MMO Preparation Worksheet-2
1. Let a be a positive integer. Prove that the equation x2 − y 2 = a3 has
always solution in the set of integers.
n
2. Prove that 17 - 23 + 1 for any n ∈ N.
3. Prove that 1 + 2n + 3n + 4n is divisible by 5 if and only if 4 - n.
4. Prove that 169 | 33n+3 − 26n − 27 for all n ∈ N.
5. Prove that (a − 1)2 | an+1 − n(a − 1) − a for all n ∈ N.
6. Prove that if 9 | a3 + b3 + c3 , where a, b, c ∈ Z, then at least one of a, b, c
is divisible by 3.
7. Prove that 3 | a2 + b2 =⇒ 3 | a and 3 | b.
8. Prove that 7 | a2 + b2 =⇒ 7 | a and 7 | b.
9. Prove that 11 | a2 + b2 =⇒ 11 | a and 11 | b.
10. Solve a2 + b2 + 7 = 102010 in the set of integers.
11. Solve x3 + y 3 + z 3 = 2012 in Z.
12. Solve x5 + y 5 + z 5 = 2009 in Z.
13. Find all n ∈ N such that n4 + 4n is a prime number.
14. Let p be a prime, p 6= 3. Prove that if p | a + b and p2 | a3 + b3 for some
positive integers a, b then p2 | a + b or p3 | a3 + b3 .
15. Find all primes p, q such that 2pq − q p = 7.
16. Solve 2x − 3y = 1 in the set of positive integers.
17. Solve 5x − 3y = 16 in the set of positive integers.
18. Find all n ∈ N such that 2n | 3n − 1.
19. Find all pairs (m, n) of integers such that mn − 1 | n3 − 1.
20. Find all integers x, y such that x + y, x + 2y, 2x + y are all perfect squares.
21. Solve px = y 4 + 4 in the set of integers, where p is prime.
22. Solve (x2 + 2)(y 2 + 3)(z 2 + 4) = 60xyz in N.
23. Consider the sequence x0 = 0, x1 = 1 and xn+2 = 3xn+1 − 2xn for n =
1, 2, 3, ... Define yn = x2n +2n+2 . Show that yn is a square of an odd integer
for all nonnegative integer n.
1
24. Find all functions f : N → N such that for all n ∈ N:
f (f (n)) + f (n) = 2n + 6.
25. Find all functions f : N → N such that for all n ∈ N:
f (f (n)) + f (n) = 6n.
26. Find all injective functions f : N → N such that for all n ∈ N:
n + f (n)
f (f (n)) ≤ .
2
27. Find all functions f : N → N such that for all x, y ∈ N:
x2 + f (y) | (f (x))2 + y.
28. Find all functions f : N0 → N0 such that for all m, n ∈ N0 :
mf (n) + nf (m) = (m + n)f (m2 + n2 ).
29. Let x, y, z > 0 and x + y + z = 3. Prove that
1 1 1
√ + √
3 y
+ √ ≥ 3.
3
x 3
z
30. Let a, b, c be positive reals with a + b + c = 1. Prove that
ab bc ca 1
√ +√ +√ ≤ .
ab + c bc + a ca + b 2
31. Let a, b, c be positive reals satisfying ab + bc + ca = 3. Prove that
1 1 1 1
+ + ≤ .
1 + a2 (b + c) 1 + b2 (c + a) 1 + c2 (a + b) abc
32. Let a, b, c be positive real numbers. Prove that
ab(a + b) bc(b + c) ca(c + a)
+ 2 + 2 ≥ a + b + c.
c2 + ab a + bc b + ca
