TOPIC 6: Fluid Liquid: In liquids molecules
can rotate and translate
Mechanics
freely.
A fluid is any substance that Gas: In the gas phase, the
can flow. molecules are far apart
Fluid statics - study of from each other, and
fluids at rest in equilibrium molecular ordering is
situations. nonexistent.
Fluid mechanics – study
of fluids in motion.
The arrangement of atoms in
APPLICATION AREAS different phases:
OF FLUID MECHANICS molecules are at relatively
Fluid dynamics is used fixed positions in a solid,
extensively in the design of groups of molecules move
artificial hearts. Example is about each other in the
the Penn State Electric Total liquid phase, and
Artificial Heart. individual molecules move
Natural flows and weather about at random in the gas
Power plants phase.
Boats In a liquid, groups of
Aircraft and Spacecraft molecules can move
Human Body relative to each other, but
Cars the volume remains
Wind Turbines relatively constant because
Piping and plumbing of the strong cohesive
systems forces between the
Industrial applications molecules. As a result, a
liquid takes the shape of the
PHASES OF MATTER
container it is in.
Intermolecular bonds are
A gas expands until it
strongest in solids and
encounters the walls of the
weakest in gases.
container and fills the entire
Solid: The molecules in a available space. This is
solid are arranged in a because the gas molecules
pattern that is repeated are widely spaced, and the
throughout. cohesive forces between
them are very small. Unlike
liquids, a gas in an open
container cannot form a A statement that the
free surface. specific gravity of mercury
Unlike a liquid, a gas does is 13.6 implies that its
not form a free surface, and weight (or mass) is 13.6
it expands to fill the entire times that of the same
available space. volume of water
If a substance's relative
A fluid is any substance that
density is less than one,
can flow.
then it is less dense than
Liquid the reference; if greater
Gas than 1 then it is denser than
the reference. If the relative
DENSITY density is exactly 1 then the
It is an intensive material densities are equal;
property
mathematically it is defined
as
SI units of density is (1
kg/m3).
o 1 g / cm3 = 1000 kg / m3
(SI unit of density)
The specific gravity
(s.g.) or "relative
density"– ratio of an
object’s density to the A block of brass and a block of
density of water at 4.0 oC wood both have the same
(1000 kg/m3) weight and mass, but the
block of wood has a much
greater volume.
PRESSURE
SPECIFIC GRAVITY Macroscopic or classical
It is a dimensionless approach: Does not
quantity require a knowledge of the
behavior of individual
molecules and provides a Pressure inside this tire exerts
direct and easy way to forces perpendicular to all
analyze engineering surface it contacts. The arrows
problems. give representative directions
Microscopic or statistical and magnitudes of the forces
approach: Based on the exerted at various points.
average behavior of large
groups of individual
molecules.
PRESSURE IN A FLUID
Atmospheric pressure
(pa)- pressure of the
earth’s atmosphere.
At sea level the normal
atmospheric pressure is 1
atmosphere (atm) is given
by 1.013x10^5 Pa.
Pressure at a point is
defined as the normal force
per unit area…
Pressure exerted is exerted
on all sides of this swimmer,
since the water would flow
SI unit: Pa (pascal) = N/m2
into the space he occupies
if he were not there.
The arrows represent the
directions and magnitudes
of the forces exerted at
various points on the
swimmer.
Note that the forces are
larger underneath, due to
greater depth, giving a net
upward or buoyant force
that is balanced by the
weight of the swimmer
PRESSURE, DEPTH AND
PASCAL’S LAW
In general, the total pressure
exerted by the fluid at a
certain point is given by
pressure, h is the depth and 𝝆
where p0 is the atmospheric
is the density of the fluid.
Note: USE THE SURFACE OF
THE FLUID AS A REFERENCE
POINT IN MEASURING DEPTH!
portion of the fluid and the
walls of the containing
vessel.
APPLICATION OF
The pressure at the top is the
PASCAL’S LAW
atmospheric pressure. The
Pressure at a point is
pressure at the bottom has the
defined as the normal force
same value p. The pressure is
per unit area…
the same at any two points at
the same level. The shape of
the container does not matter.
SI unit: Pa (pascal) = N/m2
VARIATION OF
Hydraulic lift. A small
PRESSURE WITH input force is used to exert
DEPTH a large output force by
making the area of the
output piston larger than
the area of the input piston.
BUOYANCY
Archimedes’ principle:
When a body is completely
or partially immersed in a
fluid, the fluid exerts an
upward force, called the
buoyant force, on the body
equal to the weight of the
PASCAL’S LAW fluid displaced by the body.
Pressure applied to an Buoyant force occurs
enclosed fluid is transmitted because the upward
undiminished to every pressure on the bottom
surface of a submerged
object is greater than the
downward pressure on top
of its surface.
CASE 2 FLOATING OBJECT
(PARTIALLY SUBMERGED)
the fraction of the volume
of a floating object that is
below the fluid surface is
CASE 1 TOTALLY equal to the ratio of the
SUBMERGED OBJECT density of the object to that
of the fluid.
The direction of motion of
the upward buoyant force is
an object submerged in a
balanced by the downward
fluid is determined only by
gravitational force acting on
the densities of the object
the object.
and the fluid.
a certain critical value. If
this is the case, Bernoulli’s
equation cannot be used.
FLUID FLOW,
CONTINUITY EQUATION
AND BERNOULLI’S
EQUATION
For an incompressible fluid
then
The product is the volume flow
rate, dV/dt the rate at which
volume crosses a section of
the tube:
FLUID FLOW CONTINUITY EQUATION
Condition 1: incompressible
fluid -so constant density, then
Condition 2: compressible
Fluid flow at various objects.
fluid- so varying density, then
The flow becomes turbulent
if the fluid’s speed exceeds
of the fluid is low the
pressure is high.”
The work done on a unit
The speed of water spraying volume of fluid by the
from the end of a garden hose surrounding fluid is equal to
increases as the size of the the sum of the changes in
opening is decreased with the kinetic and potential
thumb. energies per unit volume
that occur during the flow.
BERNOULLI'S PRINCIPLE
The principle states that
"the pressure of a fluid
[liquid or gas] decreases as
the speed of the fluid
increases." Within the same
fluid (air in the example of
aircraft moving through air),
high-speed flow is
associated with low
pressure, and low-speed
flow is associated with high
pressure.
Bernoulli's Principle is the
principle that allows wings
to produce lift and planes
and helicopters to fly. There
are many factors that can
affect the lift produced
under this principle, but in
order to fully understand
how and why things can
effect flight one must
understand how Bernoulli's
principle works.
BERNOULLI EFFECT
o “Where the speed of a
fluid is high the pressure is
low, and where the speed
