Salts Definition: A salt is a chemical substance formed when the hydrogen ions in an acid are replaced +6 by a metal or ammonium ions, NH’, Types of salts 1. Normal salt This is a salt formed when all the hydrogen ions in an acid are replaced by a metal or ammonium ions. Examples 1. NaOH.) + HCky = NaChay + H:Og, 2. Com + H:SOm) + CaSO) + Haw 3. 2NaOHwy + H:SO4ay — Na:SOuy + 2H:00 Normal salt Formula _| Common name Sodium chloride NaCl Common salt/Table salt Calcium sulphate CaSO Sodium sulphate NazSQu Glauber’s salt Copper (Il) sulphate | CuSOs Calcium carbonate | CaCOs _| Limestone/Marble Magnesium sulphate_| MgSO. | Epsom salt 2. Acid salt This is a salt formed when part of the hydrogen ions in an acid are replaced by a metal or ammonium ions. Examples 1. KOHay = + HSOup —-KHSOuy + H:00 2. NH.OHa» + HsSO.y — NHHSOe + 1:0 3. NaOHay + H:SOwp —>NaHSOxay + HOw 4. CaO) + 2HCOy 4 Ca(HCOs)auy + H:00) Common namePotassium hydrogen sulphate _[ KHSO, Sodium hydrogen sulphate __[ NaHSOs Calcium hydrogen carbonate | Ca(HCOs): Se im hydrogen carbonate | NaHCO, Baking/Bicarbonate salt Solubility of salts Solubility is the ability of a salt to dissolve in water. Facts about solu! of salts in water Salt olubi Nitrates ‘All nitrates are soluble Chlorides | All chlorides are soluble except silver chloride and lead (II) chloride which are insoluble Sulphates | All Sulphates arc soluble except barium sulphate and lead (II) sulphate which are insoluble. Calcium sulphate is slightly soluble. Carbonates | All carbonates are insoluble except potassium carbonate, sodium carbonate and ammonium carbonate which are soluble. Preparation of salts ‘The method chosen to prepare a given salt depends on its solubility and how it can be separated from the mixture of other products. Methods of preparing salts 1. Neutralization .. Replacement (Displacement) 2. 3. Synthesis 4 Precipitation (Double Decomposition) 1. Neutralization Itis a reaction between an acid and a base to form a salt and water only. Acid + Base — Salt + Water Neutralization includes the preparation of a salt by reacting: (a) a metal hydroxide with a dilute acid.(b) an insoluble metal oxide with a dilute acid. (c) a metal carbonate: with a dilute acid, Preparation of setuble salts by neutralization (a) Metal hydroxide + Acid — Salt + Water Example: Preparation of sodium chloride Reagents. * Sodium hydroxide, NaQH « Hydrochloric acid, HCI Products * Sodium chloride, NaCl * Water, Hi0 Reaction equation NaOHuy + HClay + NaClay + HO Tonic equation OH yt Hay > HO y Method of preparation A preliminary titration is carried out to find the end point with the help of an indicator. Using a pipette, measure 25,0cm’ of Sodium hydroxide and put Add two or three drops of indicator to sodium hydroxide using a teat pipette Fill the burette to the zero reading with dilute hydrochloric acid Place the conical flask on a white tile below the burette. ¥YYY vy while swirling, until the solution just changes colour, ¥ teact with 25 Oem? of sodium hydroxide Volume of hydrochloris acid used: Ye=¥2-¥1 into a conical flask, Add dilute hydrochloric acid from the burette to sodium hydroxide in the conical flask, From the titration result, we can know the exact volume of hydrochloric acid needed to A second titration is carried out without the indicator, The exact yolume obtained from the preliminary titration is used.25.06 of sodium hydroxide and put it into a conical % Using a pipette, measure flask. This time no indicator is added 3 Add Ye om” ofditute hydrochloric acid from the burette to sodium hydroxide. Evaporate the mixture to obtain a saturated solution Cool the saturated solution to obtain sodium chloride crystals. > Filter the mixture to obtain pure sodium chloride crystals vv v Note «The point at which the colour changes is called end point. * Atthe end point, the volume of acid used is measured at the bottom of the meniscus in the burette, This yolume is called titre. (b) Insoluble metal oxide + Acid — Salt + Water Example: Preparation af copper (II) sulphate Rengents © Copper (II) oxide, Cud * Dilute sulphuric acid, HSOs Products Copper (II) sulphate, CuSOx © Water, HO Reaction equation CuO gy + HsSQuey) > CuSOxny + H2Op, Tonic equation O'y + Wey + Hi0n Method of preparation Copper (11) sulphate crystals CuSQ..SH-O are prepared from copper (II) oxide and sulphuric acid. > Put dilute sulphuric acid in a beaker, warm the acid but don’t boil.e ‘Add an excess of copper (II) oxide to the acid in the beaker and stir until the reaction is over. Excess copper (I!) oxide is added to ensure that all the sulphuric acid is converted to copper (IL) sulphate. Filtor off excess capper (II) oxide to have a blue solution of copper (II) sulphate. » Evaporate the filtrate to obtain a saturated solution. > Cool the filtrate in an ice bath to allow crystals of copper (Il) sulphate to form (c) Metal carbonate + Acid — Salt + Water + Carbon dioxide ¥ Example: Preparation of Magnesium sulphate Reagents © Magnesium carbonate, MgCO, Dilute sulphuric acid, H:SOs Products © Magnesium sulphate, MgSOx © Water, H20 * Carbon dioxide, CO2 Reaction equation MgCOnq) + H2SOua3 > MgSOug + HO + COxg Jonic equation COs) + 2H ag) 2 HO + COng) ‘Method of preparation v Put dilute sulphuric acid ina beaker, warm the acid but don’t bail Add an excess of magnesium carbonate to the acid to ensure that all the sulphuric acid is v converted to magnesium sulphate. Stir the mixture and filter to have a clear solution of magnesium sulphate. Evaporate the mixture to obtain a saturated solution. Cool the filtrate (saturated solution) in an ice bath to allow crystals of magnesium sulphate to form. Hydrated salt ‘This isa salt that contains water of crystallization. They contain a fixed amount of water in their crystal lattice. This is called water of crystallization. The water of crystallization is part of the structure. [f this water is removed, by heating for example, the colour and shapes of the crystals may change. vvExamples of hydrated salts Name of crystallized salt Formula Copper (II) sulphate -5 water | CuSO,.5H,0 Sodium carbonate -10 water | Na,CO,.10H, Cobalt (11) chloride - 6 water CoCl,.6 H,0 ‘ron (Il) sulphate - 7 water FeSO,.7H,0 Anbydraus salts ‘A salt which has lost its water of crystallization is called an anhydrous salt ‘When water is added to an anhydrous salt, the salt becomes hydrated For example, when blue copper (II) sulphate crystals are heated, stem is produced and a pale- blue or white powder. CuSO, SHO. = CuSO.4 + SHO (Hydrated copper sulphate) (Anhydrous copper sulphate) (Steam) ‘When water is added to anhydrous copper (II) sulphate heat is produced and a blue solution is formed: CuSQyy + SHsQy + CuS0,.5H:0q + heat This process is called hydration. Efflorescence This is the loss of water of crystallization to the atmosphere. Example Crystals of sodium carbonate - 10- water become Powderly when exposed to air. Na;COy.10H;O — NaxCOs. HO + 9H:Oy Deliquescence This is the absorption of water from the atmosphere to form a solution, Calcium chloride is a deliquescent salt. It is used as a drying agent in desiccators. A desiccator is a piece of equipment used to dry substances. Hygroscopic Abygroscopic substance absorbs water from the air but does not the change its state. Anhydrous cobalt chloride is a hygroscopic salt. ‘Water changes anhydrous cobalt chloride from blue to pink. CoClyy + 6HaOy > CoCl.6H20,. + heat (Blue) (Pink) 148This reaction is often used as a test for the presence of water. The process can be reversed by heating the pink hydrated salt: CoCh.6H:04; + CoClay + 6:0 (Pink) (Blue) Concentrated sulphuric acid is also hygroscopic. It can be used to dehydrate blue crystals of hydrated copper (1) sulphate forming the pale blue anhydrous salt. 2. Replacement (Displacement) This is a method where the hydrogen ions in an acid are replaced by a metal. It can also be defined as a reaction in which one clement displaces another from a compound Reactive metal + Acid — Salt + Hydrogen Example: Preparation of iron (11) sulphate Method > Add iron fillings to warm dilute sulphuric acid in a beaker until no more hydrogen gas is evolved. > Filter off the solution when the reaction is complete to remove excess iron Reaction equation Fe, + H:SO say FESO van) + Hays Note * Iron should be in excess 50 that all the acid is used up. + Airmust be excluded to prevent oxidation of iron (IJ) sulphate. 3. Synthesis This method involves the direct combination of elements for binary salts, In this method, a salt is prepared directly ffom its elements i.e. a metal and a halogen. Metal + Halogen — Salt Example: Preparation of iron (II) chloride ron (If) chloride can be prepared by passing chlorine gas over heated iron. Reaction equation Fe, + Cli > FeCl 1404. Precipitation Precipitation is the formation of an insoluble product and may occur on mixing two solutions. Precipitation is an example of double decomposition. In double decomposition, two solutions are mixed to form an insoluble salt and a soluble solution. Soluble salé+ soluble salt — insoluble salt + soluble salt Soluble salution + soluble solution — insoluble solid + soluble solution In double decomposition reactions, cations and anions are exchanged. Precipitation is also an example of ionic association which is the attraction of oppositely changed ions to one anather to form a solid called precipitate abbreviated as ppt. Preparation of insoluble salts by precipitation (Double decomposition) Example 1: Preparation of silver chloride Reagents + Silver nitrate, AgNOs * Sodium chloride, NaCI (Altematively hydrochloric acid, HCI) Products * Silver chloride, AgC] + Sodium nitrate, NaNOs Reaction equation AgNO + NaClog > AgChy + NaN Oto Tonic equation Agon + Chon AgChs Method of preparation » Mix silver nitrate solution with sodium chloride solution in a beaker. 150