CHAPTER
8 Work, Power and Energy
Work Done by constant Force Potential Energy
W = F ⋅S U2 r2
∫U 1
− ∫ F ⋅ dr
dU =
r1
Work Done by Multiple Forces rf
ΣF = F1 + F2 + F3 +
− ∫ F ⋅ dr =
i.e., U f − U i = −WConservative
r i
W =Σ[ F ]⋅ S Conservative Forces
W = F1 ⋅ S + F2 ⋅ S + F3 ⋅ S + or W = W1 + W2 + W3 + … dU
F= − rˆ
Work Done by Variable Force dr
∂U ˆ ∂U ˆ ∂U ˆ
W
= ∫ dW
= ∫ F ⋅ ds F= −
∂x
i−
∂y
j−
∂z
k
Area under the force and displacement curve gives work done.
Important cases: Equilibrium Conditions
(i) The force is perpendicular to velocity at all times. The work Stable Equilibrium
done in this case is zero. e.g., : dU dF d 2U
F (r ) =
− 0;and
= < 0; or >0
(a) A particle attached to a string whose other end is dr dr dr 2
attached to a fixed point. The work done by tension in
Unstable Equilibrium
the string is zero.
dU dF d 2U
(b) A body moving on a fixed surface. The work done by F (r ) =
− 0; and
= > 0; or <0
normal reaction is zero in this case. dr dr dr 2
(ii) Work done by gravity on a body near the surface of earth Neutral Equilibrium
= –mg(hf – hi) dU dF d 2U
F (r ) =
− =0; and 0; or
= 0
=
= –mg × increase in height dr dr dr 2
(iii) Work done by friction on a block moving on a fixed surface Work-Energy Theorem for a Particle
= −µ k ∫ N ( s )ds 1 2 1 2
WNet = mv f − mvi
2 2
= −µ k N × distance travelled (if N is constant).
Here N is the normal reaction between the block and the
Work-Energy Theorem for a System
surface on which it is moving. DK + DU = Wext + Wint-NC
(iv) Work done by a spring on a block Law of Conservation of Mechanical Energy
If the net external force acting on a system is zero and internal non-
1
=
2
(
− k x 2f − xi2 ) conservative forces absent, then the mechanical energy is conserved.
Kf + Uf = Ki + Ui
where xi and xf refer to the initial and final elongation or
compression of the spring. Power
The average power delivered by an agent is given by
Relation between Momentum and Kinetic Energy W
Pavg =
P 2
t
=K = and P 2m K
2m dF ⋅ S dS
P= =F ⋅ =F ⋅ v
P = linear momentum dt dt
