 volts and i =

8sin(377t − 30◦ ) Amps for an AC circuit, determine Power factor of the circuit
i) the power factor ii)True power iii) Apparent power
p.f = cos(φ) = cos(−16.26◦ )
iv) Reactive power indicate the unit of the power
calculated. = 0.96
Solution: OR
R R 19.2
p.f = = =
E 377 Z Z 20
Z = = = 0.96
I 8∠ − 30◦
= 47.125∠30◦ Power consumed by the circuit
= 40.8 − j23.56
P ower = V Icosφ = 200 × 10 × cos(−16.26◦ )
i) the power factor = 1920 W
JS

p.f = cos(φ) = cos(−30◦ ) OR

= 0.866
P ower = I 2 R = 102 × 19.2
N

OR = 1920 W
R R 40.8 2017-June (15ELE15) 5 b) An alternating voltage
p.f = = =
Z Z 47.125 of (80+j60) V is applied to a circuit and the
= 0.866
current flowing through it is (-4+j10)A. Find the
ii)True power Actual or True Power i) impedance of the circuit ii) phase angle iii) pf of
the circuit iv) power consumed by the circuit.
P = V Icosφ = 200 × 8 × cos(−30◦ ) Solution:
= 1385.6 W atts i) The impedance of the circuit

iii) Apparent power E 80 + j60

Z = =
I −4 + j10
P = V I = 200 × 8 100∠36.87◦
=
= 1600 (volt amp) 10.77∠111.8◦
= 9.28∠ − 74.93◦
iv) Reactive power = 2.41 − j8.96
P = V Isinφ = 200 × 8 × sin(−30◦ ) ii) phase angle is 74.93◦ Lagging
= 800 (V AR) iii) Power factor of the circuit

p.f = cos(φ) = cos(−74.93◦ )

2019-June 4 b) An alternating voltage of (160+j120) = 0.26
V is applied to a circuit and the current is given
by (6+j8)A. Find the values of circuit elements by OR
assuming f=50Hz. Calculate the power factor of the R R 2.41
circuit and power consumed by the circuit. p.f = = =
Z Z 9.28
Solution: = 0.26
iv)Power consumed by the circuit
1 1
P ower = I 2 R = 10.772 × 2.41 XC = = = 31.83Ω
2πf C 2π × 50 × 100 × 10−6
= 279.5 W
The impedance of the circuit is
2019-June (17ELE15) 5 c) A series circuit of 2 + j2 + 6
resistance of 10Ω, an inductance of 13 mH and a Z = −j31.83 + (2 + j2) × 6
capacitance of 150 µF connected in series. A supply = −j31.83 + 0.416 − j0.25Ω = 0.416 − j32.08Ω
of 100 V at 50 Hz is given to the circuit. Find the
= 32.08∠ − 89.25◦
impedance, current pf and power consumed in the
circuit Current in the circuit is
Solution: V 200
I = =
i) The impedance of the circuit is Z 32.08∠ − 89.25◦
= 6.234∠89.25◦ A

R = 10 Current in (2+j2) Ω branch by branch current

method
XL = 2πf L = 2π × 50 × 16 × 10−3 = 5.02Ω
6 6
1 1 I1 = I = 6.234∠89.25◦
XC = = = 21.22Ω 2 + j2 + 6 2 + j2 + 6
2πf C 2π × 50 × 150 × 10−6
= 4.536∠75◦ A
The impedance of the circuit is
Current in 6 Ω branch by branch current method
Z = R + j(XL − Xc ) = 10j(5.02 − 21.22) 2 + j2 2 + j2
I2 = I = 6.234∠89.25◦
= 10 − J16.2Ω 2 + j2 + 6 2 + j2 + 6
= 19.03∠58.313◦ = 2.138∠120◦ A
JS

2019-June (15ELE15) 6 c) A certain circuit takes a

Current in the circuit is
current of (-5+j10) amperes when applied voltage is
V 100 (50+j200) volts. If the frequency of the supply is 50
I = =
N

Z 19.03 Hz. i) Find the circuit elements ii) apparent power

= 5.255A iii) reactive power iv) power factor
Solution:
iii) Power factor of the circuit

R 10 V = 50 + j200 = 206.15∠76◦
p.f = = = 0.525
Z 19.03 I = −5 + j10 = 11.18∠116.5◦

iv)Power consumed by the circuit

i) The impedance of the circuit is
P ower = I 2 R = 5.2552 × 10
V 50 + j200
= 276.15 W Z = =
I −5 + j10
2019-June (15ELE15) 5 c) For the circuit shown in = 14 − j12Ω
Figure 19 find current in all branches. Draw vector = 18.44∠ − 40.6◦
diagram
The circuit elements are
2 j2 
100 F R = 14Ω
XC = 12Ω

6 iii) Apparent power

P = V I = 206.15 × 11.18
200, 50Hz = 2304.757 (volt amp)

Figure 19 iv) Reactive power

Solution: P = V Isinφ = 206.15 × 11.18 × sin(40.6◦ )
i) The impedance of the circuit is = 1499.87 (V AR)
iv) the power factor supply. Find the value of C so that R absorbs 300 W
at 100 V. Find also maximum charge and maximum
p.f = cos(φ) = cos(40.6◦ ) energy stored in C.
= 0.759 Solution:
OR
R R 14 V2
p.f = = = = I 2R =
Z Z 18.44 R
= 0.759 2
V 1002
R = = = 33.3Ω
2019-June (15ELE15) 6 c) When 220 V AC supply P 300
is applied across AB terminals for the circuit shown
in Fig the power input is 3.25 kW and the current V 100
is 20 A. Find the current through Z3 I = = 3A
R 33.3
Z2 =5+j20 
Z1 =5+j10 
A E 240
B Z = = 80Ω
I 3
Z3

Figure 20 Z = R − jXC
q
Solution: Z = R2 + XC2
Z 2 = R2 + XC2
V Icos(φ) = 3250
3250 3250 XC2 = Z 2 − R2 = 802 − 33.32
cos(φ) = = = 5291.11
VI 220 × 20
JS

= 0.7386 XC = 72.74Ω
−1
φ = cos (0.7386)
= −42.38◦
N

1
C =
The current and the voltages are in phase with 2 × f × XC
42.38◦ , hence 1
=
2 × 50 × 72.74
V = 220 = 43.8µF
I = 20∠ − 42.38◦ VC = 3 × 72.74 = 218V

Voltage across Z3 or 5 + j20 is

= 220∠0◦ − 20∠ − 42.38◦ × (5 + j20) Maximum charge

= 81.13∠82◦
Q = CVm =
√
The current through 5 + j20 is I1 = 43.8 × 10−6 × 218 × 2
81.13∠0◦ = 0.0135Coulomb
I1 =
5 + j20
Maximum energy stored in C
= 3.93∠ − 75.96◦

2019-June (14ELE15) 6 a) A resistance R in series CV 2 = 43.8 × 10−6 × 2182

with a capacitor C is connected to 50 Hz, 240 V = 2.08J
3 Three Phase Circuits

0.3.1 AC circuit with a pure resistance: The voltages generated in the three coils are
represented as
Advantages of three-phase systems :
Ea = Em sinwt
• For power transmission, three phase trans-
Eb = Em sin(wt − 120)
mission lines require much lesser conductor
material than a single phase system. Ec = Em sin(wt − 240) = Em sin(wt + 120)

• Three phase system is more efficient & less

expensive compared to single phase system

• Three phase machine gives higher output than

a single phase machine.

• Three phase motor develops uniform torque

whereas single phase motor develops pulsating
Figure 22: Phase sequence abc
torque.

• Three phase system produces rotating mag- Phase sequence :

netic field with stationary coils, & hence three
The phase sequence of the three phase supply is
phase induction motors are self starting.
the order in which the 3 phase voltages reach their
maximum values. The phase sequence either abc’ or
• Voltage regulation is much better in three
’acb. If the maximum values of phase voltages occur
JS

phase supply than single phase supply.

in the sequence abc then the phase of the supply
voltage is abc which is as shown in Figure 23. If
0.3.2 Generation of three phase power: the maximum values of phase voltages occur in the
N

sequence acb then the phase of the supply voltage is

Three phase voltage generater is called as an acb which is as shown in Figure 24.
alternator. The alternator consists of stator which is
Ec
stationary and rotor which is rotationary part. The
stator is a cylindrical in shape and has slots in its
inner periphery The details of an alternator is as
shown in Figure 21. The conductors are placed in 120
the slots which are connected either in star or delta 120 Ea
form. Rotor consists of a magnet with two poles N 120 

and S.
Three conductors AA’, BB’ and CC’ are
electrically placed by 120◦ . When the the rotor Eb
starts rotating in clockwise, three stator conductor
cuts the magnetic flux thereby an emf is induced in Figure 23: Phase sequence abc
the conductors. The phase of the emf generated in
the coils are 120◦ with respect to other coils. Eb

Stator
A

C’
120
120 Ea
120 120
B’ 
B
120
120

C
A’ Rotor Ec

Figure 21: Three Phase generator Figure 24: Phase sequence acb
 The phase sequence of abc is Balanced Load :
Ea = Em sinwt • If the impedances in all the three phases are
Eb = Em sin(wt − 120) exactly equal in magnitude, then the load is
said to be balanced load.
Ec = Em sin(wt − 240) = Em sin(wt + 120)
• If the three phase supply is having the different
Importance of phase sequence: magnitude or are differ by phase angle with
respect to other supply is called as unbalanced
• When the three phase supply with a particular
supply.
sequence is given to three phase static load
then the current will flow with the lines. If the
phase sequence is changed then the direction 0.3.3 Three Phase Connections:
of current flow will also change. There are two types three phase load connections:
• When the three phase supply is given to 1. Star Connection (Y)
the three phase induction motor, and if the
phase sequence is changed then the direction 2. Delta Connection (∆)
of current flow will reverse and the direction
of rotation of the motor also changes. Star Connection:
The three phase star connection load as shown
Balanced three phase supply : in Figure 27. The three phase supply voltages
• If the three phase supply is having the same VRY , VBR , VY B are connected to the three loads
magnitude and are differ by 120◦ with respect with a common point known as neutral N. The
to other supply is called as balanced supply. voltage between any two lines is called line voltage
The details of the balanced three phase supply and the voltage between line and neutral point is
is as shown in Figure ??. called as phase voltage.
JS

IR
• If the three phase supply is having the different
magnitude or are differ by phase angle with
N

respect to other supply is called as unbalanced VR

supply is as shown in Figure ??.
VRY VBR VB
Eb N VY

IB

80 VYB

160 Ea
IY
120
Figure 27: Star Connection
The three line voltages are:
Ec VRY , VBR , VY B
The three phase voltages are:
Figure 25: Phase sequence abc VR , VB , VY

Eb VR = VP ∠0◦
VY = VP ∠ − 120◦
VB = VP ∠120◦
80
160 Ea

120
VRY = VR − VY (V ector sum)

From the phasor diagram which is as shown in

Ec
Figure 28
Figure 26: Phase sequence abc
q
VRY = VR2 + VY2 + 2VR VY cos∠60◦
Let Figure 29: Delta Connection
VR = VY = VB = VP The three line currents are:
IR , IY , IB
q
VRY = VP2 + VP2 + 2VP VP × 0.5
√
= 3VP IR = IRY − IBR vector dif f erence
Similarly
√ From the phasor diagram which is as shown in
VY B = 3VY Figure 30
√
VBR = 3VB
q
IR = 2 + I 2 + 2I
IRY ◦
RY IRB cos∠60
VB RB

-VY VRY

IRY = IBR = IBY = IP

60
30
120 VR

120
q
IR = IP2 + IP2 + 2IP IP × 0.5
√
= 3IP
VY
Similarly
Figure 28: Phasor diagram of balanced star system
√
Therefore IY = 3IP
√
JS

√ √
VL = 3VY = 3VP H IB = 3IP
IL = IP H
N

IB
Power consumed by 3 phase circuit is
P = 3 × VP H × IP H cosφ
VL IRB -IBY
= 3 √ × IL cosφ
3
√
= 3VL IL cosφ
IRY
-IRY 30
60
Delta Connection:
IR
IY IBY -IRB
The three phase delta connection load as shown
in Figure 27. The three phase supply voltages
VRY , VBR , VY B are connected to the three loads Figure 30: Phasor diagram of balanced Delta system
with a currents IR , IY , IB . The voltage between In delta connection the line voltage is equal to
any two lines is called line voltage. phase voltage hence Therefore
IR R
VL = VP
I RY
I BR Power consumed by 3 phase circuit is
VRY
VBR
P = 3 × VP × IP cosφ
IB Y
IL
B = 3VL √ × cosφ
VYB I YB 3
√
= 3VL IL cosφ
IY
Power Measurement by two Wattmeter
method:
W1 = VRY × IR cos(30◦ − φ)
W1 = VL IL cos(30◦ − φ)
IR
R Reading of Wattmeter W2:

VR W2 = VY B × IB cos(30◦ + φ)
= VL IL cos(30◦ + φ)
VY
VRY N VB
VBR
IY W1 + W2 = VL IL cos(30◦ − φ) + VL IL cos(30◦ + φ)
Y
= VL IL [cos(30◦ − φ) + cos(30◦ + φ)]
VYB = VL IL [2cos(30◦ )cos(φ)]
IB √
B = 3VL IL cosφ
W2 Determination of power factor.

Figure 31: Measurement of Power by two wattmeter W1 − W2 = VL IL cos(30◦ − φ) − VL IL cos(30◦ + φ)

method = VL IL [cos(30◦ − φ) − cos(30◦ + φ)]
IB
= VL IL 2sin30◦ sinφ
VY
VB = VL IL sinφ
 


30
VYB
W1 − W2 V I sinφ
 = √ L L
JS

W1 + W2 3VL IL cosφ
-VY 30 tanφ
= √
IR
N

VR 3
√ W1 − W2
 
tanφ = 3
W1 + W2
VRY √ W1 − W2
 
−1
φ = tan 3
Figure 32: Phasor diagram of two wattmeter W1 + W2
√ W1 − W2
  
method cosφ = cos tan −1
3
W1 + W2
Reading of Wattmeter W1: