Ops numbers & things to remember:

CAT operations:
- Height call outs 200ft above threshold elevation with RA
- 1 RA & 2 pilots

CAT Decision Height Guidance RVR

I >200ft 200ft 550m
II >100ft 50ft 300m
IIIA <50ft or none To runway 200m
IIIB <50ft or none To runway >75m
IIIC None To runway No limit

Type of approach Planning minima

CAT II & III CAT I RVR
CAT I NPA RVR, ceiling at or above MDH
NPA NPA RVR/VIS + 1000m, ceiling at or above MDH + 200ft
Circling Circling visibility, MDH & ceiling for ETA +/- 1 hour

MDH:
Facility Lowest DH/MDH Circling A B C D
ILS/MLS/GLS 200 MDH(ft) 400 500 600 700
GNSS/SBAS/LPV 200 Min met visibility 1500 1600 2400 3600
GNSS (LNAV) 250
GNSS/BARO-VNAV 250
ILS LOC(LLZ only) 250
VOR/DME 250
SRA (0.5NM) 250
NDB/DME 300
VOR 300
SRA (1NM) 300
SRA (>2NM) 350
NDB 350
VDF 350

Terrain elevation MOC

DH Rollout control guidance RVR 0 300m(1000ft)
IIIA <100 Not required 200 >900m(3000ft) <1500m(5000ft) 450m(1476ft)
IIIB <100 Fail-passive 150 >1500m 600m(1969ft)
IIIB <50 Fail passive 125
IIIB <50 or nil Fail operational 75

MDH is referred to runway threshold elevation & not to aerodrome elevation if threshold is more than 2m below
aerodrome elevation

V AT = V SO x 1.3
Aircraft category V AT
A <91
B 91 – 120
C 121 – 140
D 141 – 165
E 166 – 210
Approach criteria (Precision or NPA):
- 1000ft above aerodrome or into final approach segment in the case DA/H or MDA/H is more than 1000ft
above the aerodrome (Also when there is no outer marker)
- MINIMUM Visual approach minima RVR = 800m
- NON-PRECISION: Threshold RVR >750m

IFR
- Single pilot operations:5 IFR flights, including 3 instrument approaches preceding 90 days
- Minimum crew of 2 pilots: For turbo-props of more than >9 seats & all turbojets
- Minimum IFR requirement: 1 VOR, 1 ADF, 1 DME

VFR:
- Minimum VFR without visual reference to landmarks: 1 VOR 1 DME
- VFR radio: 1 radio & 1 transponder

Take-off alternate:
- 2 engines: 1 hour flight time with OEI
- 3 – 4 engines: 2 hours flight time with OEI

Destination alternate:
- 2 destination alternates: 1 hour before & 1 hour after estimated time of arrival OR when no
meteorological information is available
- Alternate fuel can be used provided: 2 independent runways are available & weather conditions 500ft
above MDA/2000ft AAL, & visibility >5km

Visibility:
- Low visibility take-off: RVR <400m
- Additional procedures: Permit continued operations when ground visibility <800m

Navigation equipment:
- AWR: Non-pressurized MTOM >5700kg & MOSPC >9
- ACAS: MCTOM > 5700kg & MOPSC > 19

Passengers Megaphones
0 0
61 – 99 1
>100 2

Extinguishers, depends on seats (3-6-23456):

Seats Extinguishers
7 – 30 1 Black CO 2
31 – 60 2 Blue Dry powder
61 – 200 3 Cream Foam
201 – 300 4 Green Vaporising liquids
301 – 400 5 Red Water
401 – 500 6 Yellow Wet chemical
501 – 600 7
>601 8
+1 in flight deck (If QN asks for total)

Regulations
- “Emergency demonstration”: Not more than 50% of emergency exits available
- “Complex operations” when >20 full time employees
- Dry lease: Proof to national authority includes operational need & a dry lease-in does not exceed 7 months
in any 12 consecutive month period
- Operator proficiency check: 6 months
Documents
- Operational flight plan kept for 3 months
- Dangerous goods kept for 3 months
- M&B kept for 3 months
- Tech log kept for 36 months

Aircrew
- Rest period
• Away from home base: 10 hours
• At home base: 12 hours
- 1 cabin crew member for 50 passengers can be exempted provided a report is sent to the AUTHORITY after
flight
- At least 1 cabin crew required for planes >19 seats & when carrying one or more passengers
- Senior cabin crew: 12 months experience
- Min age 18 years

Training
- Proficiency checks: 2 within a year more than 4 months between checks
- Line check: 12 months
- Recurrent flight & ground training: 12 months
- Zero flight time training (ZFTT) shall commence flying not later than 21 days

(FDP) flight duty period:

- Basic maximum can be extended by max 1 hour
- Unforeseen circumstances by 3 hours
- Stopover: Made due to cumulative duty hours
- Total duty periods shall not exceed:
• 60 hours in 7 days
• 110 hours in 14 days
• 190 hours in 28 days
- Some elements of standby time are counting for duty time
- Total flight time of sectors:
• 100 hours in 28 days
• 900 hours in a calendar year
• 1000 hours in 12 months
- Night duty: 0200 – 0459 in time zone crew is acclimatized

Oxygen:
- First aid oxygen:
• Operating >25000ft (Important)
• 2% of passengers carried
• Cabin altitude >8000ft
• For passengers with physiological problems
• For passengers or crew when required
• 4 litres STPD/min
- Supplemental oxygen for pressurized aircraft:
• Crew (flight crew & cabin crew): 10000-13000ft oxygen is needed if period is exceeding 30 min,
above 13000ft is needed immediately
Pilots: Up to 25000 ft for 30 mins, over 25000 ft it should be enough for 2 hours
• Above 41000ft: At least 1 crew member must wear oxygen
• 10% of the passengers between 10000-14000ft after the first 30 min
• Aircraft will be equipped with a warning system indicating cabin altitude is higher than 3000m
- Supplemental oxygen for non-pressurized aircraft:
• Pilots/flight deck crew on duty shall be supplied with oxygen at all times above 10000ft
• Cabin crew shall be supplied with oxygen if period exceeding 30 min above 10000 but not exceeding
13000ft, and entire flight above 13000ft
 • 10% of passengers between 10000-13000ft (Some passengers)
• 100% of passengers above 13000ft (10000-13000ft 30 min rule does not apply here as with cabin
crew)
Cabin compression failure:
• Flight crew are able to fly with no supplemental oxygen with no time limit is 10000ft
• All crew member (flight crew & cabin crew) above 13000ft
• Passengers: 100% of the passengers: the entire flight when pressure altitude is above 15000ft, but in
no case less than 10 min
Oxygen masks/inhalers:
• 110% of seating capacity above 25000ft
• Above FL410 one pilot must wear an oxygen mask
• Quick donning type oxygen masks are compulsory above 25000ft
- PBE: 15 minutes

Life jackets & rafts:

- Life rafts: If flying more than (i)2 hours or (ii)400NM to coast
- Number of life rafts carried on board allows transport of occupants in case of a loss of one raft of largest
capacity (+1 raft for spare)
- Life jackets for anywhere 50NM from land, when using departure & arrival paths over water

Emergencies:
- Passenger emergency exit provided if exit sill height is > 1.83m
Before 2000: 6 feet with landing gear extended
After 2000: 6 feet with landing gear collapsed
- Accident involved with dangerous goods: Report within 72 hours

Emergency equipment:
- Crash axe & crowbar:
• >5700kg one on flight deck
• Max operating seating capacity (MPOSC) >200 includes one more at rearmost galley (+1)
- ELT:
• Battery at least 48 hours
• Transmits simultaneously on 121.5MHz & 406MHz
• >19: (i)After 2008 2 ELTs, 1 of which is auto ELT-----(ii)Before 2008 1 auto ELT or 2 ELT of any type
• <19: (i)After 2008 1 auto ELT-----(ii)Before 2008 1 ELT of any type
- FDRs: Last 25 hours, >27000kg or >5700kg, kept for 60 days
- CVRs: Last 30 minutes or 2 hours
- Emergency lighting system:
• 10 minutes
• MOSPC > 9 seats:
• Always ARMED
- Spare fuses: 10% of number of fuses or 3 for each rating

First aid-kits:
- Emergency medical kits:
• One required when MOPSC > 30 and route > 60mins
Seats Kits
0 – 100 1
101 – 200 2
201 – 300 3
301 – 400 4
401 – 500 5
>501 6

Fuel:
 - Final reserve fuel (Turbine engines)= 45 minutes
- Final reserve fuel (Reciprocating engines) = 30 minutes 1500ft above aerodrome
- Isolated aerodrome: 2 hours with normal cruise consumption including final reserve fuel

Seats:
- Child restraint device: Younger than 24 months
- Seats allocated for each person on board aged 24 months or more

Other equipment:
- Interphone/PA system: CREW> 1, MCTOM of more than 15000kg & MOPSC > 19
- Time piece requirement: 1 time piece
- Windshield wiper: Aircraft with MTOM> 5700kg
- Standby artificial horizon power supply: >5700kg = 30 minutes

RVSM: Deviation alert equipment tolerance: +/-90m (300ft)

Remote areas:
- Flying in remote areas where SAR is difficult: 90 minutes at cruising speed
- Equipped with at least signalling equipment, 1 ELT & additional survival equipment for the route

Turboprops:
• >5700kg equipped with altitude alerting system capable of alerting crew when deviating from preselected
altitude
• 2 min crew when MOSPC >9

Window of circadian low (WOCL): 0200 – 0559 hours

ETOPS:
- 60 minutes at cruising speed with OEI
- 180 minutes rule: 180 minutes with OEI
- Non-ETOPS:
• CLASS A more than 45tons /20MOPSC: 60 mins OEI from airport
• CLASS A with less than 45tons/20MOPSC, B & C: 120 mins or 300nm OEI whichever is less
En-route ETOPS alternate aerodrome:
Type of approach Planning minima
Precision DA/H + 200ft, RVR/VIS + 800m
Non-precision/Circling MDA/H + 400ft, RVR/VIS + 1500m
- Flight can be commenced when forecasts indicate that at arrival or 1 hour after conditions exists at or
above planning minima

Longitudinal separation:
- Turbojet:
• 15 mins same track & same Mach no.
• 10 mins if mach no. technique is used
• 5 mins absolute minimum/leading aircraft higher speed
- Turbo-prop:
• 20 mins
• 30 mins in western area of NATs (North Atlantic tracks)

Lateral separation:
- Standard: 60NM
- Absolute minimum: 30NM

Conversion angle = Change of longitude x sin latitude

Departure = Change of longitude x cos latitude
Conversion angle = Earth convergence ÷ 2
Cross-track difference = (Conversion angle x distance/departure) ÷ 230
GTAP NH, TGAP SH

Precession:
- Astronomic precession (Apparent wander):
• Right NH (Gyro reading shows negative value, corrected by a positive value)
• Left SH (Gyro reading shows positive value, corrected by a negative value)
• 15o x h x sin Lm
• 15o/h x sin Lm
• Exists when aircraft is on the ground or flying
- Chart precession: Gyro north precess in relation to grid north for a given chart
- Transport precession:
• Gyro north in relation to true north
• Change of longitude x sin mean latitude
- Conversion angle: Longitude difference/2 x sin average latitude
- Total wander = Astronomic + transport wander + mechanical precession
- Heading adjustment for constant gyro heading: From RL track +/- (0.5 total wander)

Flight plan: Intercontinental flights NAT: Flight plan filed 3 hours before start up

RVSM:
- 60NM lateral & 1000ft vertical
- Between FL290 & FL410
- Vertical speed not exceeding 1500ft/min
- Pre-flight altimetry accuracy check within 75ft
- Overshoot /undershoot tolerance: 150ft
- Primary altimeter cross-check: 200ft
- RVSM emergencies/contingencies without ATC clearance
• Engine failure: Fly offset 15NM left or right
• At FL410: Climb 1000ft descend 500ft, turn left/right
• Within RVSM <FL410: Climb/descend 500ft
• Above FL140: Climb/descend 1000ft
• Diversion without ATC clearance offset 15NM

NAT airspace:
- According to ICAO document 7030
- VHF out of range: Use frequency 124.35Mhz
- Code to be set 30 minutes into NAT: 2000
- Code to be set before 40 minutes entering NAT: As requested by ATC
- Revised estimate to time for next position transmitted when it has changed 3 mins or more
- Tolerance boundary window = 3 mins
- Clearances: Oceanic clearance requested 40 mins prior
- IFR when operating at or above FL60 or 2000ft above ground whichever is greater

Polar track system: Horizontal component of magnetic field less than 6 micro Teslas

Min navigation performance specification (MNPS):

- MNPS airspace:
• From 27o North to 90o North
• Vertical separation 1000ft
• 60NM separation between aircraft meeting MNPS
• Requires at least one LRNS & at least 2 inertial navigation units
• Between FL285 & 420
- Westerly headings: Even FLs between 285 & 420
- Report position:
• Every 20o of longitude north of 70N
 • Every 10o of longitude south of 70N
- Long range navigations:
• LRNS failure before flight: File special routes or fly above/below MNPS
• 2 LRNS fails: Only T9 can be used
• All LRNS fail while flying, climb/descend 500ft
- Organised track system
• Day (Westbound): 1130-1900UTC
• Night (east bound): 0100-0800UTC
• 1901 – 0059 UTC or 0801 – 1129 UTC: Out of validity period
- Non-MNPS aircraft: Can plan routes at FL280 or less
- Deviations around severe weather: Deviations >10NM, aircraft is 10NM from track, level change of 300ft.
Westbound & deviating left: Climb 300ft, deviating right: descend 300ft
Eastbound & deviating left: Descend 300ft, deviating right: climb 300ft

Minimum equipment list (MEL): Amended MEL 90 days

Icing conditions: Decrease of lift by 30%

Stable clouds: Icing occurs favourably at 0o to -10oC

Bird hazard areas:

- Below 2500ft or under 1500ft (Under 500m or 0 to 150m)
- Least likely to attract birds: Maintaining grass at least 20cm long on airfield
- Information & prevention: AIP section ENR 5.6

Noise abatement procedure (NAP):

- According to ICAO doc 8168
- Found in AIP Part AD 2 publication
- NADP 1 = V 2 + 10kts till 3000ft (NAP near airfield, flap retracted after 3000ft)
- NADP 2 = V 2 + 10kts till 800ft (Thrust reduction to climb power) & then V ZF + 10kts till 3000ft
- NAP not used: Contaminated runway, ceiling <500ft (150m), visibility <1.9km (1NM), crosswind >15kt,
tailwind >5kt, wind shear reported
- Minimum noise climbs for NAP: Min height power reduction allowed is 240m (800ft)

Hold extinguisher: Approximately 1.5m – 2.5m from fire source

TUC: At 40000ft: 12 seconds

Pilot:
- Physically affected due to lack of oxygen at 6000ft
- Crew efficiency not impaired at 8000ft
- Quick don mask >25000ft

Excessive cabin altitude warning at 10000ft

Oxygen diluter-demand system: Regulator supply mask pure oxygen above 32000ft
Oxygen drop out masks: Automatically at 15000ft

Windshear range:
• Headwind/tailwind x 2
• At centre = 0)
• X thousand ft/min = X0kts
• 40kts headwind: Wind shear -80knots (Range & change)

Microburst: 1 to 5 minutes 4km

Wake turbulence:
- Category aircraft
• HEAVY: >136 000kg
• Medium: >7001kg <135 999kg
- Wake dissipation time: 3 minutes

Separation:
- Time:
• Departure 2 min
• Opposite 2 min
• Displaced 2 min
• Intermediate point of departure 3 min
• Arrival 2 min [3 for LIGHT behind heavy/medium]
- Radar separation (NM):
H M L
H 4 5 6
M 3 3 5
L 3 3 3

Unlawful interference:
• Attempt to broadcast warnings on VHF channel in use or 121.5MHz
• If ATS cannot be established: Fly cruising levels differing from 500ft (IFR) or 1000ft in RVSM
• Promulgated in Doc 7030

Number of emergency exits:

- Must be arranged to allow all passengers & crew members to leave in 90 seconds (>44 seats) through 50%
of available emergency seats

Jettison:
Reduce aircraft weight in emergency unless capable to meet 2.7% in a climb with OEI & 3.2% all engines
Best >FL60
Within 15 minutes

Hydroplaning speed = 34 x √P (P = tyre pressure in bars) = 9 x √P (P = tyre pressure in psi)

Wet runway:
- 25% contamination of runway with depth of 3mm or less
- Covered with quantity of water <= 3mm

SNOWTAM:
- Friction measurement: H) X/X/X [5-4-3-2-1]
- Contamination: F) X/X/X
- 24 hours validity

>3mm or 25% covered = contaminated (Shiny appearance does NOT mean contaminated)
Slush lowest friction coefficient