Real Numbers
Rational Numbers: Numbers that can be expressed as fractions
(e.g., ½, 0.75, -2).
Irrational Numbers: Numbers that cannot be written as fractions
(e.g., √2, π).
Decimal Expansion: Rational numbers either terminate (e.g., 0.5)
or repeat (e.g., 0.666...).
2. Exponents and Powers
Laws of Exponents:
o Product of Powers: am×an=am+na^m \times a^n =
a^{m+n}am×an=am+n
o Power of a Power: (am)n=amn(a^m)^n = a^{mn}
(am)n=amn
o Power of a Product: (ab)m=am×bm(ab)^m = a^m \times
b^m(ab)m=am×bm
o Negative Exponent Rule: a−n=1ana^{-n} = \frac{1}
{a^n}a−n=an1
o Zero Exponent Rule: a0=1a^0 = 1a0=1 (where a≠0a \neq
0a=0).
3. Scientific Notation
Numbers expressed as a×10na \times 10^na×10n, where 1≤a<101
\leq a < 101≤a<10 and nnn is an integer.
Useful for very large or very small numbers, like 3.0×1083.0 \times
10^83.0×108 for the speed of light.
4. Linear Equations
Slope-Intercept Form: y=mx+by = mx + by=mx+b, where mmm
is the slope and bbb is the y-intercept.
Solving Linear Equations: Combine like terms, isolate variables,
and solve step by step.
5. Systems of Equations
Graphing Method: Plot both lines and find the intersection point.
Substitution Method: Solve one equation for a variable and
substitute it into the other.
Elimination Method: Add or subtract equations to eliminate one
variable and solve.
6. Functions
A relation between a set of inputs (domain) and a set of outputs
(range) where each input has exactly one output.
Function Notation: f(x)f(x)f(x) represents the output of a function
for input xxx.
Linear Functions: f(x)=mx+bf(x) = mx + bf(x)=mx+b, where the
graph is a straight line.
7. Pythagorean Theorem
In a right triangle: a2+b2=c2a^2 + b^2 = c^2a2+b2=c2, where
aaa and bbb are the legs and ccc is the hypotenuse.
Useful for finding missing sides of right triangles.
8. Volume and Surface Area
Volume of a Cylinder: V=πr2hV = \pi r^2 hV=πr2h, where rrr is
the radius and hhh is the height.
Surface Area of a Cylinder: SA=2πr2+2πrhSA = 2\pi r^2 + 2\pi
rhSA=2πr2+2πrh.
Volume of a Sphere: V=43πr3V = \frac{4}{3} \pi r^3V=34πr3.
Surface Area of a Sphere: SA=4πr2SA = 4\pi r^2SA=4πr2.
