REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION

POWER FACTOR
 PHASE ANGLE DIFFERNCE BETWEEN VOLTAGE AND CURRENT.

 THE NATURE OF INDUCTIVE LOAD LAGGING THE CURRENT WHEN WE

CONNECT WITH AC SOURCE.
 INDUCTIVE TYPE OF LOAD CONVERTS ELECTRICAL ENERGY INTO
MAGNETIC ENERGY SO THE FLUX STRENGTH IS PROPOTIONAL TO THE
MAGNITUDE OF VOLTAGE APPLIED.
 FOR INDUCTION MOTOR TORQUE DEVELOPED IN ROTOR IS
PROPORTINAL TO FLUX STRENGTH DEVELOPED IN STATOR AND THE
FLUX STRENGTH IS PROPOTIONAL TO THE MAGNITUDE OF APPLIED
STATOR VOLTAGE . Kaseem Rahamathullah
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 POWER TRIANGLE DEWA - 0.9 to 0.95
SEWA - 0.93 to Unity
PW= Actual Power
ADDC - 0.9 to Unity
QVAr= Reactive Power
SVA= Apparent Power 3 VIsinϴ
=
1000
Reactive Power(Q)

VIsinϴ cosϴ
opposite
QVAr

= ×
cosϴ
VIcosϴ sinϴ
= ×
adjacent cosϴ
Actual power(P)
PW

tanϴ = DEWA REQUIREMENT:

TO BE MAINTAINED BETWEEN 0.9 to 0.95.
Minimum – 0.9
tanϴ = = =
The nominal or average power factor for
our system shall be considered as 0.8

The initial or nominal power factor

we name as cosϴi with 0.8 pf value.
In k
The destination or corrected power
factor we name as cosϴd with 0.9 to
Kaseem Rahamathullah
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0.95 pf value. 
 The initial or nominal power factor we
CAPACITOR BANK CALCULATION name as cosϴi with 0.8 pf value.

The destination or corrected power

factor we name as cosϴd with 0.9 to
0.95 pf value.
DATAS REQUIRED TO CALCULATE:
Total Connected Load(TCL), P ( ) = 1150kW (Assumed)
Initial Power Factor, cosϴi = 0.8 so, ϴi = cos-10.8 ; ϴi = 36.8699
Destination Power Factor, cosϴd = 0.9 so, ϴd = cos-10.9 ; ϴd = 25.8419

= 1150 × ( 36.8699 - 25.8419 ) ( )

= 1150 × ( . - . ) ( )

= 1150 × ( . ) ( )

= 305.555 ( )

≊ 325 ( )

Kaseem Rahamathullah
RECTIVE POWER COMPENSATION CAPACITOR BANK PANEL RATING IS 325kVAr
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CAPACITOR BANK NUMBER OF STEPS AND BREAKER RATING

COMPENSATION RATIO STANDARD AVAILABLE

RATINGS IN MARKET(kVAr)
1
1:1:1:1:1….25+25+25+25+25+25+25+25+25+25+25+25+25 = 325 2
13 Steps
1:1:2:2:2….25+25+50+50+50+50+50+50 = 350  5
7.5
1:2:2:2:2….25+50+50+50+50+50+50 = 325  7 Steps 10
12.5
1:2:4:4:4….25+50+100+100+100 = 375 
15
1:2:4:8:8….25+50+100+200 = 375  20
25
THE CAPACITOR BANK PANEL RATING IS 325kVAr With 7Steps 30
40
THE BREAKER RATING FOR 325kVAr IS 800A 50
75
× VIsinϴ
= ( ) = ( ) 100
V×sinϴ
125
×
= ( ) cosϴi = 0.8 so, ϴi = cos-10.8 ; ϴi = 36.8699 150
1.732×400×0.6
sinϴi = sin(cos-10.8) = 0.6 200
= 781.85 ( ) Kaseem Rahamathullah
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CAPACITOR BANK MANUAL CALCULATION
COSƟd
COSƟi
0.80 0.81 0.82 0.83 0.84 0.85 0.86 0.87 0.88 0.89 0.90 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.98 0.99 1.00
0.70 0.270 0.296 0.322 0.348 0.374 0.400 0.427 0.453 0.480 0.508 0.536 0.565 0.594 0.625 0.657 0.692 0.729 0.770 0.817 0.878 1.020
0.71 0.242 0.268 0.294 0.320 0.346 0.372 0.398 0.425 0.452 0.480 0.508 0.536 0.566 0.597 0.629 0.663 0.700 0.741 0.789 0.849 0.992
0.72 0.214 0.240 0.266 0.292 0.318 0.344 0.370 0.397 0.424 0.452 0.480 0.508 0.538 0.569 0.601 0.635 0.672 0.713 0.761 0.821 0.964
0.73 0.186 0.212 0.238 0.264 0.290 0.316 0.343 0.370 0.396 0.424 0.452 0.481 0.510 0.541 0.573 0.608 0.645 0.686 0.733 0.794 0.936
0.74 0.159 0.185 0.211 0.237 0.263 0.289 0.316 0.342 0.369 0.397 0.425 0.453 0.483 0.514 0.546 0.580 0.617 0.658 0.706 0.766 0.909
0.75 0.132 0.158 0.184 0.210 0.236 0.262 0.289 0.315 0.342 0.370 0.398 0.426 0.456 0.487 0.519 0.553 0.590 0.631 0.679 0.739 0.882
0.76 0.105 0.131 0.157 0.183 0.209 0.235 0.262 0.288 0.315 0.343 0.371 0.400 0.429 0.460 0.492 0.526 0.563 0.605 0.652 0.713 0.855
0.77 0.079 0.105 0.131 0.157 0.183 0.209 0.235 0.262 0.289 0.316 0.344 0.373 0.403 0.433 0.466 0.500 0.537 0.578 0.626 0.686 0.829
0.78 0.052 0.078 0.104 0.130 0.156 0.183 0.209 0.236 0.263 0.290 0.318 0.347 0.376 0.407 0.439 0.474 0.511 0.552 0.599 0.660 0.802
0.79 0.026 0.052 0.078 0.104 0.130 0.156 0.183 0.209 0.236 0.264 0.292 0.320 0.350 0.381 0.413 0.447 0.484 0.525 0.573 0.634 0.776
0.80 0.026 0.052 0.078 0.104 0.130 0.157 0.183 0.210 0.238 0.266 0.294 0.324 0.355 0.387 0.421 0.458 0.499 0.547 0.608 0.750
0.81 0.026 0.052 0.078 0.104 0.131 0.157 0.184 0.212 0.240 0.268 0.298 0.329 0.361 0.395 0.432 0.473 0.521 0.581 0.724
0.82 0.026 0.052 0.078 0.105 0.131 0.158 0.186 0.214 0.242 0.272 0.303 0.335 0.369 0.406 0.447 0.495 0.556 0.698
0.83 0.026 0.052 0.079 0.105 0.132 0.160 0.188 0.216 0.246 0.277 0.309 0.343 0.380 0.421 0.469 0.530 0.672
0.84 0.026 0.053 0.079 0.106 0.134 0.162 0.190 0.220 0.251 0.283 0.317 0.354 0.395 0.443 0.503 0.646
0.85 0.026 0.053 0.080 0.107 0.135 0.164 0.194 0.225 0.257 0.291 0.328 0.369 0.417 0.477 0.620
0.86 0.027 0.054 0.081 0.109 0.138 0.167 0.198 0.230 0.265 0.302 0.343 0.390 0.451 0.593
0.87 0.027 0.054 0.082 0.111 0.141 0.172 0.204 0.238 0.275 0.316 0.364 0.424 0.567
0.88 0.027 0.055 0.084 0.114 0.145 0.177 0.211 0.248 0.289 0.337 0.397 0.540
0.89 0.028 0.057 0.086 0.117 0.149 0.184 0.221 0.262 0.309 0.370 0.512
0.90 0.029 0.058 0.089 0.121 0.156 0.193 0.234 0.281 0.342 0.484
0.91 0.030 0.060 0.093 0.127 0.164 0.205 0.253 0.313 0.456
0.92 0.031 0.063 0.097 0.134 0.175 0.223 0.284 0.426
0.93 0.032 0.067 0.104 0.145 0.192 0.253 0.395
0.94 0.034 0.071 0.112 0.160 0.220 0.363
0.95 0.037 0.078 0.126 0.186 0.329
0.96 0.041 0.089 0.149 0.292
0.97 0.048 0.108 0.251
0.98 0.061 0.203
Kaseem Rahamathullah
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CAPACITOR BANK WORKING CONCEPT
Where,
F1 –F7 FUSES
MOBILE GENERATOR
K1 –K7 CONTACTOR
Δ PROVISION
L1 –L7 Reactive Filter
TRANSFORMER
Ү G MDB C1 –C7 Capacitor
TCL=1150kW

PCC
CURRENT
CT AUTOMATIC POWER FACTOR
CONTROL REGULATOR(APFCR)
VOLTAGE COSϴ 0.9

FUSE

SEQUENCE OF OPERATION 800A TP

Step-1 25kVAr ISOLATOR
Step-2 50kVAr
Step-1,2 75kVAr F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7
Step-2,3 100kVAr
Step-1,2,3 125kVAr K1 K2 K3 K4 K5 K6 K7
Step-2,3,4 150kVAr
Step-1,2,3,4 175kVAr
Step-2,3,4,5 200kVAr
Step-1,2,3,4,5 225kVAr
L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7
Step-2,3,4,5,6 250kVAr
Step-1,2,3,4,5,6 275kVAr
Step-2,3,4,5,6,7 300kVAr
Step-1,2,3,4,5,6,7 325kVAr
C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7

25kVAr 50kVAr 50kVAr 50kVAr 50kVAr 50kVAr 50kVAr

Kaseem Rahamathullah
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CAPACITOR PANEL SAMPLES BUS BAR

ISOLATOR / FUSE APFC

BREAKER

CONTACTOR
CAPACITOR
Kaseem Rahamathullah
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CAPACITOR PANEL SPECIFICATION
GENERAL:
 Separate Power Factor Correction capacitor bank cubicles shall be provided
adjacent to the LV Switchboards within the main LV Rooms.
 The overall power factor of the installations shall be maintained within 0.9
(lagging) and unity by the use of centralized capacitor banks.
 Capacitor banks shall be organized in groups of switched multi bank stages so the
power factor compensation can be varied to suit the behavior of the load which
may occur at different times of days.
ENCLOSURE:
 Enclosure shall be highest quality corrosion-resistant sheet steel of minimum
1.5mm thickness complete with Isolator/Circuit breakers as shown on the
drawings.
 Enclosure shall be manufactured after 7 tank treatment, oven-baked polyester
Powder coated rustproof paint finish in light grey color RAL 7032.
 The enclosure protection shall be IP 42.
 The form of construction shall be FORM-1.
INCOMER:
 Incomer can be Isolator/Load Break-switch/Circuit Breaker as per local regulation.
 Income shall be operable from outside the enclosure to disconnect the unit.
 Operating handle can be padlocked.

Kaseem Rahamathullah
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FUSE:
 Three phase HRC Current-limiting, interchangeable type; factory installed in each
phase and located within the equipment enclosure with a breaking capacity of
over 100 KA.
 Neon Indicator Lamp for Each Fuse: Connect to illuminate when fuse has opened,
but is still in place, and locate so it is visible from outside the enclosure.
CONTACTOR:
 The contactors shall be, specially designed for switching capacitors and shall be
able to make against large transient current peaks at a high frequency of several
kHz that can occur on capacitor switching.
 The contactors shall isolate all the three supply phases to the capacitor at switch
off.
 The contactors shall have an electrical lifetime of 100,000 operations under
capacitive switching conditions and shall be rated for at least 1.5 times normal
rated current of capacitors.
CAPACITOR:
 The capacitors shall be 3 phase type, dry metalized polypropylene film resin
encapsulated type with a maximum loss of 0.4 watts/kVAr. Each capacitive
element shall be contained within hermetically sealed metalized film enclosures
thereby allowing self-healing in the event of an internal fault and minimizing
damage to other capacitor units.
 Pressure-sensitive circuit interrupter for each cell.
 All capacitors shall be manufactured and tested to the requirements suitable for
Kaseem Rahamathullah
use on a 400 Volt 3-phase 50Hz supply.
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  The capacitors shall also be suitable for ambient temperatures up to 55 deg. C
 Discharge resistors shall be fitted to all capacitor units to ensure that the terminal
voltage is reduced to less than 50 volts within 1 minute of switching off.
REACTIVE FILTER:
 The 3 phase series reactors to be connected in series with each capacitor stage for
harmonic suppression and to prevent resonance should be of iron-cored-type.
COOLING ARRANGEMENT:
 Exhaust fan and Louver to be provided to make ventilation in capacitor panel.
AUTOMATIC POWER FACTOR CONTROL REGULATOR(APFCR):
 APFCR continuously senses the power factor on circuits being corrected and,
when the power factor differs from the target setting for more than 10 seconds,
operate a contractor to switch a capacitor bank into the circuit. Contactors are
opened or closed as required to bring the corrected system power factor closer to
the target setting. Switch only one capacitor bank at a time.
 The Power Factor Regulator shall be microprocessor based, programmable at site
with a full graphic display with customizable measurement overview.
 They shall be insensitive to harmonics and have an automatic no-volt release,
suitable for operating in temperatures up to +70 degrees C.
 The regulator should have a programmable protection thresh hold that will allow
the capacitor bank to be protected against such events as over and under-voltage,
over temperature and excessive harmonic distortion.
Kaseem Rahamathullah
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 APFCR shall indicate
 Target and actual power factors reading.
 Steps energized.
 Real and reactive currents.
 Voltage THD.
 Alarm codes as
 Low power factor.
 Leading power factor.
 Frequency not detected.
 Overcurrent.
 Overvoltage.
 Over temperature.
 Excessive voltage THD.
 Capacitor overload.
 Loss of capacitance.

Kaseem Rahamathullah
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SAMPLE QUESTIONS

1. TCL=1180kW, Power factor to be maintained = 0.95, What is

the size of Capacitor Bank?
2. TCL=1110kW, Calculate minimum pf to be maintained as per
SEWA requirement.
3. For 450kVAr Capacitor Bank what are the compensation ratios
fulfill when we consider steps with 25, 50, 100, 200kVAr ?
4. What is the capacitor panel incomer Ampere rating for
250kVAr capacity?
5. How many steps and combinations possible for 400kVAr
capacitor panel?

Kaseem Rahamathullah
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